TORI

win
CALCUTTA SANSKEIT SERIES

No. XII

Genera/ Editor i

NARENDR^ CHANDRA VEDANTATIRTHA, M. A,

SUTRADHARA HAVANA'S

DEVATAMURTIPRAKARANAM
AND

ROPAMANDANAM
PLACE; 1 THE SHELF
....
Date 7, )

' C?'

MP,
DEVATAMURTIPRAKARANAM *

AND

RUPAMANDANAM *

( MANUALS OF INDIAN ICONOGRAPHY AND ICONOMETRY )

Critically edited for the fast time with notes

and

By

UPENDRA MOHAN SANKHYATIRTHA ,

With an Introduction by

HARIDAS MlTRA M. f A.

Visvabharati }
Santiniketan

METROPOLITAN PRIKTING AND

PUBLISHING HOUSE, LIMITED
CALCUTTA

1936
 tt
I;

1TE & PlIBLIi

if,
 PREFACE

Indian Architecture and Sculpture, in a way, illustrate the

back-ground of philosophy and religion that are still blended

together in tbis country*

Sculptures and pictorial representations of our different gods

are significant For example, Y&tltdramatadipika explains the
meaning of the image of Yisnu (Nanlyaaa) with his four hands
f

hearing tuhkha 'conch-shell', raira 'wheel', g&da *club and

padma lotus* : 6ahkha represents ether, cakra wind, gala fire,

pad ma water and the image itself the earth* Thus, the figure of
Xfuftyana represents the idea (as generally held) that ho

supports the creation made of the five gross elements, himself

being the Supreme Spirit. The image of Nataraja, the 'Lord of

Dancers', represents his live activities (iwhcakrtijtt), viz., creation,

preservation, destruction, giving rest and granting salvation.

The deepest significance of the Divine Dance of Nataruja can
be realized only within the heart by means of inejlitatbn*

Thus, in our Architecture, so far as temples, stupas, etc*, are

concerned, we find the same kiad of symbolism. All this gives

peculiar importance to our different texts on $Zpa, such as

Sutradhara Mandana's works.

The D e v a t a in u r t i
p r a k a r a n a m is a text on
Indian Iconography and Iconoraetry by Sutradhara M a nd a n a,
who has to his credit, many other works on Indian Architecture
and Sculpture. This work has not been published before*

The present text has been commented upon for Ike fir4

time by the editor himself- Along with this has been published

in full for the first time the text of the Eupam a n d a n a m

of the same author and treating a kindred subject. It is
hoped
that the understanding of the principal work will be facilitated

by it. The texts have beei* edited from an original manuscript,

 ( 2 )

Cat. no, L Gr- 89, belonging to the Asiatic Society of Bengal,

-

Calcutta. The editor could not do more than what he did for
want of adequate manuscript materials. But though the texts
have been edited from a single manuscript, the editor may be
said to have done his work fairly well and the learned and
lucid commentary of the De v a t a m urtiprakaranam,
which he added for the first time, to explain the text, will, it is

hoped, be considered, a useful production.

Most due to Mr. Haridas Mitra, M. A., of

cordial thanks are
the Viavabharatij Santiniketan, who has kindly written an Introduc-
tion to these works. He has discussed in it the various aspects of
the history of literature on Indian Architecture and Sculpture
as well as other relevant matters.

This introduction has added to the value of the volume.

An index: of important words has also been appended at -the
enii

We have the pleasure to express our thanks to the Secretary,

Asiatic Society of Bengal, for kindly lending us the manuscript.

Put for this generous co-operation in the matter it would have been
quite impossible for us to bring out these texts.

We shall be failing in our duty if we do not express our

heartiest thanks to Prof. Amareswar Thakur, M. A,, Ph. D.,
Vedantashastri of the Calcutta University and formerly
General Editor of the Series, who did much for the furtherance
of the publication of these works.

Finally, we may hope that the readers will excuse us "for

any imperfection they may notice, especially misprints that have

crept in.

Caloittaj

1936 f Narendra Chandra Bhattaeharya

}
 INTRODUCTION

1. SUTRADHlRA MAFBANJL HISTIM1BANB

WORKS.

Hie Deminmnrti^a^aranam i, a-, 'the section OB the

1

images of deitleB forms a part of the JM u^5$tra (of Sutradhlra or

Sutrahhrit Mandann, the son of Hriksetra) and IB a work on sculp-
ture. AH his title implies, Mandana was an architect Rfttradhara
f

(literally,
one who holds, plies or wields the plumbMine) t

Both Mandana and his father, oriksetra were under the

patronage of MahSrana Kumbha, the celebrated king of Mewar

Kumbhakarna Mahenclra of Medapik
1
* A $stiBguished heit>5
a man of letters and a noted builder of inonumeiits, Kumbha
was an oatetei^i^ personality in the Mstory dl late Medieval
India (15th C.)- MaharSnS Kumbha's coESOrt was probaWy

Mirabaij well-known for her renunciation and deeply religious life*

Kumbha (Kama Mahendra) wrote a commentary on the

(jovinda of Jayadeva and it is entitled Ka$ikapri{/d? (

govindutika). Two other works (on music) are also due to him :

I. "aft^^S 'S^lf^TO^fe^ I

* ^ |n

2. Published in the series, Ninmyasigar Prcss t

Kuvyamkl
Bombay.
 ( 2 )

the 8anglta~ml,mam$a and the SangUa-raja. He also wrote the

Pi^yaratnakoSa*. Maharana Kumbha is said to have constructed

the celebrated Tower of Victory at Chitbre*.

It, therefore, stands to reason that Maharana

* Kumbhakarna .

should be a patron of architects and sculptors, just like

King
Bhojs of Dhara ^^PRtlPT^-^Rr^rf^r^ Mt^t^^r (llth C.) who
s
compiled the 8amaranganasutradfiara , a work on architecture and
*to whom are ascribed many other important works, such
as, the
j^ngara^aka^a (Alankara) and the Sarasvat^JcanihabJiarana;
or like Somesvaradeva, the 12th C,
Calukya King ( ),
Urn author (or the patron of the scholar) who
compiled the
encyelopeedic work the Manasollasa or the Abliilasitartlia-

8ltraIl*ara Mandana or simply Mandana seems to have been

writer of treatis^ on architecture and sculpture. The

3* See 1^ AufirecM :
Catalogs Catalogorum VoK I, p/ 1 1 1 ff.

(a). K (F. Kidhorn ; A Catalogue of Sanskrit Mss. existing in the

Central Provinces.) 96.

<b). P-HF. Kielhorn: Lists of the Sanskrit

manuscripts purchased
lor gOTernment during the years 1877-78 & 1869-78, and alist of the manus-
cripts purchased from May to November 1881) 15.
4. Some scholars have douhts
regarding the original purpose of the
structure, namely, if it

f
aIL
^
journali of t&e ?',?
was really a tower raised to

*?***?
Indian Soc. of Oriental Art.
Tke ''

CaL, Vol. I
i** ^
commemorate a victorv
ofMaterana
i.
KMa.
Regarding this magnificent
Fergusson says
structure, :

"It has aoplain parts , this mass of decoration is so

subdued that it in
BO either with the outline or the
waymt^es general effect of the pillar.
...It is infinitely better taste than the victory
pillar </ Trajan."
5. Samarahganamtradmra, edited
ati astn. COS. XXV & XXXII,
by Mahamahopadhyaya T
a Vols.
(19,4, as) , Baroda
^ edited by G K. -
Shrigondekar. COS. XXVIII ff
 ( 3 )

idlowing is a list of works* ascribed to him, and some of them

sfyled differently m Mss*

Vlste-sEra.

K&ja?aliaJbhs Vistofestra*. Vis

KSj^ma^ana, Xpa-tattva-
Vastamaii$ ana.

Mandaria's treatise on architecture bears the titles

*V4sto^astxa', and also

*,

According to soraa scholars, it ia possibly farther

called the ^Raiavallabha-ma^dana' (or simply 'Rtjavallablia*) or
the ^Sfltradhara-mandana' 1 *.

In the unique library** of the Sarw

Kavlndracarya (17th C*) were stored some Mss. on art (architecture
and sculpture), among which the following are worth noting
2146 iN^iteW, 2849 ^i<a*i v ** 2150
j
3

2151 ^u
^'f, 2152 <fi<f^*lRl^, 2153 *fl*i*H*lftM. This book-
lov^* Kavtndi^ciya was a Decc&n Brahmin ^ad a very learned
man, the head of tfee Patidit couoiBauiiity of Benares, of his

7. Catakgus C&tatt^w&m VoL I, pp. 730-31.-

See T. Aufrecht :

Also, Prasanna Kumar Acharya Indian ArMtect&re :

Manamra-Silpaka$tra+ Oxford Univ* Pr*, 1927. pp. 103-5.

8. First noticed by G. Buhler : Two Lists of Sanskrit Mss. in
. D. M. G. Vol. 42, 538.

9. See Note i
Supra. Edited by Pancjttt Rimayatna Ojhl, Hindu Univ,
10. J. Eggeling and E. Windisch :
Catalogue of Sanskrit
in tke Library of the fndia Office. 3142, 1291 ; 3147, 2253.
11. P. K. Acharya :
Op. e*/M p. 102.

Kavindracharya list. Edited with Introduction

by R. Anantakrishna Sastry with a Foreword by Dr. Ganganatha Jha, GOS.
No. XVII, 1921. ( ^ ) ^fiTOPimw*^T^K^t^
 4 )

and possessed knowledge in all departments of Sanskrit. Ete

was rich, healthy and beautiful. After finishing studies he
took to Sannyasa, thus showing his indifference to the world.
On his demise his invaluable library was dispersed.
Many of the texts by the Sutradhara Mandana had titles
ending in Mandana
c
in the sense of decoration' and it is not
impossible, that all his works had originally such titles. On the
other hand, the learned Kavlndracarya kftew the Rajavallabha and
the Rajavattabhct-silpa to be two separate works perhaps, the ;

one was on Vastu (architecture), while the other was on Silpa

(sculpture).

The
Rajavattabha-mandana and some other texts by
'

Mandana, seem to have been very popular. Within two centuries,

after compilation, we find copies of his texts deposited in the
invaluable library of From Mewar, the works
Kavlndracarya
of Mandana found their way to Benares, the great nerve-centre
(Marma-sthana) of Indian culture.

From
Benares, Mandana's works probably spread to other
13
places westwards as well as eastwards 14 , Mss- of his works are
also met with in the South 13 where they might have been
,

easily carried from the Central India- Thus it is evident that

Mandana's handbooks on architecture and sculpture, enjoyed
popularity witti artists and craftsmen.

13. Apparently one of Mandana's works as published with

diagrams
by Bharati at Baroda, 1891, see P. K.
Acharya Of. cif., :
p. 103.
14. was published by
zn JteK*/**Mte-w}aJa
Riji RSdhakanta
his
Encyclopaedic Dictionary,
Stlpa-mstram famjmma+j.
^^^
aMa-kalpa-druma. See

eXtraCtsfrom the
A
A.
- ^P^an^ana have been made in
.
Gopinatha Rao : EktnenU of Hindu
Iconography. Madras.
 1 SOUKCBS OF THE
DEVATlMURTI-PHAKARANAM.
For compiling his J)mP. Sutradtera Mandana seems either
to have chiefly utilised the South Indian texte, or to have actually
based his work on them.

Indeed his IhnP. is more S. Indian than N. Indian in

character. This would at once most probably, the
show that*
art of tempfe-aidyteeture was already slowly dying in the North

India, while in the South it lived with virility.

Naturally, for preparing his IhnP. Mandana

turned chiefly
to South Indian sources. Another striking peculiarity is that he
never utilised, as far as is evident, the Tamil $aiva or Vaisnava
te
Jiyam&s. But he made copious use of the ^fljwrofw-am and
the Mayamat&m both probably from original Malayalam sources.

For some reasons, not evident, the 8. Indian jigamas

were not m accessible to Handana. Either Sfct texts in the Tamil
* *

script^ often with copious globes in Temamkr, ware not intelligible

to Mandana ; or the lines of communicalion between tUjputana
and the Tamil lands were beset with obstacles. Hie kfcter

eventuality is all the more plausible, when we take Into account,

the unsettled political conditions of the times.

Repeated invasions ami onslaughts of Ate fierce Turks and

Mongols interrupted the normal course of erents In Northern,
Eastern and Central India. And, the warriors* swords were more
In requisition then than the painters' brashes or die stone-masons*
lines and pellets.

16. Stlfarainam of Brikumara. Part I. Edited by Mm, T. Ganapati

Sastri, 1922 Ditto* Part IL Edited by K. SSmbaiva Sistrl, 1929.
;

17. Sfafanmfamof Mayamtiiii. Edited by Mm* T. Ganapati Bistri,

1919.
 ( 6 )

Among the Northern Texts, Mandana seems certainly to

8
have utilised the Visnudharmottaram* , in the first instance.
This is, traditionally, said to be a part of the Garuga-Puranam
more properly the uttara-Wiaga of the Garuda-Puranam**.
20 VP.
According to another opinion belongs to the second part ,

of the

'The Vwnudharmottara is occasionally given out as a

part
of a Parana, namely the Garuda-Purana, but generally it is counted
an independent Upa-Purana- It is repeatedly quoted by Alberuni
c
as the Visnudharma'. It is a Kashmiri Vaisnava book of
ency-
clopedic character in three sections. Section I deals with the
usual themes of the Puranas--- Section II deals with law and
politics, as well as with medicine, the science of war, astronomy and

astrology. There is in it a prose section -'Paitamaha-Siddhanta'

as this is an extract from the Brahma-sphuta-siddhanta written
by

1 8. M. Winternitz: A History of Indian Literature. Vol I. (CaL

,

1927) p. 580.

