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Unit-V
SEARCH AND RESOURCE DISCOVERY PARADIGMS

Three information search and resource discovery paradigms are in use:

Information search and retrieval

Electronic directories & catalogs.

Information filtering.

Information search and retrieval:

Search and retrieval begins when a user provides a description of the information being to
an automated discovery system.

Using the knowledge of the environment, the system attempts to locate the information
that matches the given description.

An information retrieval method depends on the libraries.

The challenge is to develop user in domains such as electronic shopping.

Search and retrieval methods that refine queries through various computing techniques
such as nearest neighbors, them variants of original query.

Electronic catalogs and directories:

Information organizing and browsing is accomplished using directories or catalogs‘

Organizing refers to how to interrelate information, by placing it in some hierarchy.

Maintaining large amount of data is difficult.

Information filtering:

Goal of information filtering if selecting of data that is relevant, manageable and

understandable.

Filters are of two types

1. Local filter

2. Remote filter

Local filters: local filters work on incoming data to a PC, such as news feeds.

Remote filters: remote filters are often software agents that work on behalf of the user
and roam around the network from one data base to another.

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CONSUMER SEARCH AND RETRIVAL

SEARCH AND RESOURCE DISCOVERY PARADIGMS

INFORMATION SEARCH AND RETRIEVAL

ELECTRONIC COMMERCE CATALOGS OR DIRECTORIES

INFORMATION FILTERING

INFORMATION SEARCH AND RETRIEVAL

Information search is sifting through large volumes of information to find some target
information.

Search & retrieval system are designed for unstructured & semi structural data.

The process of searching can be divided into two types:

The end-user retrieval phases: consists of three steps

First is, the user formulates a text based query to search data.

Second is, the server interprets users query, performs the search and returns the user a list
of documents.

Third is, the user selects documents from the hit list and browses them, reading and
perhaps printing selected portions of retrieved data.

The publisher indexing phase:

It consists of entering documents in to the system and creating indexes and pointers to
facilitate subsequent searches.

The process of loading a document and updating indexes is normally not a concern to the
user.

These two phases are highly interdependent

WAIS (Wide Area Information Service):

It enables users to search the content of the files for any string of text that they supply.

WAIS has three elements:

Client

Sever

Indexer

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It uses an English language query front end a large assortment of data bases that contains
text based documents.

It allows users search the full text of all the documents on the server.

Users on diff platforms can access personal, company, and published information from
one interface I.e. text, picture, voice, or formatted document.

Anyone can use this system because it uses natural language questions to find relevant
documents.

Then the servers take the user questions and do their best to find relevant documents.

Then WAIS returns a list of documents from those users selects appropriate documents.

Today, the Netscape or NCSA mosaic browser with the forms capability is often used as
a front-end to talk to WIAS sever.

Search Engines:

WAIS is a sophisticated search engine.

The purpose of the search engine in any indexing system is simple

To find every item that matches a query, no matter where it is located in the file system.

Search engines are now being designed to go beyond simple, broadband

Searches for which WIAS is so popular.

It uses both keywords and information searching to rank the relevance of each document.

Other approaches to data searching on the web or on other wide area networks are
available.

Indexing methods:

To accomplish accuracy and conserve disk space, two types of indexing methods are
used by search engines.

They are:

1. File-level indexing

2. Word-level indexing

File-level indexing:

It associates each indexed word with a list of all files in which that word appear at least
once.

It does not carry any information about the location of words within the file.

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Word-level indexing:

It is more sophisticated and stores the location of each instance of the word.

The disadvantage of the word-level indexing is that all the extra information they contain
gobbles up a lot of disk space, it is 35-100 percent of the original data.

The process of indexing data is simple one ,it has large number of indexing packages:

These indexing packages are categorized into three types, they are:

1. The client-server approach

2. The mainframe-based approach

3. The parallel-processing approach

Search and new data types:

We have the following search technologies for effective search:

Hypertext: richly interwoven links among items in displays allow users to move in relatively ad
hoc sequences from display to display with in multimedia.

Sound: speech input and output, music and wide variety of acoustic cues include realistic sounds
that supplement and replace visual communication.

Video: analog are digital video input from multiple media, including video tapes, CD-ROM,
incorporated broadcast videos turners, cables and satellites.

3D-images: virtual reality displays offer a 3D environment in which all portions of the user
interface are 3D.

