Urinary Tract Infection

I.
URINARY TRACT INFECTION
II. DEFINITION
1. A urinary tract infection that begins your urinary system. Your urinary system. Your
urinary system system is composed of the kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra. Any part of
urinary system can become infected, but most infections involve the lower urinary tract the
urethra and the bladder. Women are at greater risk of developing a urinary tract infection
than are men. A urinary tract infection limited to your bladder can be painful and annoying.
However, serious consequences can occur if a urinary tract infection spreads to your kidney.
Antibiotics are the typical for a urinary tract infection. (Belleza, 2017).
2. Urinary tract infection and asymptomatic bacteriuria are common in older adults.
Unlike in younger adults, distinguishing symptomatic urinary tract infection from
asymptomatic bacteriuria is problematic, as older adults, particularly those living in long-
term care facilities, are less likely to present with localized genitourinary symptoms. (Rowe,
2013).
3.UTI may be defined as a condition in which bacteria are established and multiplying
within the urinary tract. Diagnosis requires demonstration of bacteriuria. Exceptions to this
include patients with pyogenic abscess of kidney or perinephric tissue, obstructed
pyonephrosis or bacterial prostatitis in whom the urine may be sterile.(Nephrol, 2009)
III. RISK FACTORS/CAUSES
Urinary tract infections are common in women, and many women experience more
than one infection during their lifetimes. Risk factors specific to women for UTIs include:
 Female anatomy. A woman has a shorter urethra than a man does, which shortens
the distance that bacteria must travel to reach the bladder.
 Sexual activity. Sexually active women tend to have more UTIs than do women who
aren't sexually active. Having a new sexual partner also increases your risk.
 Certain types of birth control. Women who use diaphragms for birth control may be
at higher risk, as well as women who use spermicidal agents.
 Menopause. After menopause, a decline in circulating estrogen causes changes in
the urinary tract that make you more vulnerable to infection.
 Age
 Poor hygiene
Other risk factors for UTIs include:

 Urinary tract abnormalities. Babies born with urinary tract abnormalities that don't
allow urine to leave the body normally or cause urine to back up in the urethra have
an increased risk of UTIs.
 Blockages in the urinary tract. Kidney stones or an enlarged prostate can trap urine
in the bladder and increase the risk of UTIs.
 A suppressed immune system. Diabetes and other diseases that impair the immune
system — the body's defense against germs — can increase the risk of UTIs.
 Catheter use. People who can't urinate on their own and use a tube (catheter) to
urinate have an increased risk of UTIs. This may include people who are hospitalized,
people with neurological problems that make it difficult to control their ability to
urinate and people who are paralyzed.
 A recent urinary procedure. Urinary surgery or an exam of your urinary tract that
involves medical instruments can both increase your risk of developing a urinary tract
infection.
Causes
Urinary tract infections typically occur when bacteria enter the urinary tract through the
urethra and begin to multiply in the bladder. Although the urinary system is designed to
keep out such microscopic invaders, these defenses sometimes fail. When that happens,
bacteria may take hold and grow into a full-blown infection in the urinary tract.
The most common UTIs occur mainly in women and affect the bladder and urethra.
 Infection of the bladder (cystitis). This type of UTI is usually caused by Escherichia coli
(E. coli), a type of bacteria commonly found in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. However,
sometimes other bacteria are responsible.
Sexual intercourse may lead to cystitis, but you don't have to be sexually active to develop it.
All women are at risk of cystitis because of their anatomy — specifically, the short distance
from the urethra to the anus and the urethral opening to the bladder.
 Infection of the urethra (urethritis). This type of UTI can occur when GI bacteria
spread from the anus to the urethra. Also, because the female urethra is close to the
vagina, sexually transmitted infections, such as herpes, gonorrhea, chlamydia and
mycoplasma, can cause urethritis.
IV. SIGNS & SYMPTOMS
SYMPTOMS
Urinary tract infections don't always cause signs and symptoms, but when they do they may
include:
 A strong, persistent urge to urinate