Srlvisnudbarmottaram, or, Visnudharmottara-mahapuranam was edited

by PantfitasMadhustSdana and Madhavaprasada Sarmans from a
ms.,
obtained by Mm. Sudhakara Dvivedin and
published (from Briveakafe^vara
Press, Bombay) in Samvat 1969, 1834 Saka (A. C.
1911-12).
See forTransl. of chapters 2, 27, 35-43, Dr. Stella Kramrisch The
:

Vimudharmottaram (Part III), A Treatise on Indian Painting. Journal

of Letters, Vol. XL (Univ. Cai, 1924), and The Cakutfa Review, Feb., 1924,
P-

A. K. Coomaraswamy Visnndkarmottara
:
(III), 41. JAOS., LIL, 1932 ;
Ditto. : Transl. VimudharmMara. Chapt. 43, in Astitosh Commemoration Vol.
.
(Patoa Univ.) Ed. by J. N. Camaddar.

Bee, also, Haridas Mitra : Sadasiva Worship in Early Bengal,

f. & R, A. S B., (N.
m
8.) Vol. XXIX. 1933, No. i. Appendix II. Note a.
.
19. M. Winternitz : Geschtchte der indischen Band
Literatur, I,
(German Ed.) 480. i88a.
:
Classified Index of Sk. Mss. in the palace at
20* See Introduction in Skt. to the Ed. of Text. Srivenka{;e6vara Pr.
 ( 7 >

Bratmagupta 628 A. D^ the VI?ntidham0ttera must hare been

in

compiled between 628 and 1 000 A, D. Sect* HI, too, is of s

miscellaneous character, treating of (lancing, singing mud
wy
music,
sculpture and painting (the making of Images of gods) and archi-
tecture (construction of temples)."

The Jfa#f$-Ptr3i$& the Putma~Purana ? y the

Purama and the BraJwm- Parana were also used for the
Linga and (Visnu) Silggrima sections ; and passages from the
BrJwi-Samhita, have been quoted verbatim^ in the Adhhnta
9
section^

Another text, more sparingly consulted, is the

. Hiia is certainly a ^ilpa wk of the Northern School",
But the work most profusely drawn upon, often verbatim,
is certainly the ItttpamaiufaiKi**. This may be identical with
the text of the same name** 3 the authorship of which i$ ascribed to
,

Mandana himselt

21. Haridas Mitra :

BttdMafiratimalaksMtfyam. The Sarasvat! Bhava^a
Skt. Seriesj Benares ; Np. 48. Introduction p. 3. Also, see Note 27, Supra.
22. T A* Gopinatha Rao : Ekm^nte of jKTindu fQi*ffra/>hy VoU I,
Part IL

23. See Section j.

 2
ON THE CANONS OF INDIAN ART.
4
The ^atsya-Purana *
names of eighteen
enumerates the
35
v.._ JRsjh^re) Vastu3astn)padeakas or Masters of the Sciences

of Architecture, Sculpture and Painting, as follows :

firarerar:

The Aff^PurcMia? gives another list of 25 authoritative

texts, as follows :

f5r % TT^F u ?

II II

24. Mafsya^JPurana. Ananda&ram Ed. 1907. t Chapter 252.

25. See Haridas Mitra : Op. cit.
26. Agni-Purana* Edited by Rajendralal Mitra. (JBibliotheca
Indica). Chap. 39, v. 1-5.
There are some different readings, noted in this edition :

The texts, quoted are from P. K. Acharya Ind. Architecture^ p 165

:

on^ not noted, but seems to be corrupt. See Note 3 1 Infra,

 ( 9 )

a *[ aw mtzr* it H li

Another aeecmnt given in the Vmmkarm&^&k^a^*} and

in tt&my T^rions Is eridaastly a complation of a later

* tl

tt

Among the Bruhnmnic masters of Vaxtu, and &il

the names of Vi^vakarman and Maya are mentioned very often.

The Vunwlharmottm-am^ gives the traditional or

mythical origin painting, and Its canons, (i. e.

of the art of

Citrax&train) how the xage NSr^yana irst painted on earth

:

with the juice of the figure of a superbly beautiful

mango leaf

damsel, and for humili^iBg the heavenly he invested ^mrum$

11^^ (iihb) sh^ was
:

her with life- BfWgbfc Into lng

called Urca& (earth-bom)* The girwl
the art of painting (Cit-ra), taught Vi^vakamaati ite

The Citraak$an(Mt^& of N^najit mentions

Pi-ahlSda and Nagnajit, among the masters of paieliiig, after

adoration of gods and goddesses (*iatnu#&a/ '<**), and the benecfefcicm

2?. &rl-VLvakartnaprakasa^ with Bkfo&fykh printed from the

tr.-ve.lkat<2>ara Pres, Bombay also lithographed from Siddha-Vinayaka

;

Yaotra, Eenares. See, also Notes 41, 42 post.

$8- j&ify'ffidiuttdkATfnot't&tam. Part 111^ chap. 35-

29a, Berthold Latifec : D^knmmt* dw indite*** JK*u**t* JSntes

Afalert : *>a$ Citrala&$ana* * Leipzig, 1913-

P a
 ( 10 )

the definition of the subject-matter (yastu-nirdesa]

etc., in the regular, Ka^i/a style.

An attempt may be made to render these important passages

back into rhythmic Sanskrit, from the German translations ir
.Dr. B; luaufer's admirable edition of the textHie original
Tension of which isprobably lost, though a Tibetan
of it has fortunately been preserved*"205 .

The M&t&ja-purfawm, the Agni-purcinam, the ViSvakarma-

Sa and the Brhat-samJiitfi, probably have handed down the
northern tradition of their times.

The Mavwusara* is the most complete architectural treatise

These conjectural reconstructions

unsatisfactory though, they
might be of ifttewsttptbo^ to whom the German and Tibetan editions
are inaccessible or not
sufficiently intelligible.

P, K. Acharya
$0. Bfana$ara. Chapters Ixviii, Ixx. i, ii
:
;

also, KidIndian Architecture

i
according to Munasara-lilpa-msira, pp.
I6 4 ff. "...Evidences are
undoubtedly more authenticated and substantial
...regarding the connection of the Manama with AD
on the one hand and the Matsya-punma^So )
&&k a t- s*mhi& (550 A.D.) on the other.. We shall
be justified in placing the Manama before the
Brhat-samhita and some-
whM dose to the Afatsy^unma. Jn any event, we venture to hold that
the warrant
the extension of the
period of Manasara from 5
eviden^s
to 700 A. P." P. K.
Acharya ? Op. c p ^ .
^ \
Q
500
 ( 11 )

extant afrel of this work, we have a critical ecL It gives a list of

tiirty-two 82 authorities :

: t

11 ^ u
^ t

ti ^ j|

) t

^ ft

1J ^ If

The list in the Ayin^m-rSn^m

olror
apparently eornipt- n*er6
tind a>^e bdl
is confusing fii^otMCic
difficulties in the readings of tlie Ayni-pummM 25 ist81 of

authorities ;
on the other hand, all these are said to be Panear&tra

probably lx>th clams were Vaimava,

if
ami Saptaratra works
3*
the latter school at all existed. The Mmwffipa llat is equally

v. 4, sIxmM be
reading in the Ag*~puratiai* 9 chapteir 39,
the met^e does not allow it. But in v. 5, we must read *rra*i

9*Ttt**it Or <Mfr 9SKs^l* wd not o^ nsm^rw^

See Note 26. Supra. The list there does not seem to contain (25) twenty-
five names, after all, ,
. .

32. See Note 30 Supra and text.

 ( 12 )

cbbioas same names occurring repeatedly. O

similar or
names we are not sure if they are personal names or the titles o;

works.
3 of Lama
The Tibetan text, dpag bsam Ijon hzan Suin-pg
traces the origin of the
mk an-po
?
ye-ges dpal-abyor (1702-1775V
art of painting to Nagnajit : how he painted the figure of a dea<
Brahmin child and how the god, Brahman invested it with life
Later on the art of painting was propagated through Visvakarman
and Bsi Atreya who discovered calligraphy. The latter is knowr
from Tibetan sources, as the author of an iconographic work, whicl
34 .
is preserved in translation, in the Tanjur

Names few more authorities or masters are also knowr

of *a

from (stray mentions in) other sources- Their works are existent
mostly in Mss.
There Is a Sftpa-gastra ascribed 'to Ka^yapa, the Kasyap-
36
ui&0: called ^tfee Am&iwi&d-*bheda,* It, has. been edited ,

Is, said to have learnt this science from Siva.

3T
The ^Lgastya S&kaladhikara is ascribed to Agastya .

work an excellent but rather volumi-

entitled Sacatadhicara,
nous performance, is attributed to Agastya, a sage whose history
occupies a conspicuous place in the Puranas* Some few sections
only of this work. are to be now met with ; and the portion which

Pag b&tMfr l/on Ix&h. Ed., Saratcfiandra Das. Calcutta, 1908:

34* ]Prafiifo(i^to&$a^'tt&may classed trader Tanjur. Section Mdo

fSttra-vftti), $iif<iw^a -&folras.
f

35. For Mss of K&kyafiy^ see Catalogue Fbl. XXII. Oriental Mss.
Library Madras*, pp. 8755^. Nos. 13032, 13033. Also, Qppert : List of
it Mss. in F*rwate Libraries of South India, Vol. II, p. 395, No. 6336.

I&kyapvya, quoted by Varahamihira. Edited in

from Poona*
See P, K. Acharya Indian Architecture according to
pw loo. For Mss. of the work, see Orient. Mss.
Cat. VoL XXII, Nos* 13046, 13047* also 13058.
lias as yefc come under my own observation, is exclusively oa tbe
subject of sculpture as <x>nnected with die function of statoes ;

but it is so diffuse, that if we suppose the whole work to be written

in a similar style, it must considerably exceed the volume of
111*
Jaw?&&ra, the largest at present of my collection."

There is &i$o, the Siinakk&mart^v&$tu8d^tra*i of Sanat-

kutnlm, who aefeowJedges his ifebfc to other ^Icat't/iis, among

whom are Caa<J and Yama, BfaSfgmra* Afigtras, M&DU, Vy&sa,
Bttfgn.

38. Rim Riz ; JSsmy m tk& ArcMfo&WG f 'tip JEfindus^ (London,

M. i>ccc. xxxiv.) p* 8.
trfhe small portion which has come under lay 0feervatkm of the work
called sacal&dkictr^ the universal authority*, does not famish sufficient
4

data to form any opinion of the precise time at which it was composed ; and
in the section which gives rules for carving statues, "...the only part, ..seen, I
n 'who have been admitted
among the inferior
l
find no mention of the saints...
divinities." u lt is generally believed to have been composed by Aga&tya,

under the auspices of the founder of the Pandyct govern men t, a circumstance
which, admitted, would give to this Work a very high antiquity. Bir*
if

Wilson,. ..places this event three or four centuries before the Christian aa,
although in another place he fixes the date of the eivilizatioii of the SoantJk of
India, ten centuries before Christ, but"tibe data' tt wtefe tMs cwjectw? is

formed is imperfect. There exists a kg

Mst of the prim>ft -f Ifee uHuwigptt* and
their contemporary Ck^la and Ckera dynasties, many 0f wtKH appear to
have reigned long anterior to the Christian aera, Ittid their celeWty to have
attracted the notice of Ptolemy. The few facts ,.. recorded of those dynasties
.-are unfortunately inadequate to the formation of. .sketch of their history y w

or to trace their chronology . ; but the varioiis acoouBts...of these stodeat

.

monarchies, though they usually oooaiBence witii tfce ^alie^: ages, and are
blended with* --fictions, would stilt afford* ** proofs t&e e$tabtislinie0t c^tb^e
\principalities an earlier period
at And as tlie
than... hitherto assigned.

J/afod&fairaf, which is believed to have baen composed by Wf&sa^ in the

beeping of JS&liyugt makes mention of the Ptindya and Chh& governments,
we am* give them credit for
*
higher antiquity. Ratn RA^ oj>, cit., p. 10-11.
1

39. P. K Acharya For Msan see Eggeling, III.

:
Of. cit^ p. 102,

3151, 2680 j 6ppert, VoL Qrimt. M$$* Libr^ Madras^

I, No. $239. la
Cat, VoL XXII, NO&*, 13060-13068, there are nioe Mss*, mostly fragmmts.
 ( 14 )

There is also a Sanisvatlya-silpa-tMstra* ascribed i

'

Sarasvati. -
-
..