Searching using these new types of information poses interesting challenges that need to be
addressed soon.

Www Robots, wanderer, and Spiders

Robots, Wanderer, And Spiders are all programs that traverse the www automatically
gathering information.

ELECTRONIC COMMERCE CATALOGS OR DIRECTORIES

A directory performs an essential support function that guides customers in a maze of

options by enabling the organizations of the information space.

Directories are of two types:

1. The white pages

2. Yellow pages

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The white pages are used to people or institutions and yellow pages are used to
consumers and organizations.

Electronic white pages:

Analogues to the telephone white pages, the electronic white pages provide services from
a static listing of e-mail addresses to directory assistance.

White pages directories, also found within organizations, are integral to work efficiency.

The problems facing organizations are similar to the problems facing individuals.

A white pages schema is a data model, specifically a logical schema, for organizing the
data contained in entries in a directory service, database, or application, such as an
address book.

A white pages schema typically defines, for each real-world object being represented:

What attributes of that object are to be represented in the entry for that object.

What relationships of that object to other objects are to be represented?

One of the earliest attempts to standardize a white pages schema for electronic mail use
was in X.520 and X.521, part of the X.500 a specification that was derived from the
addressing requirements of X.400.

In a white pages directory, each entry typically represents an individual person that
makes the use of network resources, such as by receiving email or having an account to
log into a system.

In some environments, the schema may also include the representation of organizational
divisions, roles, groups, and devices.

The term is derived from the white pages, the listing of individuals in a telephone
directory, typically sorted by the individual's home location (e.g. city) and then by their
name.

White pages through x.500:

One of the first goal of the X.500 project has been to create a directory for keeping track
of individual electronic mail address on the internet.

X.500 offers the following features:

-Decentralized maintenance

-Each site running x.500 is responsible only for its local part of the directory.

Searching capabilities: x.500 provides powerful searching capabilities i.e. in the white pages;
you can search solely for users in one country. From there you can view a list of organizations,
then departments, then individual names.

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This represents the tree structure.

Single global name space: x.500 provides single name space to users.

Structured information framework: X.500 defines the information framework used in

the directory, allowing local extensions.

Standards-based directory: X.500 can be used to build directory applications that

requires distributed information.

Lecture 4

Root
o
Countries U.K Fr. U.S

Organizations
abc def ghI
individuals jk

WHITE PAGES DIRECTORY INFORMATION TREE

E-COMMERCE 28

ELECTRONIC YELLOW PAGES:

The term Yellow Pages refers to a telephone directory of businesses, categorized

according to the product or service provided.

The traditional term Yellow Pages is now also applied to online directories of businesses.

To avoid the increasing cost of yellow paper, the yellow background of the pages is
currently printed on white paper using ink. Yellow paper is no longer used.

The name and concept of "Yellow Pages" came about in 1883, when a printer in
Cheyenne, Wyoming working on a regular telephone directory ran out of white paper and
used yellow paper instead.

In 1886 Reuben H.Donnelley created the first official yellow pages directory, inventing
an industry.

Today, the expression Yellow Pages is used globally, in both English-speaking and non-
English speaking countries.

In the US, it refers to the category, while in some other countries it is a registered name
and therefore a proper noun.

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Third-party directories can be categorized variously:

Basic yellow pages: These are organized by human-oriented products and services.

Business directories: This takes the extended information about companies, financial-
health, and news clippings.

State business directories: this type of directory is useful in businesses that operate on a
state or geographic basis.

Directories by SIC :( standard industrial classification) directories are compiled by the

government.

Manufacturer’s directories: if your goal is to sell your product or service to

manufacturers, then this type of directory is used.

Big-business directory: This directory lists companies of 100 or more employees.

Metropolitan area business directory: It develops sales and marketing tools for specific
cities.

Credit reference directory: this directory provides credit rating codes for millions of US
companies.

World Wide Web directory: this lists the various hyperlinks of the various servers
scattered around the internet.

INFORMATION FILTERING

An Information filtering system is a system that removes redundant or unwanted

information from an information stream using (semi)automated or computerized methods
prior to presentation to a human user.

Its main goal is the management of the information overload and increment of the
semantic signal-to-noise ratio. To do this the user's profile is compared to some reference
characteristics.

A notable application can be found in the field of email spam filters.