 A burning sensation when urinating
 Passing frequent, small amounts of urine
 Urine that appears cloudy
 Urine that appears red, bright pink or cola-colored — a sign of blood in the urine
 Strong-smelling urine
 Pelvic pain, in women — especially in the center of the pelvis and around the area of
the pubic bone
Types of urinary tract infection
Each type of UTI may result in more-specific signs and symptoms, depending on which part
of your urinary tract is infected.
Part of urinary tract affected Signs and symptoms
Kidneys (acute pyelonephritis)  Upper back and side (flank) pain

 High fever
 Shaking and chills
 Nausea
 Vomiting
Bladder (cystitis)  Pelvic pressure

 Lower abdomen discomfort
 Frequent, painful urination
 Blood in urine
Urethra (urethritis)  Burning with urination

 Discharge
When to see a Doctor

- contact your Doctor if you have signs and symptoms of a UTI.
V. MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
A. MEDICATIONS
1. FOSFOMYCIN (Monurol) - is a safe and effective antibacterial drug for urinary
tract infections, but its use should be limited to delay the development of resistance. It will
prove to be a useful treatment option for community-based treatment of patients with
resistant organisms.
2. NITROFURANTOIN (Macrodantin, Macrobid) - to treat a urinary tract infection is
either 100mg taken twice a day or 50mg taken 4 times a day. Severe infections may need a
higher dose of 100mg taken 4 times a day. The usual dose of nitrofurantoin to prevent
a urinary tract infection is 50mg to 100mg once a day at night.
3. CEPHALEXIN (Keflex) - If you've been diagnosed with a urinary tract infection (UTI),
your doctor may have prescribed an antibiotic called Keflex. An antibiotic is a medication
used to treat infections caused by bacteria. Keflex is more often prescribed in its generic
version, called cephalexin.
4. CEFTRIAXONE - For the treatment of urinary tract infection (UTI). 1 to 2 g/day IV or
IM divided every 12 to 24 hours, depending on the severity of the infection. Guidelines
recommend treatment for 10 to 14 days for pyelonephritis. A single dose prior to oral
therapy may be used in patients not requiring hospitalization.
B. TREATMENT/SURGERY
1. Removal of identified sources, treating the obstruction, and
improving urinary drainage, are all goals of surgical management. Surgical options for UTI
management can range from minimally invasive procedures such as endoscopic or
percutaneous, through to more invasive requiring laparoscopic or an open approach.
VI. NURSING MANAGEMENT

1. Encourage frequent voiding every 2 to 3 hours to empty the bladder completely
because this can significantly lower urine bacterial counts, reduce urinary stasis, and
prevent reinfection. Avoid urinary irritants such as cofee, tea and alcohol.
2.advice patient to drink cranberry juice to prevent UTIs. There's some indication that
cranberry products, in either juice or tablet form, may have infection-fighting properties.
Researchers continue to study the ability of cranberry juice to prevent UTIs, but results are
not conclusive.
Rowe, T.A.( 2013). urinary tract infection in older adults; Retrieved on September 9,2020
https://www.futuremedicine.com/doi/abs/10.2217/ahe.13.38
R.N.Belleza , M. (2017). Urinary tract infection; Retrieved on September 9, 2020

https://nurseslabs.com/urinary-tract-infection/
Nephrol,J.( 2009). Approach to Urinary tract Infection; Retrieved on September 9,2020

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2875701/
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/urinary-tract-infection/diagnosis-
treatment/drc-20353453
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/urinary-tract-infection/diagnosis-
treatment/drc-20353453
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2875701/

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I.

URINARY TRACT INFECTION

III. RISK FACTORS/CAUSES

Other risk factors for UTIs include:

IV. SIGNS & SYMPTOMS

 A strong, persistent urge to urinate

Types of urinary tract infection

Part of urinary tract affected Signs and symptoms

Kidneys (acute pyelonephritis)  Upper back and side (flank) pain

Bladder (cystitis)  Pelvic pressure

Urethra (urethritis)  Burning with urination

When to see a Doctor

VI. NURSING MANAGEMENT

R.N.Belleza , M. (2017). Urinary tract infection; Retrieved on September 9, 2020

Nephrol,J.( 2009). Approach to Urinary tract Infection; Retrieved on September 9,2020

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