The Paulastya, Sarasvata, Maiiohdlya, Brahma, 'Kaumudlfa

41
Nar&yayiiyn ($ilpa-6astras. ?) are also knowa through quotations
similarly, are Vdsistha, Narada, Varaha, Mand&vyd^y
Angirasa, Dhruya, Gautama,
Indra, Bhargava, Gargeys
also mentioned * 3
1

Manu, Vyasa and Bhrgu are .

The Apatf&jita-prcclia** Is said to be by GCH revealed

at the request of Aparajita ; it was quoted by Hemadri^
while, the Ap&rqjita-v^ti^sastra* is ascribed to Vi^va
47
karman
4''**'
A Garfft-samhita was known long ago and a Gargya-
-
also extete- Both have been preserved in modern

Op. cit.. Vol. I, p. 714.

'

' '

$L See" Orient. JMss. Libr., Madras, Cat. Vol. XXII, No.

Jiia$afngraha. It expressly mentions the sources it has heen compilec
from.

42. See P. K. A chary a : A Dictionary of. Hindu Architecture,

Appendix I. p. 803. Quoted in Samgraha-siromani by Sarayu Prasad.
43. See Oriental Mss. Libr^Cat. Vol. XX1I V No. 13057,

44. An was announced long ago in the

edition of the Aparajita-prccha
GO3. But the work has not yet come out. Dr. Bhandarkar Report :

{ i88j-$4 ) P 2 7^^ 5*^3 voce. Compare also feilpa-grantha in Eggeling :

O/, cif. t Mss. 3152,

u in Parii e&akhanjla 2 660-62, 819"
j

43. QtsotejJ by HeEnadri l

Aufrecht
f/tf%v Vol ^ JI f p. 4.

46. t>r. Bithler :

Catalogue of Sanskrit Mss* contained in private^
JLibraries ,1872^^.276.
, 45? a, Varaharnihira's Bnh^t-s.l'n^hitj,. (Ei M Bibliotheca Indica).
fetsdcttiction by Kern, p. p. 33 ff.

47 b. F. K. Acharya : A Dictionary of Hindu Architecture. Appen-

dix L sub. wetf. Mss. R. ftt

15. 96., in Trinity College. Cambridge...

in Devanagarl diaracter j copied in 1874."
 ( 15 )

"According to the MahEbhSrata 9* 37, 141 is a

place Qai-ga-arotas, **Gaiga's oa &e imm^d

stream",
SamsTOtI,
after the venerable ascetic Garga, who was feints CHI aoGGtt&t of
his knowledge of time", "and the nunremefits of di
Ixxlles". "To the mime (later) period (of Indian
belongs also the Qai'gl-Bamhlta of Garga who was always
regarded as a
highly distinguished authority on Astronomy ;

the Vrddlia-Garga-^inihita, which exists, dealt, it is true,

chiefly with astrology but it also eoataiiml (discussions on)
1 811
'

Astronomy' ."

The Brhat-samMta** * 1
of VarlhaiBlbiiB mentions G&rgn,
Maya, Vi^vakarman, VaS^tha aad Nagaaji^ w also, Bhlafcara
and Manu.

Works of Bhaskara
and Ganapati are also quoted from, in
the Vasta-swanl**, amodern compilation these may be authentic ;

^tLpamstral^ras whose names are known from ct&er scmiws, and

whose works might be preserved.

Gsnapaii is menfe)d i^aong later writtrs

by M^dhiBi4nfe Samsyatl in life Pragfawbhed&**i a master m
of

48a. M. Winternitz : Gesc&tckte IUL pp. ^5^5?* fem^E^ad

in the above translation are ours.

JBrikat-samkita* Edited by Kern. Bibli$A&c& liidica^ Asiatic Soc-

Bengal ; also,edited by Mm. Kudhakara Dvivedin with Bha||otpala*s coin-
men tary 1
Vizianagram SkL Series^ Benares.

49. P. K. Op. cff. Appendix L

Acharya :

by Matt;praslda Piinde.
Benares^ 1901, Blilskara is quoted early, in
Variahamihira's JEtrhat-satnhtta, (Ed. Kern) Ch. 58^ 52.

50. These surprisingly informative and new texts are not to be found
in the ordinary edition of the Pra$thiniabheda by hrlMadhusudana Sarasvati
e. g. firom Bri Vanivilis Press, HrTra-'igam, 1912. Nor are they to be found
in the closely analogous passage in Hrl MadhusQdana's learned
commentary
to the SlVA-MAfflMNA-STAVA, edited by Pangkar Lafc^apa
Vasudeva,
|sfirnayasagar Pres^ Bombay u^der the mpst fan^o^s aq4 oft-quoted verse ;-^
 ( 16 )

(I ?^. ^rarrsraui

^^^3Wwar-*JT^^-%?w^^
fisnF ^3^(^)^^
it

The Prasthanalheda also mentions Bhimasena as the author

of the canons of painting, Citrakarma-sastram :

II *5-

The satne Pvasthanabheda further informs that

,Ka^yapa
tfae author of a voluminous Silpal&stra :

^^^^^^

. seems to bean elaboration if not

of,
identical with feis elucidations or comments to the
passage 'ufat HW%' in
the above verse, of the Ode which is one of the
gems of Sanskrit Literature.
This superb verse may be thus freely rendered into
English : _
Diverse are the canons
viz. the three (revealed Vedic
Texts)
Yoga, the
doctrines of the Pasupatas and the
Vaisnavas
mayJ>e supreme, or that one may he salutary and good.*>eople
patks s straight or circvitous? owing to #ieir different
 [ 17 }

the Mlpa as&&$f Rfe Rfc says 1** ?~-

"It is true th&t the Hinclus were in poasasslon of
treatises on architecture, sculpture, &c^ whidh effectively we ealfed
the ilpa &8ira, but unfortunately few traces of them remain,
There appears to have t>een, according to some, ti&irfcy-tw<v %d
aoooi'diag to others sixty-four, standard treatises on the above-
mentioned

In a series of memorial vwees pi^eserred among the artiste,

recorded the names of the authora or tides of the aboye n*an-
tio^ed aixty-foar toeataaft*. Of tibe*^ ttitrty4w ai-e etlted
or priixripaU aad thirty-two //># or subordinate*

(veTsae) wntain liltie more &an $lAeB

of the deities who revealed! tike particular art or

temperaments. But like unto the rivers, which take direct routes or
along circuitous courses, and yet, ultimately f find their ways and merge
into the sea even, like unto that, indeed, O my Lord, you alone are
!

the sole Refuge of the human beings.

These three most important refeimees to the ancient
Bhagavln Garmpati, Bliima and Kaiyapa |te fet two
being especially strilqirig are to be ftmnd in Ffr&JKt&&t$& 7Jt*#jw f/k
Sttmt** R^prtlaoe4 by Faalit T^ Sufer^ya^ Ss^trj ol
Transi into Eng. by the Late Ratanlal M* Mo%" ityftf ]$*
Sarma of Bangalore. V. B. Soobbiah & Sote. Bsti^gatee,

Though there are some anachronisms

in the edition, as regmrds
rl Madhusudana's date etc., there are the strongest grouiKis to suppose
that the learned Pap4i ta>s wonderful edition is absolutely genuine* A&,
many of the Texts, mentioned are actually traceabl and one, e^,
published by the same viz, the Amfa'&MsF&tni of Bhiradvaja |i with
Comm.
As regards the time etc. of Sri Madhusldatia Sara$vatl, a few words
would be not out-of-place. He flourished before >rl Cmitanya^bira, in
Bengal and was the author of several works of great erudition, among
which are Bh&kttrasayQnam ( Ed. Aeyut&iprm$k&m&& Beimres ) and i

Advaitasiddhi (Ed. Rajendra Ghosh, Calcutta).

51. Rim RAz :

$s$ay on tfo Ar&Utectw?6 of tj

M. DCCC. XXXIV.
P 3
 [ 18 ]' *

artson which each work treated, or of the authors of the treatises

ttenselves, the renowned Rishis or holy men* who are said to
fasre flourished in the earlier ages."

The South Indian Agamas are extensive works and deal

mostly with Siva. There are twenty-eight recognized Xgamas. s*
"Some of diem incidentally deal with architectural subjects, in great

52 For the South Indian Baivagamas see

a. H. W. Schomems :
Der Caiva-Siddhanta elne mystik Indiem. Leipzig, J. C. Hinrichs'sche

Buchhandhung, 1912. Pp. 7ff. Einleitung 2. Die Caivagama, die Haupt- :

autoritat dee Caiva-Siddhanta (a) Der Ursprung and das Alter der 2gama

(b) Die Gruppierung der Agama and ihr Umfang ; J M. Nallaswami Pillai \
foajnana SiddMycur of Arunandi Sivacharya. Madras, Meykand an Press,
1913. Pp, Hi -Iv. List of Agamas or Tantra with Upagamas.
..,
f
-
S^^* ^Soiae of the Agamas deal with very technical matters, which
^e nsot met with in the Pterdtnas* Moreover, some ^Agamas, to all intents and
are but architectural treatises- The Kamikagama^ for instance,

sixty chapters out of a total of Seventy-five to architecture and

,
and its treatment of the subjects can hardly be surpassed by that
,afaa avowedly architectural treatise"*
trTbe
Koranagama also devotes much space to architecture and sculp-
ttare. There are thirty-seven chapters in the Agama, which deal with these
.subjects exhaustively. Ifrnakes a distinct addition to the ~Agamas* contribu-
tions to the Silpa-sastras. It contributes two valuable chapters dealing with
th details of tKe nine and ten tala measures. This is also a highly techni-
cal matter concerning sculpture and entirely missing in the Puranas**.
HI "Tin St^rabhedagama has devoted only fifteen chapters to architecture
sKid sa&^frigre. Nor has it anything new to add to the Agamas* contribu-
tions to the 8itf*a~&Q&fyfas* IJut its unique nature consists in the fact that
it has- |mfee successfully summarised all important matters in a comparatively
small space, aud in respect of brevity,
explicitness and precision it surpasses
even the Brhat-s^nMta of Varahamihira."
uThe
VaikffiLmasagama has two chapters on sculpture, one of which
deals with the general description of images and the other with the ten
The AwAamad-bhedagama has a single chapter on the ten

R fe Acharya: 2nd. Architecture

according
to the
2^ 28. The
 t 19 1

The oldest aivag<ma extant the (Uttam)

is pnofoably not older than the 5th or 6th century A* C* 5 **

We owe it entirely to (the religions zeal of) the Buddhists,

the conservation, for posterity, of some $ipa Texts both Buddhistic
and Brahmanieal, and peAape, even Jaina & few of which are
entirely lost in S&aoskrik W<<ferftilly accurate translations of
the Sanskrit versions, for example, of the Works of Xtreya
and of Nagnajit, are piwerml eydopsBdic in AB Tibetan
compilation Bsim^gynr** |>r. BerfhoM L&$fer had brought
out a critical edltkm of the Tibebm -mcmm of
ascribed to Nagoajlt*

Of special Importance are soae of tfce

isexts, pix>aired from Nepal, mainly throc^i the Initiaiit

^f the
present writer. And by him nome of these have been
published for the first time. Further information regarding Silpa
worts, preserved In Tibetan translation and procured in their
original, have also been given, elsewhere, fully, by the-present
(rater.
60

Besides these, a few !iipa Texts of purely Buddhistic nature,

ire preserved, in Ceylon. They are in corrupt Sanskrit mmif
3robably Post-Buddhistic, The most important amocg them, is the
7
&0
'

,* ascribed to SsripiitiB, a i

53. T. A. Gopinatha Rao : Ehments <f Hiwtti twrnogmpky* Vol. I,

>art I, p. 55.

54. Cordier Catalogue du Jftmds Tib&tain dt la &ib&Qtk&qwe

:

VatiQnale. Bstan ^gyur, Section. J/do-^grd fmtra-vrttit Commentary

n the sfttras, classed under the general name $ijpa-mdy&-&o$/ra$) p. 474*
55. See Note 29^ Sjrra.

56. The B&ddkapr&tim&4ak&m$Qm with the Com-

Haridas Mitra :

lentarj Vivaranl. The

Prince of Wales Sarasvati-bhavana Sanskrit
'exts. No. 48* (Benares, 1933)* See the Introduction*

57. Through the kind help of Bka&anta MaSjufei, very obliging

taddhi&t Monk who is well grounded in Pali and Sanskrit, I was
 t * 1

Deserved also in a
*

Tbe Ji^fea^^twzS-^Efcs^am is

version.
58 We thiis have three versions of this Sttpa telxt-^
the original Sanskrit, the Tibetan and the Chinese Translations, w

fot comparison.