Thus, it is not only the information explosion that necessitates some form of filters, but
also inadvertently or maliciously introduced pseudo-information.

On the presentation level, information filtering takes the form of user-preferences-based

newsfeeds, etc.

Recommender systems are active information filtering systems that attempt to present to
the user information items (movies, music, books, news, webpage) the user is interested
in.

Information filtering describes a variety of processes involving the delivery of

information to people who need it.

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This technology is needed as the rapid accumulation of information in electronic

databases.

Information filtering is needed in e-mails, multimedia distributed system and electronic

office documents.

The features of the information filtering are:

Filtering systems involves large amounts of data (gigabits of text).

Filtering typically involves streams of incoming data, either being broadcast by remote
sources or sent directly by other sources like e-mails.

Filtering has also been used to describe the process of accessing and retrieving
information from remote database.

Filtering is based on descriptions of individual or group information preferences, often

called profiles.

Filtering system deal primarily with textual information.

Email filtering:

It is the processing of e-mail to organize it according to specified criteria.

Most often this refers to the automatic processing of incoming messages, but the term
also applies to the intervention of human intelligence in addition to anti-spam techniques,
and to outgoing emails as well as those being received.

Email filtering software inputs email.

For its output, it might pass the message through unchanged for delivery to the user's
mailbox, redirect the message for delivery elsewhere, or even throw the message away.

Some mail filters are able to edit messages during processing.

Common uses for mail filters include removal of spam and of computer viruses.

A less common use is to inspecting outgoing e-mail at some companies to ensure that
employees comply with appropriate laws.

Users might also employ a mail filter to prioritize messages, and to sort them into folders
based on subject matter or other criteria

Mail-filtering agents:

Users of mailing-filtering agents can instruct them to watch for items of interest in e-mail
in-boxes, on-line news services, electronic discussion forums, and the like.

The mail agent will pull the relevant information and put it in the users personalized
newspapers at predetermined intervals.

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Example of Apple’s Apple Search software. Mail filters can be installed by the user,
either as separate programs (see links below), or as part of their e-mail program (e-mail
client).

In e-mail programs, users can make personal, "manual" filters that then automatically
filter mail according to the chosen criteria.

Most e-mail programs now also have an automatic spam filtering function.

Internet service providers can also install mail filters in their mail transfer agents as a
service to all of their customers. Corporations often use them to protect their employees
and their information technology assets.

News-filtering agents:

These deliver real-time on-line news.

Users can indicate topics of interest, and the agent will alert them to news stories on those
topics as they appear on the newswire.

Users can also create personalized news clipping reports by selecting from news services.

Consumers can retrieve their news from through the delivery channel of their choice like
fax, e-mail, www page, or lotus notes platform.

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Unit-VIII
MULTIMEDIA AND DIGITAL VIDEO

KEY MULTIMEDIA CONCEPTS

DIGITAL VIDEO AND ELECTRONIC COMMERCE

DESKTOP VIDEO PROCESSING

DESKTOP VIDEO CONFERENCING

KEY MULTIMEDIA CONCEPTS

Multimedia: the use of digital data in more than one format, such as the combination of text,
audio and image data in a computer file.

The theory behind multimedia is digitizing traditional media likewords, sounds, motion and
mixing them together with elements of database.

Multimedia data compression:

Data compression attempts to pack as much information as possible into a given amount of
storage. The range of compression is 2:1 to 200:1.

Compression Methods:

Sector-oriented disk compression (integrated into the operating system, this

compression is invisible to end user)

Backup or archive-oriented compression(Compress file before they are downloaded

over telephone lines)

Graphic & video-oriented compression(Compress graphics & video file before they are
downloaded)

Compression of data being transmitted over low-speed network(tech used in

modems, routers)

Data compression in action:

Data compression works by eliminating redundancy.

In general a block of text data containing 1000 bits may have an underlying information
content of 100 bits, remaining is the white space.

The goal of compression is to make the size of the 1000-bit to 100-bit (size of underlying
information).this is also applicable to audio and video files also.

Compression Techniques:

Compression techniques can be divided into two major categories:

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Lossy:

Lossy compression means that it given a set of data will undergo a loss of accuracy or
resolution after a cycle of compression and decompression. it is mainly used for voice,
audio and video data.

The two popular standards for lossy tech is MPEG, JPEG.