But the Jainas preceded the Buddhists in the adoption of

an iconolatrous cult Very probably, the artistic study,
for r^pr^sentatiotij, of the undraped human body, originated with
Nwgrcmtha and the Ajlvika ascetics, who went about nakec
had daily chances for observing the natural bodily forms,
59 the Jainas
im course of their ascetic practices Indeed,
from early times, very considerably to the develop-
contributed,
ment oi the plastic and the graphic arts of India. 60
Though the Buddhists as well as the Jainas have made
important contributions to art the Brahmanic art traditions as
contained in the $Jpa-wstras, are perhaps much earlier*

Hie Vastitt-sastms and subsidiary branch the &ilpa-sQ,stras

its

have beep generally included into one of the Upavedas

61
Artka-mstra, by Madhusudana Sarasvati :

,plefrare for my personal use a Nagarl transcription of this important

an<i its Ceylonese Commentary.
This Teamed monk has also undertaken to transcribe in Nagari^ for
my use^ the two remaining chapters of the Sariputra, as also the .JR&pavaK.
1 am preparing to publish critical editions of these important Texts of
Buddhistic Art in near future.

J&. Sea Haridas Mitra :

Op, cit.^ Appendix: Tsao-siang-tou-leang-

593. See Berthold Latrfer :

Op. cit^ Einleitung. Seit 8 und Seit 17.

59b. The
present writer, owes it to the kindness of the learned Muni
the information regarding the existence of a single Jaina
JSna-^tjayajl,
Silfa Canon, It is in a
fragmentary state of preservation and in MS.
The Authorship of the Work is ascribed to Thakkar Ph;F)eru.
/6o. Full discussions of these questions have been
,;,.
given in my
gqm&iiwtwns to ( the study of) Indian in course of
Iconometry,
pubication.

SarasvatT :
Prasti&na4fcd*> ( Ed. t
-

X. Subraya
*
 C 21

But there is hardly any authority or cogency, for including

the sciences of art, architecture, sculpture etc. the Vastii-Sastras
and the Stipa-$a$tra# 9 into the science of polity the Artha-
eastra.

On the other hand, the preparation of the Gnomon Sanlcu-

nirmanam>, and ascertaining by it the cardinal points (of the
compass), the plotting of the ground-plan by means of the plumb
and other lines Sutra- pato etc-, are really subjects,
appertaining
alike both to the Vedanyic Jyautisct) ( Kalpa ) SnlvcL-sutras,
and the &ilpa-sa#trai* m The dilpa-Sastras are therefore closely
related to the Vedahgas and must be regarded as a Vedw Upahga.
The Sulva-sutras*- 3 form supplementary parts of the Kalpa-
'

sutras and prescribe rules for the construction of sacrificial Altars

jSidva having the sense of Rajjw, cords for measurement of
distances.

The two most important treatises of Sid-vainttra* are those of

Baiulhayana and Apastamba. Two smaller treatises of later

dates, are the Manava and the Mtiitr&t/anlya tfnlva-s&tras. There
is also a Katyayawa Sulva, Parisista> belonging to the

The emendations (within brackets) of the Nagan are

Text, by
the present writer, from a comparison of the different editions.
62a. Dr. G. Thibaut ; Sttfoa Sutras.
J. A. S. A Part I* 1875 ;

Also, the Pandit. Old Series (1874, 1876) Vols. IX &X ; and New Series
(1876, 1882) Vols. I & IV.
6ab. Prof. M. Winternitz : A History of Indian Literatttre* Vol. I,
(Cal. Univ. 1927). JP. 277.
4C
OnIy in the Black
Baudhayana and of Apastatnba do we find Kalpai>u
four, kinds of sutra texts, .Srauta, Gj'hya, -Dharma
 t 22 ]

The Sulva-subras give directions for construction of the fire

Altars, the Vedis and the Citis etc.

From cayane, to collect

the root tin
-- are derived,
the three most important terms :

a. Citi Sacrificial altars, for gathering the holy fire

agnicayana, agnyadhaiia.

b. Cita The funeral pyre for the cremation of dead bodies.

c. Caitya Monuments enclosing post-cremation human

remains, sacred relics the Suddhadhatu, etc.

in these cases it can be proved that these works are indeed so interconnected
that, to a certain extent, they can be regarded as the four volumes of a
uniform work. It is possible that Baudhayana and Apastamba were actually
the authors of complete Kalpasutras comprising all the four kinds of texts.
But even they
if were not the actual authors, at all events, the Srauta, Grhya,
Dharma and ISulvasfitras of Baudhayana and Apastamba schools are works
composed on a uniform plan, of these two schools* of the Yajurveda.--
* The Baudhayana-Sulvasutra has been edited and translated by
G. Thibaut in the "Pandit", Vols. IXfT the Spastambiya-Sulvasutra ed. ;

and translated into German by Albert Burk. ZDMG., Vols, 55, 56,

P. 278. u The iirauta, Grhya and Sulvasutras of the Manava school*,

and the Kathaka-Grhyasutra, which is related to the Manava-Grhyasutra,
come under the Maitrayam-samhita,..
*
The Manava-Srautasutra is perhaps the oldest Srautasutra. Garbe
has shown that it is certainly older than Sjpastamba who refers to it.

P. 278-79. u To the White Yajurveda belong a Katyayana-iSrauta :

sutra, a Paraskara G^hyasutra and a Katyayana-&ulva-sntra.*

* A Paribist 3 - to t^ s (Katiyam Sulvapari&stam) ed. by G. Thibaut
in "Pandit", N. S M VoL 4 .*"
P. 271. u Ritual
which constitutes the chief contents of the
(Kalpa)^
Brahmanas, is, Vedanga 'to receive systematic treatment in
. .the first

special manuals, the so-called Kalpasutras. They arose out of the need for
compiling the rules for the sacrificial ritual in a shorter, more manageable
and connected form for the practical purposes of the priests."
u The
P. 275. Sulvasutras, which are directly attached to the Wrauta-
autras, should be mentioned, in connection with these Kalpasutras. They
 [ 23 ]

Indeed, the beginnings of the Vcisiu-wtetra.* and the &ily>a-

sastrax are to he traceable to the Ywlahtjic Jt/avtisa, (Kalpa) &nlra-
xut.-ms**** on the one hand, and to the T&titrikn. ritualistic Yantras

and Mandala^^ etc., on the other.

Among the treatises on Nlti and its sub-class Varta and

on the Artka$a*tM of id* mult i and the
J-tfrttisa, KautHya, the
lirhatxamMta of Varahatnihira call for special notice.

The Indian Artha and the Niti jSastras have been called
6*
poly-technical treatises ;
and the Vart a appertains to Economics.**

The Arthasastra of KautJlya devotes some six or seven

chapters to town-planning, the construction of residential build-

ings and fort, and

specially military architecture. The Artha-
sastra of Kautilya is an old work but in its present form not older
than the 3rd century A.C. 07
c
In ArthaSa&tra, Visalaksa,
Kautiliya Bahudantiputm,
Brhaspati and U^anas have been cited as teachers of Artha.

Compare also Kamasutra, p. 3f., where it is narrated, that from

the great work by the creator Brahman on the Trivarga, Manu

separated the part dealing with Dhar-ma, Brhaspati that on

Artha and Nandin, Siva's servant the one on Kama. Maha-
5
bharata, XII, 59, 28ff ? 76ff.

contain the measurement ( Sulva

exact rules for means "measuring-
string
17
) and
the building of the place of sacrifice and the fire* altars,
and as the oldest works on Indian Geometry, are of no little importance
for the history of science."

63. See Note 62. Supra.

64. For examples, see ^t^apcrc^lfirw^c!^*! Skaradatilakatantram, with i

commentary q^mfeai JPadartkadarsha. Edited by Afalananda Saras vat!.

Tantrik Texts Vols. XVI. and XVII. Patala 3.

65. P. K. Acharya : Ind* Arch } p. 132.

66. Narendranath Law : Varta The ancient Hindu Economics,

2nd. Antiq., Vol. XLVII, p. 256.

67. M. Winternitz : Geschichte der indisqhen Littef'atur, IIJ

(Leipzig. 1922), p. $23,

 I 24 ]

4
'Vigalaksa the great-eyec} one, is one name of Siva.
68
And Bahuda-ntin is another name of Indra
7
. In the Matsya
Piwana.) Visalaksa, Namiin, India, Sukra and Brhaspati are, all

of them, cited as teachers of 8ilpa. QQ

Among them Nandikesvara or Nandlsvara was also an

ancient teacher of Kamasastra. Besides, this there is one Nandi-
ke&vara who was the author of an work on Abhinaya Abhinaya-
darpanam, 'the Mirror of Gestures'. 70

'Brhaspati is at the same time a teacher of the Lokayata

system, and there is close relationship, between Lokayata and
Arthaastra. From the Maliabharata, it is learnt, that the
Indian Tradition regarded Brhaspati as the Founder of the
Artha&stra. This old Arthagastra of Brhaspati, alas, is

preserved to us only in a version strongly altered and mixed-up with

71
modern elements-'

'The SukramtI 7a i. e., the Textbook on Politics written by

Sukra or Uanas is a work of quite recent times, if we do not call

68. See Dr. M. Winternitz Geschichte der indiscJien

Litteratur, III
:

Band. (Leipzig. 1922), pp. 507-8 and p. 508 Note i. Free translation of this
Note is given above.
69. See Text and Note 25. Supra.
70. NandikeSvara's Abhinaya-darpanam. Edited by Manomohan
Ghosh. Calcutta Sanskrit Series. No v 5.(Metropolitan Printing and Publishing
House, Ltd. Calcutta, 1934). .
F r further information
regarding Nandi-
kesvara; see the present writer (Haridas Sadasiva -Worship.
Mitra's) :

J.P.A.S.B. (New Series). Vol. XXIX, 1933. App. Ill, see under Nandi-
ke^vara.

71. M. Winternitz : Geschichfe der indischen Band

Littcratur^ III,
p. 508. (The above passage has been rendered freely into English, from
this book, by the present writer.
72. M. Winternitz: Op. c^ p. 532 (Free Translation). "Besides
edition of Sukramti of G.
the^ Oppert (Madras, 1882) there is also one of
Jivananda Vidyasagara (Calcutta, 1882) and several Indian
Prints with
translation in Bengali, Marathi and Hindi. Text: another Ed
by B K
Sarkar (New Y rk ? 1915); Eng. Transl., bv the same (AUaUabad), Qn
 C 25 ]

it, a forgery. Whether the remnants of an old Artha&Lstra have

heen preserved in the Sukraniti or not must he investigated first/
The Sukraniti in an older form may be anterior to the Mat$ya-P,,
which mentions Sukracarya, as one of the eighteen authorities
9
of architecture Vfahtsastropatleiakas* The tiukra-nlti deals
with architecture and sculpture in chapter IV, sections 4 and 6.
There are frequent and casual references to both these subjects
7 **
in other portions of the treatise as well.

'Varahamibira's Brhatsamhitu one of the most important

is

works of the Indian literature. It is a principal work on natural

Astrology. As this subject is of importance in all departments of

life, all the varied branches of the public and the private
life have been treated in the work. Hence it partakes to some
extent an encyclopaedic character
of and is concerned with
75 1

numerous other arts and sciences .

Thus the BrhatmmJdta, usually classed under the astro-

nomical and astrological treatises, but a semi-Purana, dealing, as

is

it does, with heterogeneous subjects like the Purgnas themselves.

In this treatise there are hut five chapters devoted to both
architecture and sculpture.subjects have been treated with
But the
a master hand.- --Quite consistently with his sense of proportion
Varahamihira devotes only one chapter to sculpture, in which
details of images are described in a scientific manner which is

the Sukraniti, B. K. Sarkar based The Positive Background of Hindu

Sociology I, II (The Sacred Books of the Hindus, Allahabad)".
Matsya-Puranam^ (Anandakram Ed., 1907), chap. 252. See Note
73*
25. supra.

74. P. K. Acharya : A
Dictionary of Hindu Arch.^ p. 799 ;
also see

Sukraniti Text ; and the Engl. Transl. by B. K. Sarkar.

75. M. Winternitz : GescMchte III, p. 5 6 7-

Brhatsamhita : Ed. by H. Kern (Bibli<>theca Indica} Ed. by Mm. \

Sudhakara Dvivedin with the Commentary of Bhattotpala (Fizianagram

Sanskrit Series) ; Transl. for the greater part by H. Kern, JJSAS.
(1870 75). Complete Translation by Chidambaram Iyer (Madura, 1884).

D 4
 [ 26 ]

distinctly missing in other ancient literatures in his treatise seven

76
architectural authorities are mentioned distinctly,"

The authorities of architecture and sculpture, specially

mentioned are Maya and Vi^vakarman, Garga and Manu, Nagnajit,
Va$stha and Bhaskara. 77

CHAPTER HI
THE CANONS OF INDIAN ART (Contd.)

While, it not necessary to make anything more than only

is

passing reference to the Vedic, the Epic (Itihasa) and the

Classical Sanskrit and the Buddhist literatures eta, on subjects
like architecture, art etc., these being dealt with, at great
lengths by more competent scholars, elsewhere, the Puranas
in this connexion call for special notice 78 .

76. P. K. Acharya : Ind. Arch., p. 22.

n ^ u

a 8

(1
^ U

n a,^ u TCrorsftsBrra: n

The JSrhateamhita of Varahamihira. Ed. H. Kern, (Bibliotheca

Indica}.

78, For General information in full, regarding the Puranas^ see :

 Of
the eighteen or nineteen MaJia^purana*, besides the other
9
&pa-puranas'* 9 some nine have special reference to architec-
ture and sculpture etc- Most of the Pnmnas are Vaisnava and
as many as fourteen of them are devoted to the worship of Visnu ;

but they deal with the images of all the three deities, Trhnurti,

forming the Triad.

1. The Agni-piirana has on V&itti and &ilpa
sixteen chapters
one of them on town-planning, two on residential buildings and
thirteen on sculpture.

2. The Ganiga-jmi'Zna has two chapters on architecture

and two on sculpture.

3. The N&ra-dl.ya-pitrana treats only the construction of

temples, reservoirs, wells and tanks in its one chapter.

4- The I>raIiinanda-i>Ui'ayia, likewise, treats the construc-

tion of temples and other buildings in its one chapter.

5. The Bhar\&ya-iMrana has four chapters, three being

devoted to sculpture and one on the architecture of temples*

6. The
Matsya-jjurantt has eight comprehensive chapters
dealing in great detail with architecture and sculpture, constituting

M. Winternitz : A* History of Ind. Lit. Vol. I. Section II ; especially,

PP. 5*7586.
s .
.......
About the Silpa sections of the Parana s^ see :

P. K. Acharya Ind. Arch. : I. General Survey.

III. The Epics.
V. The Age of Munasara and ;
also A
Dictionary of Hindu Archil.
Appendix II. N. Law;
Varta : the Hindu Economics^ Ind* Antiq,^
VoLXLVII.
79. For full lists of the Puranas and the Upa-Pumnas see M. Monier- :

Williams Indian Wisdom (1893, Lond), chapt. XV. ft.Puwnas-, and see,
:

especially about eighteen Purimas, pp. 513-14 and about eighteen Upa-
521. Also, M. Winternitz :
Of. cit., p. 53 2 '33-

Matsya-Purana mentions only four Upa-Puranas. The

the
Brahma-vaivarta-P., without enumerating them, says that eighteen Upa-P,
exist. The Kurma-P* enumerates them.'*
 [ 28 j,

the Vastu-pr&Jcarana i. e., the section In on Architecture.

one of these chapters, accounts are given of the eighteen Vastu-
sastropadesakas, ancient masters of architecture.
One chapter
is devoted to columns, two to buildings, one to building-materials.

Three chapters are exclusively devoted to sculpture one being on

Talamana, iconoinetry and two others on the Phallus.
7. The Linga-purana has a single chapter on sacrificial

pits, temples and the installation of deities.

8. The Vayitrpurana has a single chapter about building

temples on mountains.
9. The Sltanda-puranci has three chapters on Vastu and
Silpa. One chapter describes how for his
daughter's marriage
Himalaya had a pavillion constructed by Vidvakarman under the
instruction of his PivroMta Gargacarya and how clever portraits or
life-like representations of all gods were made therein, and they

struck even the gods themselves with awe and wonder. Another
of a
chapter describes the laying out by Visvakarman himself,
large city Mahlnagara. From another chapter, we come to know
how a made by Padmanidhi, at the
golden hall was command of
the
Indradyumna, how Visvakarman made three chariots at
command of Narada and how their installation ceremony was
performed by this rsi.

For informations regarding Vastu, Silpa and Oitra

'

the most important Paiwanik sources are the Agni, the Matsya
and the VisnudharmoUaram.
&0
'The Matsya or Matsya-Purana ... is one of the older
works of the Paranaliterature, or at least one of those which have
to the
preserved most of the ancient text, and do fair justice
definition of a TurSna/ It commences with the story of the

great flood out of which Visnu, in the form of a fish (Matsya)

saves only Manu. "While the ship in which Manu is sailing

The Matsya-Purana is published in 5.nan digram Sanskrit Series

80.
No. 54 and transl. into Engl.^ in SBH. (Panini office, Allahabad) Vol. 17.
See M, Wintemitz A &i$t. of Ind. JLit. Vol. I, pp. 5757^-
:
 t 29 1

along being drawn through the flood by the fish, there takes
is

place between him and Visnu, incarnated as a fish, a conversa-

tion which forms the substance of the Purana. Creation is treated
in detail , then follow the genealogies. Neither are the usual
geographical, astronomical and chronological sections absent, and
according to Y, A. Smith. ...thG lists of kings in this Parana are
particularly reliable for the Andhra dynasty. It has very much
in common with the Mahabharata and the Harivamsa :---and there
is often literal agreement. There are, however, very numerous later
additions and interpolations. For instance- -^ceremonies at the
building of a house (chapts. 252 257), the erection and dedication
of statues of deities, temples and palaces (chapts. 258 2 70) -etc.
"As far as the concerned, the Matsya-
religious content is

Purana might be called Sivaite with just as much reason as it is

classed as Visrwite. Religious festivals of the Vaisnavas are
described side by side with those of the Saivas, and both Visnu *

and Siva legends are In chapter 13 Devi ("the Goddess",

related.
Siva's wife Gauri) enumerates to Daksa the one hundred and

eight names by which she wishes to be glorified. It is obvious

that both sects used the work as a sacred book." 81

8 u
Regarding the Matsy a- Purana^ Professor EL H. Wilson writes :-
1.

*The Matsya-Purana, it will be seen,.. .from., .its

contents, is a miscella-
neous compilation, but including, in its contents, the elements of a
genuine
Purana. At the same time, it is of too mixed a character to be considered
as a genuine work of the Pauraiiik class ;
and, upon examining it carefully,
it may be
suspected that it is indebted to various works, not only for its
matter, but for its words*

Although a Saiva work, it is not exclusively so and it has not such

sectarian absurdities as the KOrma and Linga. It is a composition of con-
siderable interest ; but, if it has extracted its materials from the Padma,
which quotes on one occasion, the specification of the Upapuranas
it also

subsequent to that work and not very ancient.

it is 7

But modern scholars consider this Purana as one of the

oldest, in fact
the Padma-Purana seems to have borrowed from the Matsya and not the
reverse. (Vide Vincent Smith's Early History of India. 3rd Ed., pp. u,
2123).
 t 3tt- 1

B*
*c
The is so called because it is
^Agneya or Agni-iyuran,&,
Vasistha by Agni, It
supposed to have been communicated
to

describes the incarnations (Avataras) of Visnu, among them also

those as Rama
and Krsna, where it confessedly follows the

Ramayana, Mahabharata and Harivam^a- Although commences it

with Visnur--it is yet essentially a Sivaite work and deals in

detail with the mystic cult of the Linga and of Durga. It also

mentions Tantric rites, gives instructions for the production of

images of gods and their consecration and refers to the cult of

Ganea (ehapt 71) and the sun-cult (chapt. 73).- -But the cosrno-

logical, geneological and geographical sections peculiar to the

Puranas are not missing. The especially distinctive feature of
this Purana is, however, its encyclopaedic characters.. It actually

deals with anything and everything. We find sections on Geography,

Astronomy and Astrology,-* -on omina and potenta, house building

and other occupations of daily life. '"To which age this remarkable
encyclopaedia or its separate parts belong, it is impossible to say."
The Matsya-P'urana enumerates the Barnes of eighteen
ancient teachers architecture, as quoted before.
of The passages
83
have been interpreted as below.

"The Rsis asked :

'Suta ! be gracious enough to tell us how royal palaces and

other houses are constructed. Also explain to us what is Vastu-
Deva i;

SSta replied :'(!) Bhrgu, (2) Atri, (3) Vasistha," (4) Visya-
karma, (5) Maya, (6) Narada, (7) Kagnajit^ (8) Vi^alaksa,
(9) Indra, (10) Brahma, (11) Svaniikartika, (12) Nandisvara,
(13) Saunaka, (14) Garga, (15) Sxi Krsna, .
(16) Aniruddha,

82. M. tVinternitz ;
Op. cit., p. 566.
in Biblwtjieca
Agni-P. ed. Indica (1873 79) and ~Anandctsram Skt. '

Series, No. 41 Transl. by M. N. Dutt (Gal., 1901).

;

83. The Matsya-ptiranam. Transl. by A Taluqdar of Oudh.

(The
Sacred Books of the Hindus. Ed. by Major B. D. Basu. I. M. S. Vol.
XVIL) Appendix X, by Sris Chandra Vidyamava, p. cvi.
 [ 31 ]

(17).Bukra and (18) Brhaspati are the chief eighteen preceptors

of the Vastu&Istra. Lord Matsyu had explained briefly the
Vastasastra to the King Vaivasvata Mauti ;
2 4.

Which I will now relate to you."

The Agni-Purana 8 * list of twenty-five authoritative texts,

quoted before is Interpreted thus :

"Hayagriva said Brahman, hear me speak about

: O,
the consecration of the images of Vishnu and other gods (1).

1
have already dealt with the principles of Pancharatra** and
I

Saptaratra schools of philosophies which are classed by

the Munisi under twenty-five different heads as discussed in
the following books or Tantras, viz. :

84. Agni-Pumnam, Engl. prose transl. by Manmathanath Dutt. Cal M

1903. Chapter XXXIX.
In the Introduction Mr, Datta writes :

"The contents of this Purana clearly show that it has no sectarian

leaning. It impartially treats of Vaisnava, Saiva and Sakta forms of
worship. It is more a compendium of Sanskrit learning than the advocacy
of any particular form of religion. It is classed among the Titmasa or the
delusive division of the Puranas
1
'.

Professor Wilson thus remarks on the general character of this Puiana.

compilation from various works ; that
c
it is evident that it is a

consequently it has no claim in itself to any great antiquity, although from

the absence of any exotic materials, it might be pronounced earlier, with
perhaps a few exceptions, than the Mahomedan invasion. From the absence
also of a controversial or sectarian spirit, it is probably anterior
to the

struggles that took place in 8th and 9th centuries of our era between the
followers of Siva and Visnu'.
u The
word Ratra signiSes knowledge, and the Naradapancha-
85.
ratra, which is one of the standard religious works upholding the principles
of the Pancharatra School of Philosophy, defines the term as meaning
the sum total of the five distinct sorts of knowledge we have, of the
external world through our senses :
 I 32 ]

(1) The Hay acirsa Tantram., which is the first and original
book of the Pancharatra School, (2) the
Trailokya Mohan Tantram,
(3) the Baibhahum Tantram, Pouskaram Tantram, (5) the
(4) the
Prahlad Tantram, (G) the
Garga, (7) the Galabum, (8) the
Naradiya Tantram, (9) the Sampracnum Tantram, (10) the Sandilya
Tantram, (11) the Vaishvakam, (12) the Svatatum, (13) the
Shounakum Tantram, (14) the Vashistam, (15) the Gayansagar
Tantram, (16) the Shaimbhubam, (17) the Kapil Tantram, (18) the
Tarksa Tantram, (19) the Narayanikum, (20) the
Atrayaum,
(21) the Narasinha Tantram, (22) the Ananclaksa, (23) the Arun
Tantram,, (24) the Boudhayan Tantram, (25) the Arsam or the
Bicvoktam tantram which is a synopsis of the preceding one
(2)."

Inspite of the many imperfections that Imve crept in through

ages, and the, ignorant mis-interpretation resulting apparently

It may be
safely asserted here that Vaisnavism owes its origin to this
school of philosophy, which, with the aid of several
subsequent accretions of
an article of faith or practice from the sister
schools, has determined the
nature and formation of its namesake in modern times.
Sankaraclrya
once questioned the soundness and
orthodoxy of the tenets of Pancaratra
School, and even attempted to prove their incompatibility with the
principles of the Vedas.

(Vide Sarlraka-Bhasya, 2-2-43, 2-2-44 and 2-4-25).

^ Ranunuja, however,
held a contrary view and quoted glokas from the
Mahabharata and other tantras to show that not
only the Paiicaratra School
embodies within itself the of Indian but
highest principles Spiritualism,
that it is quite in harmony with therevelations of the Vedas like the
Sankhya Philosophy which too was denounced by Sankara on account of
its
heterodoxy :

i t^r: TOFT* cTST I

37 ^ ii
 ( 33 )

rom lews of traditions in North India, the Agneya list

>f the P&nearati'fi- A</t(tnas 5s to be
conclusively proved
mthentic.

"Now, in the case of the Panca&tra, tradition mentions

me hundred and eight Sanahitas, and in a few, texts about this
lumber are actually enumerated. Such lists,
coquetting with the
acred number 108, are, of course, open to
suspicion."
"The fact, none of the available lists of
however, that
5amhitas, which pretend to give 108 names,
including those
ctually conforms to this number but all of them enumerate either
lore names or less, is one thing telling in their favour and when, ;

s is the ease, it can further be shown that a

respectable number of
he texts enumerated are still available, while not a few of the
thers are found to be quoted or summarised in the later
literature,
nd that a number of Samhitas which are not included in of any
le lists, are either extant or quoted then the value of the latter
m no longer be denied. We have, consequently, collated those
sts, four in all, and with them a found in the Agni-
fifth list

'urana, and as a result offer the table in which all the names-
ave been arranged in alphabetical order."

"TheKapinjala list' comprises 106 names, the list of

adrna Tantra 112, that of Yisnu Tantra 141, that of Haya-
rsa Samhita--- 34, and that found in the 39th
adhyaya of Agni
^gneya)-Purana only 25.
A still shorter list, namely that of the apocryphal Naradfya,
is not been taken into account."