Lossless:

Lossless compression produces compressed output that is same as the input. It is mainly
used for text and numerical data.

Lecture 1

Symmetric Multiprocessing

n/w
Print Database Communicati
Disk ip/op File system service
services reuest on services
s

scheduler

processor1 processor2 processor3 processor4

E-COMMERCE 9

Multimedia Server:

A server is h/w & s/w systems that turns raw data into usable information and provide
that to users when they needed.

E-commerce application will require a server to manage application tasks, storage,

security, transaction management and scalability.

To manage multimedia information we need the fallowing.

Multiprocessing:

Current execution of several tasks on multiple processors. this implies that the ability to
use more than one CPU for executing programs. processors can be tightly or loosely
coupled.

Symmetric multiprocessing:

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Symmetric multiprocessing treats all processors as equal I.e. any processor can do the
work of any other processor. It dynamically assigns work to any processor.

Multitasking:

Multitasking means that the server operating systems can run multiple programs and
give the illustration that they are running simultaneously by switching control between
them.

Two types of multitasking are:

1. Preemptive

2. Non preemptive

Multithreading:

Multithreading is a sophisticated form of multitasking and refer to the ability to support

separate paths of execution within a single address space.

In this a process broken into independent executable tasks called threads

Lecture 1

Asymmetric Multiprocessing

n/w
Print Database Communicati
Disk ip/op File system service
services reuest on services
s

processor1 processor2 processor3 processor4

E-COMMERCE 12

Multimedia Storage Technology

Storage technology is becoming a key player in electronic commerce because the storage
requirements of modern-day information are enormous.

Storage technology can be divided into two types:

1. Network-based (disk arrays)

2. Desktop-based (CD-ROM)

Disk arrays:

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Disk arrays store enormous amounts of information and are becoming an important
storage technologies for firewall servers and large servers.

Range provided for small arrays is 5-10 gigabytes.

Range provided for large arrays is 50-500 gigabytes

Technology behind disk array is RAID(redundant array of inexpensive disk)

RAID offers a high degree of data capacity, availability, and redundancy.

Current RAIDs use multiple 51/2 –inch disks.

CD-ROM:

CD-ROM is premiere desktop stop storage.

It is a read only memory, to read CD-ROM a special drive CD-ROM drive is required.

The mail advantage is the incredible storage density.

That allows a single cd-rom disc contains 530MB for audio CD.

That allows a single cd-rom disc contains 4.8 GB for video CD.

CD-ROM Technology Exhibits The Following:

High information density:

It is with optical encoding, the CD can contain some 600-800 MB of data.

Low unit cost:

Unit cost in large quantities is less than two dollars, because CDs are manufactured by
well-developed process.

Read only memory:

CD-ROM is read only memory so it cannot be written or erased.

Modest random access performance:

Performance of the CDs is better than floppies because of optical encoding methods.

The Process of CD proceeds as follows:

CD-ROM spiral surface contains shallow depressions called pits. These pits used to
scatter light.

CD-ROM spiral surface contains spaces between indentations called lands .these lands
are used to reflect light.

The laser projects a beam of light, which is focused by the focusing coils.

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The laser beam penetrates a protective layer of plastic & strikes the reflective aluminum
layer on the surfaces

Light striking a land reflects back to the detector.

Light pulses are translated into small electrical voltage to generate 0’s & 1’s.

Lecture 3

DIGITAL VIDEO AND ELECTRONIC COMMERCE

Digital video is binary data that represents a sequence of frames, each
representing one image.
The frames must be shown at about 30 updates per sec.
Digital video as a core element:

Desktop
computing
Telecom
Consumer
services
electronics

Broadcast & Digital video

cable sevices Electranic
publishing

On-line Content
services creation

E-COMMERCE 20

Characteristics of Digital Video:

Several Characteristics of digital video differentiate it from traditional analog video.

It can be manipulated, transmitted and reproduced with no discernible image generation.

It allows more flexible routing packet switching technology.

Development of digital video compression technology has enabled the of new

applications in consumer electronics, multimedia computers and communications market.

It poses interesting technical challenges; they are constant rate and continuous time media
instead of text, image, audio and video.

Compression rate are 10 mb /min of video.

Digital video compression/decompression:

Digital video compression takes the advantage of the fact that a substantial amount of
redundancies exist in video. The hour-longer video that would require 100 CDs would
only required one CD if video is compressed.