The literature of the PaucaiTitras, like other sectarian

;eratures, two broad divisions comprising respectively
falls into
works of inspired or divine origin and of human authorship
he latter class,- treats chiefly what are called ridhi and
-

prayoga
id consists of digests, commentaries, extracts and studies on
>ecial subjects, and the like. The former class,* consists of the
tmhit&s or "compositions" (compendia)? that is, metrical works
D 5
 ( 34 )

dealing,-- -with a number of topics, if not the whole, of the Panca-

ratra system- 88
"
f the principal subjects treated in the Pancamtra,
the scientific student will find it best to distinguish the
probably
following ten :

(1) Philosophy ;

(2) Linguistic occultism (mantra-sastra) ;

(3) Theory of magical figures (yantra-sastra) ;

(4) Practical magic

(maya-yoga} ;

(5) Yoga ;

(6) Temple-building (mandira-nirmana) ;

(7) Image-making (pratistha-vidhi ) ;

(8) Domestic observances (samskara,

ahnika)
(9) Social rules
(varnasrama-dharma)
Public festivals 87
(10) (ttiaawi) ."

An examination of the principal

subjects, treated in the Panca-
ratras, will easily show the close
relationship of many of these,
with the Va&tu and the
Silpa-sasfras.
In the evolution and the
development of the Building, the
Plastic and the Graphic Arts of India, the Vedanga
Jyotua and the m
Kalpa (tZ ) 8utras, the Saiva Agamas and
the &toa Tantms, the Puranas and the Pancaratras, etc,
have, among the Brahmanic made
Texts, similar contributions.
Even the Jainas and the
_ Buddhists, did not lag far behind.
It will, however, be out of place to make
any discussion of the latter
sources, here-
 CHAPTER IV
THE PRESENT EDITION

The preparation of critical Editions of the Sanskrit Texts

on bilpa (or, Taut ret) is beset with many difficulties some of

which are of a very serious character.

The language is, on the one hand, obscure and full of techni-

calities ;
extraneous shapes of explanatory comments
aids in the

and notes which are fortunately so abundant in the cases of other

branches of Indian Literature are sadly wanting in the cases of the

&ill*a (and the Tatitrili) Texts. On the other hand, the

or
Manuscripts of these branches of Sanskrit, are mostly corrupt
in mutilated state, due, not only to the loss of art traditions

but also among other reasons, to the indifference of the hereditary

craftsmen and artists themselves to the literary works on the subject.

There, however, prevails an unfortunate and regrettable

attitude of mind which looks down upon these hereditary craftsmen

and artists who have carried on with love and veneration even
when there were no encouragements, the sacred duty of keeping
for generations, the flames of Indian artistic tradition
up
alive. The Brahmanic theologians have cast down the artists
88
and the craftsmen . The NUisastra-kara-x have enumerated

88. Compare Brahma-vawarta Piirawam, Brahma Khanrta. Adh. 10,

a MS., collected by the late Prof. Satishchandra .Mitra),

(From
.

Jatimala.
for the Daulatpur Hindu Academy, "wff%^Kl I" (?)

rt3 ?&Cv *K*jfF3 1 2?faC3*63r (

w / ) fwf <T5
I f& <3Tte, ^"^Tl i TpT WB HffiW ^TTt? !
Reprinted. rz&s\ <tf
 ( 36 )

musicians with the cut-throats, charlatans and

the along
89
rascals.

And, yet the tittpa, the Sahgita, and the Natya etc., which
have of hoary antiquity, as their founders,
all reputed JRsis
owed their birth to divine inspiration. We have, therefore, here,

another set of apparent paradoxes of Indian culture, which should

provoke serious enquiry.

elaborate descriptions are. given of the
merits (Pluda-
Very
sruti and'Artha-vada) for raising
pious foundations, or erecting

sacred structures such as the dedication of an image that would

accrue on the part of the donor, (dgiuipati)? Arts of music and

*?piT n" 1,

11" 2

fwt ^H%^ <rfl^ f^f2f^f M" 2

98. For example, see the rare old Niti-astra, Ca&susvyam, fragments
of which have been traced and published for the first time A. S. Ramanath
Ayyar :
Chaksusiyam an Arthasa&tra. JBORS Vol. XI, pp. 81 84.

90. ft?ir ft
 ( 37 )

01
dancing have similarly been glorified although the artists and
craftsmen themselves, curiously enough, occupy only degraded
positions in society.
Thus the of Sil^a Texts in the hands of the
preservation
hereditary and craftsmen
artists who were looked down upon, was
beset with some difficulty. But mistakes and lapses in the Mss.
are fortunately seld-um, error* </ commission, and not a few, may
be due to inexpert scribes- Unless and until, better readings,
supported by substantial grounds, can be suggested, it is not
allowable to reject altogether the only available texts which bear the

stamp of tradition through a long succession of generations.

It is, therefore,
very necessary to
very thoroughly the apparently
sift

corrupt and contradictory readings with the entire critical apparatus

at our disposal.
02

And when there a great paucity of materials in the form of

is

Mss., as is the case with the present text Devatarfnurti-

Prakaranam, it is necessary to formulate some general laws, or,
to deduce some principles for future guidance, in preparing a critical
edition. Secondly, it is also very urgent to devise ways and
means, for interpreting the texts of 8ilpa, when all extraneous aids
are so inaccessible.

91. Compare Nandikesvara's Abhinayadarpayam (Critical Ed, of the

Text with Introd., TransL, Notes and By Manomohan
Illustrations.

jhosh., CaL Ski. Series, No. V.), [Nu1jam$am$a], &L 7b lia (and EngL
Trans].).
For the Sahglta-sastra etc., also, it is possible to give numerous
examples, of such eulogy.
92. It would not be, out of place, to compare here, for example,
he immense help, which the present writer derived, by subjecting
he apparently confusing readings to Epigraphic and Palaeograpkic
Tests, elsewhere, while preparing his edition of the important Silpa Text :
The Buddhapratima-laksanam* The Sarasvafi Bhavana Sanskrit Texts,
sTo. 48. (Benares, 1933).
Out of a hopeless medley and confused jumble of data, careful scrutiny
nd repeated efforts enabled the present writer, to deduce a number of
most important principles.
 ( 38 )

In close analogy to the rules of

interpretations, the Part-
bhashas of Vyakarana and Mwnamsa Sastras, we must formulate
some rules, for these Silpa Texts, too.

As
the (Silpa) Vcistii Sastras are technical and obscure
in
language, no violent corrections or half-hazard emendations of
texts
are warrantable. Similar is the case with the Tantrik and
Kindred Texts.

Some of the first rules, that should be made, be as

may
follows :

(a) Not a single syllable should be ommited or even a half,

in the (ttpa) Vastu and the Tantrik Texts.

(b) As in the Mlmamsa Sastra, we should try to account for

and harmonise any apparent contradictions. When some of
the
texts are really
contradictory, they may be considered to be due
to differences in recensions, sections or
topics.

(c) Corrections should be reduced to the minimum e.g.,

like addition of an AJcsara, as a-Je$ra or anusvara.

(d) For determining the correct

^ readings not only the
metrical and the grammatical considerations should be
regarded
as important but also the
Epigraphic data are equally valuable.

Besides these
four main principles, other
important ones
might suggest themselves or be evolved.
Now, we must turn back to the important
question of the
interpretation of texts. As has been stated before, there is a
great
paucity of -aids to explanation. Commentaries, notes, so far as both
the (SUpa) Vastu and the Tantra
Sastras are are concerned,
 ( 39 )

very few. Yet these subjects arc* of so groat importance, thai some
methods must be found out for the correct understanding of these texts.

Speaking from personal experience, the present writer can

confidently recommend two very certain methods.
I. The first method compare Texts
is to kind-re*!, e/-,

parallel and to compare, them again and again-.

By kinship, must he understood similarity as regards essence
and spirit, and proximity in point of time and place. For
there can be no comparisons between subjects which have
real

no points of similarity e. g., between a donkey and a mush-room.

8aflr#!/fi> 9 similarity, in the most rigorous technical sense, is
031
defined as follows :

Two objects, though they be they have a sufficient

different, if

number of common characteristics, might be regarded as Similar.

The essence of similarity, Swlrsija is this common characteristic
dharma.
Some notable examples of objects with such common
features are the AbMnaya-hastas, the Ncftya-hastas or Karaw.i>8,
the jSilpa-hastas and the Tantrika Mndra# 9 which may be
compared with one another. But it would be useless waste of
time and energy to try to compare heterogeneous objects and
such comparisons will be impossible when kinship etc., are lacking.

II. The second important method of interpretation of obscure

passages is to trace these back, if possible, to the 8an-we Books.

Especially, when we have

to do with compilations, (as is the case,

with the present work, the Devatainnrti-Prakarana) which are

based entirely on earlier texts, this method is very effective and ;

it is at once corroborative and corrective for all citations can be ;

thus checked at once and with absolute certainty.

93. See Annambhatta's TarkasamgraJia :

See Mm. Bhimacarya JhalakTkar :

Nyayakosa (Bombay Skt, Series)
S V,
f
 (40 )

By tracing back to their sources, at least about Ijalf of the

entire text of the Devatamurti-PraJcwana could be thus dealt

with. The limited time at the disposal of the present writer has

unfortunately rendered it impossible to trace and to locate every

passage with equal success, though such an eventuality may
not be impossible.
Once for all, our lines have been determined,
of action

and the ways and means devised, we can proceed with greater
hopes of success, in preparing the critical edition of the Devata-
rtiurti-Prakaawna. Though rigorous adherence to these above
principles for guidance, and the methods of interpretation, may
have drawbacks, conjectures and assumptions without sufficient

data will be reduced to minimum. Moreover, imagination has little

scope for any outlet in the specialised branches of study.
The Muses of archaeology and history are too old to mount
the Pegasus,

With these preliminary remarks, it would now be possible,

to discuss the readings of the Devatamurti-Pralcarana. The
passages within inverted commas are due to the present writer.
 [ 41 3

CHAPTER V
DISCUSSION OF THE READINGS.
ih'catatiitli'tijn'iikiit'itntt ( IJM,),

jlspftss^lFi: I
( Chapter T. )

lokas, 2, 3 correspond to Matjamatti (MM.), Chapter

alohas 8, 9.

&l. 4 corresponds to MM., Ch. 33, si. 10.

&. 5 corresponds to MM., Ch. 33, il. Ha, 12a.

: U ^ Jl

8. pfrosr TOFgF?tefJ i sr "^r^n" 5 ^ris^t J ^

I

^ \

, H3 M^ I

: t *T^^-<s^

-- ti

.
|| e it
|| { (j

^ U

firfcf

D G
 [ 42 ]

Si, corresponds to f3*gpW?TTC*j;

i*?facrigf5W: U

om 35Tq>sft ^sfsw: u ^ u

oirs STST^ f srere:" a

#Z. 15 I9a correspond to &ttparatn.am (sR.), Uttara

bhaga (Part II), Chapt 4, Si. 18.
Si. t*>*$\ ^TS? q^^firfar ?r^ i

qrs

11 ?^ \\

: u

2631. ^^^gprrnVqi:, arc

US.
Si. 3643. , r: ggr -T: I

( Bibliotheca Indica ) a?o y^

herewith compare VD. (Visnudharmottaraari) II, ^cZA. 134 ^Z. 5-9,
?

13,4-5.

94. For detailed information regarding the

"Atre.ya-tilakam seethe
present writer's Buddha-pratima-laksanam. The Sarasvafi Bliavana texts
Series No.
48. Benares, 1933. Introduction, pp. 5 8.

95. Unfortunately, this text is not accessible for the pieseut, so

quota-
tion cannot be given. Sukranlti, Ch, IV, Section
4.
 [ 43 ]

,s7. 4k re'te ,
>-'/. I'll. n.
Adh. 130, &. 4, Ty
0, 40 etc. anil ./>'N.
; ; .1/1,. \G, ,s/. -_r, ,.,,,.

it tf

67. 45 47. Compare F/v. If, AiJ/ti/ay.1 135, ,^7. 1-5,

and II, -I'/A. 144- ,s7. 1-2.

.
5057. (;/. also T^/>. If, ,1^7*. 135, ,s7, 13.

i ^sg
: I Seel"/>. Ill, A lh.71,&
(
>>

Compare, also A'/.'. II, J-/A. 1, ,</. (j fj-

^^
tf ^^rra?^ ^^ , OT .

^g
i

:
^

59b.

T: II.
|
( Chapter )

1. <Jf. Adh. ID,

Vasturajai-allabhit, 81.

* ?
 t 44 ]

61. 2 corresponds to 8-B. II, Adh. 4, SI 51

Si. 4.

ui i H :
i

SI. 4-13 a. Compare SB., Part II, AZA. 4, SI. 3750.

Si 7b, '^^r" ?f?l *?f^3q^ , '^%'f

?fter, sft:, gf^rar"

: I
( Chapter III. )

/S'Z* 1-2 correspond to JOf. Adh. 33, SZ* 38-40,

^/. 9*17. 3

Compare MM. Adh. 7, gl. 30ff, q

^o u

96. O. C. Ganguly T/w Kirtimukham^ in the

:
Rupam (now defunct),
No. I. The Ind* Soc. of Oriental Art, Calcutta.

97. See F. Otto Schrader : Introduction to the Pancaratra and

the Ahirbudhnya-Samhita* Adyar, 1916, pp* 53 _ 55.
98. ?5?Hftm I *Ht5tTOT3T*rifcn I ~Anandasram Skt, Series, No. 68,
1912* PP. 68 69.
 [ 45 ]

Si. I8b.

frazil ?<: ii

. 24-27,

Compare Manasara, IX, 387 it ; also, Vaxtn-i'ajamllihha, IV, 1

u ?^ u

l. 28.

: U *<: u

writ ^m^:, fiwft i 2?er

* i
( Chapter IV. )

til. i. w* iw^ ^^Nftc^ t

. 2. H??l '^eroors^ 'ST^ 5

^ qriysfer i awfq *F***R

/S'Z. 3-4 correspond to

99. The JRfipamamlanam

has been quoted at length by T. A.
Gopi-
natha Rao Elements of Hindu Iconography. We have depended chiefly
:

on these quotations, they being authentic and providing another version.

 [ 46 ]

3, 5, 6, 7.

/. 8.

.
14, 15.

? H
.
1620. m^irsft^ ^^momj'ciT: i

graLH^H^: \\
(17)
f^ft^^: i

:
g^: [\
(18)
I

n (19)
:
\

\\
(20)

*Z. 2134 [a^ gr^t g?^r:] taken from Visvakavma-sastra* 00

verbatim. _ r
- < M) ^r^r _ , ^ --
_
ioo. The Vttvakarma-iastra has been
quoted by T. A. Gopinath^
Kao :
Op. ctt. the work has been
;
published many times see Note 27' '

Supra.
 [ 47 ]

/. 38-39.

a (<?)rf?gi fgarft q^?ir u ^ u'

:
3T*ftgrfH
s u
.
42-46.

0*0 asrsft 5! ftro*

47-57.
3?fq S?jp% , g^qj.

. 53.

i' ffg qre^ i

s
f
qsrr:' Trei^ gfr:'

.
59-66.
 [ 48 ]

* I
(Chapter V. )

8l. 8 13 .
Compare Padma-p u-t 'anam,
Adhy. 10, Utta i'akhan4a Adhy. 127; Brahmavaivarta-P., Prafyti-
f

kha<tj4&9 Adliy. 19 Garuda-P., Adhy. 45 for descriptions of the

; ;

Gcitiirvinuatwnurtis of Visriu. 101

&l. 18 20. from *

Quoted Skanda-puranam,* with
minor changes.

L 21. from 02
Quoted Brahma-piwanam* with minor
changes.

&l. 22. to *
Quoted from Skandarpw*B,nam 9 with minor
changes.

26. From the Vaisvanara-samMta,

Piiranasamgraha,

27. Quoted from Brahmavaivarta-puranam.* *

28. Quoted from Padma-puranam^ 02
29. Quoted from Brahma-piiranct ; Brahm&nijarP.* * ...

30-31.

101. See Radhakantadeva's

Sabdakalpadruma, under ^
a
vka \S e

^bandha,
^^ ^^ (^0, a modern but authoritative
/0

by Rumatosaaa Vidyalankara under the

Pranakrsna Visvas of Kha^aka, on the patronage of
Ganges (Bhaglrath^ Ramatosana
was the great-grandson (vrddha of
prafautra) the celebrated A gam a vagik
the author of
Tantrasara, one of the best existent Tantlika
^nananda,
Nibandhas, compendmms on Worship and Rituals. See
PT. Pcmcama-
kanda Caturtha Pariocheda, Xulagranaprakarana, (VasLafi Ed.),
h
pp. 348 57.

P " 357
 [ 49

(i| > lir>' ( ">~ US. T;ik.ii h-oin th; !"//. Iff, Oh. 54.
<-<>nip:iiv Heinfulri, ha.niikltn-mj.'.t-m.'"*

.
^ ^
I
(? ?)

ft

_ ( ^ ^ ) TO-
:
[ ^ ^^ ^ \w&% >

i
] ,

1
03 A. Hem idri : Caturv.irSl ,ci,t ta-mai}i
{Bibliotheca Indicsi) A S. 13

D 7
 [ 50 ]

^. 71. Taken probably froni

10 " 13
Part
^'Z,'., II, Ch. 25, sZ.
Ill, 112a.

) rearer

72-74.

. 76, 'ft^TOt' io so ..
(

i ^E. II, 25, -6'Z. 116. .

L 77-80,82.

83-85. "ft
. qrer:
c- _
<0 ( ^ wit )

Skt. Series

' Th eSe
qUOtations are also given in T. A. Gopinatha Rao :
K f
t., presumably from another version of
,

&.
Q3a. See T. A. G. Rao :
O/. V.

" " lCh S0metimes -

",U g^es better readings.
ho,
o, "
1 f" 6 DeVl' Wh " aSt nished with her
.

Also in "I Cord's Prowess

'

1030. Both, in T. A. G.Rao; O/. V., and &?.

10.^, Quoted in T. A, G. Rao :
c it.
Oj>.
 [
si ]

86 9LK

10;b

91-93-

*
94-115- : I

a\

1 16.

: t
(Chaptui- VI.)

2a, 2e,
\\

1043- loga. Readings quoted, from the printed Ed. of the FZ>, ( Sri

Ve."ikafe.>vara Pr*)*

lo^bioyb. Readings quoted, from the FD.

presumably better version, in T. A. G\ Rao :
Qp* cit*

110115. These quotations are all from T.

* r -f\
 [ 52 ]

1. 35. '

() VETO*** ^jfg. -- 1
Emr^f II
(<<)

'Z. 6 - 12.

n
u

67, 18, 14. 'vnmnl^r "* ^a i

.
15,16.

Z. 19. 'VWOOTI^"* ft^sqirt ftnr: i

o^ ogtfr-oqT^qT^: !
05^5^ %?OIT^^^: U
l. 20. '

( w^ ) fffsIR> ^
,

61. 21,22.
OTOO
.
25,26.

Op. which represents the

oit.,

different version,
R^arna^lan^ another and somewhat
apparently.
i,6. See the present writer*
^ Monograph, Stdatoa worship in early
Bengal: A Study History, Art and & ligiw . R
J. p. A. 8. B. (New
Series), Vol. XXIX, 1933, No* i,
 [ 53 ]

*( fyaaviJixiX >*

.
31, 32.

T^Tf Rffi

7. 33, 31 ; 35a.
i

1. 36 41. 'wcpTSCTO'T^r
111*
s^qnjgr i mm
u

xS/. 42, 43 ;
44 40 ; 47-43.
i
^51 ^rq ^TTSRT HsteRrr ^r^lr i ^?^rr

Especially, see, Appendix II. fai^^q^4*nf%, Descriptions </ >S>

pp. 225 242 ;

and Appendix VI. .-/.
Description tf Sadti&iva (T
B. (Detailed Rituals for Worship and) Description of Sddutva*
^^ifat^g^r^Rr: i
(Translation}^ pp, 253, 54,

117. T. A. G. Rao :
Op. dt.
1 1 8. Ditto.

119. Mat&yapurfwam (Vafigavasi Ed., CaL), -l^///. 260, /S7. 21 a 273

is omitted.
 [ 54 ]

o >

() 'sR

'
:
OSR: u' (*)

2, 53 ;
54, 55. .
'

'
56, 57.

58-

g
'
L 59,60.

$ 65, 66.
s
fe ^ ^o, ^o ? sr^o ^

TO 'sfcfo
5
^fiwnTT ^fsfi i^ Ttfec i
fi

^R: ^:,3

I i-NTSCTTft: 'sft^'-qrs:

tTT^swrf^cf
f^^g i

SL 73a.

I. 84-86; 87-89." 'JTO'

: [ JRT^f,

^T^Tf^ ii
(tf ^frfao i ^^f^ u

SI. 98, 99. 'fico ^ 5

Ho is-i-, a?o ^ 3^0

120. The ^g Ifju and ^JT^[^ Amukha are the names of ^IT^ /OJT^ and
^ri'Sr postures for images. Cf. Silparatnam, Bk. I, ^^/z 46, /S7, 61.
,

'

121. T. A. Gopinatha Rao :

Op, cit.

122. Ib. :
Op. cit.

123. See ^9R*rfta>

J Also see, r? |
^^ i

i frftsr ^^K^T i
^^r^ \\\* i

124. Also quoted in T. A. Gopinatha Rao; O/. from

^V., (but) (a
different version of )
Silparatna^ Adh. 29.
 ti

ri HPT

BI.

SI. 147, 148.

*
C^TE^ cf^?l?IT

Bl. 149, 150.

V^^^ ^^1
^1. 151, 152.

ti

-- ^g^l i
-- ti ?<^ u"

G7b. ^
1 *!$,

7
J25a. Matsya-pumnam (Va.'gavas Kd. CaL).
t ^j^///, 262, /?/. in ;6a.

I25b. For Kapvta,

^qici a kind of plgenn-shtipcd ornament or moulding
used in Architecture, see P. K. A Dictifmarv </ Hiiiflu Archi-
Acharya :

texture* s* v.
 [ 56 ]

SI. 16S. a*Tt "qt^ srrg

-- i e^T^mrt u 3 qrs: s&w. \

SI. 109. qreigf^psCT

*
I

: I
(Chapter VII.)
***&* ^RfH; ft^: t

1SG

: I
(Chapter VIII.)

u'

SI. 3, 4, 5, 7, 10.

-- u

SI. 13, 14. 'swurir' la9

SL 15b, 16, 17b.

PL 18-20.

SL 21 -
22-23 3 25. 'swo^'sftia* 9^1 j m 9
: \

SL 29 5 30-34 ;
35.

126. For the important Article of James Burgess

Digambara Jaina :

Iconography, see Tnd. Antiq. XXXII, 459, and Ilhistrations of Digambara

Jaina Yakshas and Yakshinis, 2nd. Antiq. XXXII, 464.
'Z? 33- Quoted in T. A. Gopinatha Rao :
Of. cit,
 E
37 }

$3

: ti

i>u ;
52-58.
c
Gl-75ji.

u
i
^f
q^ U

1343. Alatsya pura -nam }

Adh. 260 ( VarigavasI Ed., Calcutta;

13-jb. Silparatnam^ TSS. II, Jr///. 25.

135.

'T. t

: U \*\ U

7 '
r; a ?4 y^ a

A.nandasram Skt. Series, No. 68.

136. See T. A. Gopinatha Rao :

Op. cit.

137, Quoted in Ib. Op. cit* (l) w^^f^fff ^f i

<"^) ^R ^H
: t

D 8
 [ 58 ]

J
_ (

^ni u --
HT ^^T ^ ilT I

: I

SL 76, '

SI. 77b, 78.

gggqr: i
(u77b)
) (78S)

:
u (UTS)"

3f2T^: U (77b)

^ (78|)

:
U"

1383. See T. A. Gopinatha Kao cz/.

:
O/.
1385. Matsya-puranam (Vahgavasl Ed. Cal.).
1380, Abhila^tarthaoinKimam. M3S, No. 69 (Mysore, 1926).
 [ 59 3

M. 79 ; 60a ;
Sll...

SI. S4b j
85. 3T^3^rswTJ f? fo^i*w?:

SI. 8689.

I
I
^ ^qprir I!

J>
f U

SL 9094.
4
* I WT *

139, See T. A. Gopinatha Rao :

Op. eft.

140. tbld\ Op, cif. *(t) Both, quoted in the same. The FA is
apparently a diiTerent version.

14 u Quoted by T. A, Gopinatha Rao cif.

:
G/.
 I 60 3

r _ _ _ _ 1

95 100.

r _ _ _
:
g^: I)
[ i
]

p: u [ i
]

[ u ]
=3 ^og'sprsB |Rer: I

i U [ \
]

qsr ^ i
[ u ]

v (?) n [ i
]
_
r , _ _ _ _ 1

142. Quoted by T. A. Gopinatha Rao :

O/. V*
 . 1 1 100.

t %^?r *<$T3nec^r# \

* ) rcwcn j

^) --

109117-
i

: t

118- c
^^'-^^rpi^ : r

143* Henvidri Caturvargacinta-mani (Ed. Biblhtheca ludica).