The process of compression & decompression is commonly referred to as just

compression, but it involves both processes.

Decompression is inextensible because once compressed, a digital video can be stored

and decompressed many time.

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The adaptations of international standards are called codec.

Mostly used codec today's are loss compression.

Types of Codec's:

Most codec schemes can be categorized into two types:

1. Hybrid

2. Software-based.

Hybrid: hybrid codec use combination of dedicated processors and software. It requires
specialised add-on hardware.

Best examples of hybrid codec are

MPEG (moving picture expert group)

JPEG(joint photographic expert group)

MPEG (moving picture expert group):

Moving Picture Expert Group is an ISO group; the purpose of this is to generate high
quality compression of digital videos.

MPEG I (Moving Picture Expert Group I):

MPEG I defines a bit steam for compressed video and audio optimized to a bandwidth of
1.5 Mbps, it is the data rate of audio CDs & DATs.

The standard consists of three parts audio, video, and systems. A system allows the
synchronization of video & audio.

MPEG I implemented in commercial chips .resolution of the frames in MPEG I is

352X240 pixels at 30 frames per second.

The video compression ratio for this is 26:1

MPEG II (Moving Picture Expert Group II):

MPEG II specifies compression signals for broadcast-quality video. It defines a bit steam
for high-quality “entertainment-level” digital video.

MPEG-2 supports transmission range of about 2-15 Mbps over cable, satellite and other
transmission channels.

The standard consists of three parts audio, video, and systems. A system allows the
synchronization of video & audio.

MPEG II implemented in commercial chips.

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Resolution of the frames in MPEG I is 720X480 pixels at60 frames per second.

A data rate of the MPEG-2 is 4 to 8 Mbps.

Future promising of this is rapid evolution of cable TV’s news channels.

Two other MPEG standards are

MPEG-3(1920X1080 and data rates are 20 to 40)

MPEG-4(consisting of speech and video synthesis)

JPEG (Joint Photographic Expert Group):

JPEG is a still-image compression algorithm defined by the joint photographic expert

group and serves as the foundation for digital video.

JPEG is used in two ways in digital video world:

1. as apart of MPEG

2. as motion JPEG

JPEG standard has been widely adopted for video sequences.

JPEG compression is fast and can capture full-screen, full-rate video.

JPEG was designed for compressing either full-color or gray-scale Digital images of real-
world scenes.

JPEG is a highly sophisticated technique that uses three steps:

The first step, a technique known as DCT (discrete cosine transformation).

Next, a process called quantization manipulates the data and compresses strings of identical
pixels by run length encoding method.

Finally, the image is compressed using a variant of Huffman encoding.

A use full property of the JPEG is the degree of looseness.

DESKTOP VIDEO PROCESSING

Video on the desktop is a key element in turning a computer into a true multimedia
platform.

PC has steadily become a highly suitable platform for video.

DESKTOP VIDEO PROCESSING includes upgrade kits, sound cards, video playback
accelerator board, video capture hardware and editing software.

Microphones, speakers, joystik, and other peripherals are also needed.

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Desktop video hardware for playback and capture:

Desktop video require a substantial amounts of disk space and considerable CPU horse-
power.

It also requires specialized hardware to digitize and compress the incoming analog signal
from video tapes.

.The two lines of video playback products become available in the marketplace I.e. video
ASIC chips and board level products.

Video playback:

The two lines of video playback products become available in the marketplace I.e. video
ASIC chips and board level products.

Broadly speaking, two types of accelerator boards are available:

-Video

-Graphics

Video capture and editing:

Video capture board are essential for digitizing incoming video for use in multimedia
presentations or video conferencing

Video capture program also include video-editing functions that allows users crop, resize
and converts formats and add special effects for both audio and video like fade-in,
Embosses, zooma and echo's.

Developers are crating next generation editing tools to meet business presenters and
video enthusiasts.

The best graphical editing tools make complex procedures accessible even to novice
users.

Desktop video application software:

The text that appear in the movie. Any PC wants to handle digital video must have a
digital-video engine available.

Two significant digital video engines are :

1. Apple’s QuickTime

2. Microsoft’s video for windows

These two are software's only; they don’t need any special hardware.

Apple’s QuickTime:

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QuickTime is a set of software programs from apple that allows the operating system to
pay motion video sequences on a PC without specialized hardware.

QuickTime has it s own set of compression/decompression drivers.

Apple’s QuickTime was the first widely available desktop video technology to treat video
as a standard data type.

In this video data could not be cut, copied, and pasted like text in a page composition
program.

Apple’s QuickTime movie can have multiple sound tracks and multiple video tracks.

Apple’s QuickTime engine also supports synchronize

Microsoft’s video for windows:

Microsoft’s video for windows is a set of software programs from Microsoft that allows
the operating system to pay motion video sequences on a PC without specialized
hardware.

Microsoft video for windows has its own set of compression/decompression drivers.

Microsoft chooses a frame-based model, in contrast to QuickTime-based model.

Desktop video conferencing

Desktop video conferencing is gaining momentum as a communication tool. Face-to-face

video conferences are already a common practice, allowing distant colleagues to
communicate without the expense and inconvenience of traveling.

Early video conferencing utilized costly equipment to provide room-based conferencing,

but now it becoming fast due to desktop video conferencing in this we participated by sit
at their own desks, in their own offices, and call up others using their PCs much like
telephone.

The Economics:

Three factors have made desktop video conferencing:

Price: The price fallen from 500,000$ to 500-1000$

Standards: standards allowing interoperable communications between machines from

diff vendors.

Compression: It uses better and faster compression methods.

Types of desktop video conferencing:

Desk top video conferencing system coming onto the market today are divided into Three
types they are based on plain old telephone lines:

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1. POST

2. ISDN

3. Internet

Using POST for video conferencing:

POST systems are especially attractive for Point-to-Point conferencing because no

additional monthly charges are assessed and special arrangements with the telephone
company are unnecessary.

The drawback with a POST solution is a restriction to the top speed of today’s modems
of 28.8 Kbps.

It need a s/w ,once properly installing a s/w users allows to pipe video,audio,and data
down a standard telephone line.

Lecture 6

Point-to-Point video conferencing using POTS

Sender with video Receiver

Telephone
network
•

High speed High-peed

modem modem

E-COMMERCE 41

Using ISDN for video conferencing:

ISDN lines mostly offer considerable more bandwidth up to 128 Kbps, but it require the
installation of special hardware.

The use of ISDN has been restricted to companies especially in private residence.

The fallowing fig explains the basic architecture for television or video conferencing
using ISDN network transport switching.

This architecture is commonly found in videophones. Networks required for video

conferencing are fiber optic cable or analog POST.

For video compression and decompression, the ISDN networks uses the H.261
technology, it is specified by the international telegraph and telephone consultative
committee algorithm.

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Lecture 6

sender
Receiver
Video
phone

H.261 decoder

Telephone ISDN
network
monit
or

ISDN video or teleconferencing architecture

E-COMMERCE 43

Using the Internet for Video Conferencing:

The two video conferencing programs are available on the internet:

1. CU- See Me

2. MBONE

CU- See Me:

CU- See Me is the first software available for the Macintosh to support real-time
multiparty video conferencing on the internet.

CU- See Me provides a one-to-one , one-to-many , several-to- several and several-to-

many conferencing depending on the user needs with minimal cost.

•Lecture 7 Internet

Reflector

Sender
with video
camera

Receivers

One-to-many video conferencing

E-COMMERCE 46

MBONE:

It is a virtual network built on top of the Internet

Invented by Van Jacobson, Steve Dearing and Stephen Caner in 1992.

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The purpose of MBONE is to minimize the amount of data required for multipoint audio
/ video-conferencing

MBONE is free; it uses a network of m routers that can support IP Multicast.

It enables access to real-time interactive multimedia on the Internet

MBONE uses a small subset of the class D IP address space(224.0.0.0 -

239.255.255.255) assigned for multicast traffic.

MBONE uses 224.2.0.0 for multimedia conferencing

Characteristics:

topology: combination of mesh and star networks

IP addresses: 224.2.0.0; routing schemes: DVMRP, MOSPF

session registration: IGMP protocol

traffic requirement: audio 32-64 kbit/s, video 120 kbit/s

MBONE tools:

Videoconferencing: vic -t ttl destination-host/port (supports: NV, H.261, CellB,

MPEG, MJPEG)

Audio conferencing: vat -t ttl destination-host/port (supports: LPC, PCMU, DVI4,

GSM)

Whiteboard: wb destination-host/port/ttl

session directory: sdr

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