:

144. See T. A. Gopinatha E^ao

Of. cit. :

145. Mat&ya-pumnam. AM. 262. (Vaugawsl Ed., Cal.)*

146- AbtrihytwthacintMnanL MSS. No. 69 (Mysore, 1926), Prakara
3, ^oM. i,'i/. 803 810.
147. T. A* Gopinatha Rao : dt.
Qj>.
 t 62

1 *8
Si 119, 120. 'aifiwwfa ^fNfcwrfW^' STOW&ft
\ <ror fjtfamftiwr *&tei*$i wtzwfes \

I qfeg f|

Wdfoft

148. Nandikeivara's AbUnayadarpanam Manomohan Ghosh)

(Ed.,
CSS. No. 5, si. 37 and 247 ; 36*
 CHAPTER VI
THE CONTENTS OF THE DMP.
It now remains to r
giv e a short summary of contents of

the work, which consists of eight, 8 chapters, Atlhikamx*

Chapter I consists of 59, fifty-nine verses. The first

section (*/.
1
10) deals with sila^r'tha^ the examination and
selection of suitable blocks of stone, timber etc., for the purpose
of images (slokas 2 9) ;
the auspicious time for selecting such

stone, wood etc. (5. 10). The ^rtfi/'/ua^^v/-'^^-;^*-'^??., the height

of the superior, the medium and the inferior types of images in

comparison with the height of (a) the temple, (l>)

the door, (<*)
the
sanctum (sL 21 L'5) ;
the height of images to be fitly worshipped
in dwelling houses or outside dwelling houses, the laksanas, marks

of inauspicious images and those of good ones. The omens and

portents,
adbhutas of different types viz,, the heavenly A'n/<i, the

atmospheric, antariksii and the terrestrial, lhauma ($L 30 41) ;

and the effects of the celestial omens on the king (il. 42) ; the

omens of liiigas (5Z. 43) and their special effects (51. 44) ;
the

ominous signs of images and their effects ($. 4547) ;

other kinds

of omens (si. 48 5 49) ;

and the effects differently of the various

types of disturbances on the living beings ($. 50 54n) ;

the

duration of their effects (54b) ; the propitiation or pacification

of these disturbing omens (55, 56) nnd the effect of the same (57) ;

instructions for commencement of journeys and for the entry of

images etc. (58) ? ;

the astronomical considerations for the installa-

tion of images (59).

Chapter II of DJI/P., dealing with the lirativia-talti'ui'ninjtt,

determination of the respective heights for images, consists of 33 5

thirty-three verses.

The first few verses (.13) give the units for measurement,
which increase in
multiples
of ten, The highest working unit is

the tola.
 [ 64 ]

Images vary in height from one tala< to fifteen tolas

(si. 4-l3a) no images should be made of longer proportions.
;

The respective proportions are given, of limbs in images of seven

tolas (si. lBb-15) .in images of seven and a half, 7-J tolas

(si. 16 18) ;
in images of eight talas (si. 19 21) and in images
of eight and a half, 8| talas (xl. 22 24) ;
and lastly in those of
nine talas (sZ. 25 32).

Chapter 28, III

twenty-eight verses
of begins with
directions plotting the
for ground-plan of buildings (si. 1, 2).
The respective positions of the different deities in the general plan,
devatd~pada.-stJian.vm, are next given (si. 3 8). The presiding
deities with respective positions in a plan of sixty-four plots,
devata-ilwti-zthanam, are next given (si. 9 21). The directions

(of compass) to which the respective deities

the should face in
temple?, are next given (si. 24- 27).

Chapter IV consisting of 67, sixty-seven verses, describe

images of Brahman and his manifestations (si. 1 7)*$ of
his consort (si. 8) of the Vedas and Nrtyasastram
; the position $

of other auxiliary deities in a temple for Brahman (sl< 14, 15) ; the
eight attendants of Brahman (si. 1020).
The
twelve forms of Surya are next described (si. 21 34) ;

the position of the subsidiary deities are next given (51. 35 37)
and the attendants of Surya (si. 3846).
The nine chief planets, ndvagrahas are described, next
(si. 48 58) ; as also the ten guardians of quarters, dasa-dilc-palas.

Chapter V
deals wholly with Visnu and consists of 116.,
one hundred and sixteen verses.
The first few verses (si. 1 6) show the suitability of parti-
cular forms of Visnu for particular castes. The conditions, when
mutilated images are to be accepted or rejected^ are next given (sl.7).

The next section on the twentyfour forms ^

of "Visnu, Catur-
vimsatwnurta.i/ah, enumerates the distribution of the objects, [.held
in liancfe, for the various forms (si. 8
13) and the Order of distri-
bution (si. 14).
 t 65 }

The next is a long section (si. 15 63) on the examination

and selection of sala'jratna stones, S^ag rawa~$ila-jHirtk8a ; (sL 15)
the suitable form and the suitable sizes (51. 10, 17) for stones are

given ; as also the unsuitable types (si. 20) 18 with certain

modifications (SI. 21) the differences in merit owing to variation
;

in colours (si. 22) ;

and the respective names according to variation
of colours (si. 23, 24) ; and the proportion of the discus, eakra-
pramanam.
In the next subsection, cakra[riscs^laksana^i, the parti-
cular types of cakrax are described (17. 20 36) the differences in ;

name according to colours and their particular merits (StL 37 40) ;

other kinds of cakras and their resultant merits in worship

(si. 41 43, 4551) (51. 44) the ten avatara* of Vis mi are
;

described (si. 52 60) ; the banning of exposure of ctiki'as (sf. f>l)

and of the sales etc., of the same (SI. (j2) ; the glorification of
the aJ-a<jrama stone is next given.

In the following section, particular forms of Visnu images

are described Vamana (si. 00 71) Rama (07. 72a) Ananta- ; ;

Balarama (si. 75) Nrsimha (si 72 74, 77 82, 8385) Nam-

; ;

Varaha (si. 76) ; Jalasayin (5/. 8690) ; Vaikuntha ($1. 9103) ;

Visvariipa (si. 9497) ; Ananta (SL 1)8101) ; Trailokyanioliana

(5/. 102 105) Pannaga&ma (S?. ; OS) and the distribution
of 04
of auxiliary deities in Visnu Temple (/, 100 109) and the
description of Vismi's attendants (si. 110 115).

Chapter VI of DMP* is a lengthy one, consisting of

1G9 one hundred and sixty-nine verses and describes the images of
9

Rudra and the ^phallus, linga.

The first few verses give descriptions of Sadyojata (^Z. 1, 2) ;
of Vamadeva (xl 35) .
;
of Aghora (sL 12) of Tntpurusa ;

(57. 13); of I&i(57. H).

Next, are described Mrtyunjaya (SI- 15, 1*) \ Vijaya
(xl. 17 IS)
9 ; K'iranaksa (SL 10)*; Agliora (&. 20) ? ; Srilamtha
(&. 21, 22) ; Mahadeva (&. 23, 24), Sudusiva >(&. 25, 20).
 66 ]

Then are given descriptions, successively, of Ardhanaiisvara

(67. 2730) ;
and Uma-Mahesvara (61. 31, 32 Krsna-Sankara
) ;

(61. 33, 34) Krsna-Kartikeya

; (61. 35a) ; Siva-lSTarayana (61. 30
41) ; Hari-Hara-Pitamalia (&l. 42, 43) (Surya ?")Hari-Hara-
;

Pitamaha (61- 44 46) ;

Candranka-Pitamaha (61. 47, 48) ;

Candabhairava (61. 4951) ; Virupaksa (61. 52, 53) ; Tryambaka

(l. 54, 55) ;
Hari-Hara-rnurti (61. 56, 57).

From the union of Sankara and Krsna, result 32, thirty-

two different varieties of images, which are not described, but are

to be known from instructions.

The Ling as form the subject of an entire lengthy section
(<SZ. 59 152) ; eight different metallic substances for making

phalluses are first given (61* 59) ;

the proportions of metallic

phalliises (61- 60) and their varieties (6L 61) and phalluses of

jewels (l. 62) are given.

proportions of phalluses made of timber (&L 63)

The ; their
varieties (Si. 64) the suitable kinds of timber (Si. 65,06)
;
-
their
characteristics (l. 67) ; the suitable types of building for the vari-
ous kinds of phalluses (Si. 68) are described.

Then, follow, the proportions of the stone phalluses (<S'L 69j,

70); their various names (Si. 70 74); the proportions of the
phallu'Ses to the size of the Temples (SL 75 78) and to the sanc-
tum (Si. 79 80) the size of the phallus (61 81, 82) the divi-
;
.
;

sions of a phallus (l> 82, 83).

The Nagara-linga, its three classes and proportions (61.
84 86) ; the IJravida-linga, its classes and proportions (61. 87
88) ;
the Vescwa-lingas are next described.

The
Astrological considerations as regards Temples of the
phalluxes eta (Si. 90 94) ; the auspicious signs (Si. 95) ; the
clock-wise spiral and the colours which are conducive to happiness
the method of marking lines on
(61. 96) ;
any phallus ; the shape
of the upper parts of phalluses (;$. 98, 99) the bad signs of ;

phalluses (61. 100) and the proportions of crystal and wooden

phalluses (61. 101) follow, successively.
 C 67 ]

The next subsection is concerning liana-linyas. The places

of origin of Hana i>h<dlnsv8 (si. 102, 103) the selection of Hana- ;

104)
Hh<ja--> (si.
the bad ttami-liitijas (si. 105, 100)
; ;
the condi-

tions, when even pieces of stone are sacred (si. 107) ;

the saered-
ne,srf from any place whatsoever (sL 108) the shape of
of .liana*, ;

lianas which give wealth, etc., (si. 109-110); the sacred ness of
lianas, under all conditions (si. 111114) the merits of installing ;

Jiann-s (sL 115 121) the glory of worshipping liana** having one
;

to fourteen a#ra* (si. 122) are described, in order.

The characteristics of sacred tanks attached to fcfiva shrines

(s!. 123) ;
the merits of talcing baths in the same (si. l"24.a) and
the sins for stepping across waters, with which friva is washed
(51. 124b) the procedure of eircunibulating sacred
; shrines of
deities (si. 125) and special restrictions with regard to Jaina shrines
(51. 126) ; the directions to which the water conduit , pranala,
should face (SI. 127) ; the characteristics of pedestals etc., (S/. 128,
129) and conduits etc., (.*/. 129132 and 150) ;
and of sluices

($1- 138) are given.

The
diverse parts of a Pitha, base (#1. 134 13S) ; the direc-
tions against making the iittya or ^\tha too small or big (51. 189)
and defects for these (si. 140) are described.

The varieties of Pedestals (51. 141,142) and the characteristics

of the different Pedestals (51. 14*2 14(>) and their special qualities
(51. 147
148) ;
the directions for making Pedestals, to be of the
same class with the yhallttses (51. 141)) ; tlie characteristics of

Mukha-ltnyti (51. 151) and the names of the different faces

(sL 152) are described.

Next, are described, Siva Temples with one door (51. 158, 154)
and with four doors ($1. 155 157) and the Guardians feeing the ;

feast .(*/. 158, 150), the south (fi/. 100, 101),

the west (5/. 102, 168)
and the north (&> 104, H>5) 5 respectively ; and lastly, the

positions of the animal vehicles, rahaita* for deities ($1. 100, 10^) ;

the height of the images, to which, their respective vahana$ should

look up (51. 108).
 t 68 J

Chapter VII, consisting of 74, seventy-four verses gives

descriptions of the twentyfour Jaina Ttrthankaras and their
attendant yaksas and yaJcsinls. The names of the twenty-four
Tlrthankaras (si. 1 3) the respective bodily colours (si. 4), their
;

Dhvajas, flags (si* 5, 6) and the Lunar mansions^ Bhas of birth

(si. 7 9) for the different Jinas ;
and their birth-asterisms, B>asis

(si. 10, 11) are given.

Next, follow, the names of the.yahsas, that attend upon the

service of the Jinas, Jinopasalca-yaksas (si. 12, 13) the attendant ;

female deities to the Jinas, tiasanadevls (si. 14 16).

The next subsection deals with descriptions of the yalcsas

and the yalcsitus for each particular Jina^ Jina-yaJcscL-jaksinl-
murtis male and the female attendants for the twenty-four
the
Jinas being given in pairs ($1. 17 65).

There is a second twelve-handed variety of CakreSvarl, des-

cribed (51. 66 6Sa) as also the names for the eight attendants
;

to the Vitaraga- 9
the self-controlled one (si. 6Sb, 69) ; and the
characteristics of the eight attendants to Jinendra (si. 70 78).

Chapter VIII and the last containing 112,, one-hundred and

twelve verses * concerns itself almost wholly with descriptions of
female deities, Devt-murti-laksanas.

The opening verse (SI. I) gives the general description of

the Image Gaurl, Gaiin-murtlnam samanya-laltsanam ; then follow
the names of twelve different varieties of Gaurl (si. 2), as well
as their descriptions (si. 3 14) ; the deities in a shrine of Grauii
(IZ..15 17), and the attendants to Gaurl (sL 18 20) have after-
wards been described.

The next section (si. 21 35) describes Ganesa (si. 21) and
his different forms, Heramba (sL 22, 23), Gajanana (si. 24),
Vakratunda (SI-. 25), Ucchista-ganapati (5L 26), Heramba '{SL. 27),
"Ksipra-ganapafei (si. 28) ;
the deities in a shrine of Ganesa ;
the
attendants of Gane&i (si. 30 35).
 [ 69 ]

The following section 3642) deals with Kartikeya

(si. ;

his twelve-handed form (si. 3640) the two-handed form (si. 41a)
;

and the four-handed form (si. 41b, 42) are described.

The next section describes (si. 43 46a) the five different

forms of an entirely unknown female deity, Pafocal'tlaya (?) with

the special characteristics of each particular form (si. 44 47a).

The next section (SI. 47b 58) consists of the group of

nine female deities, Navadurg&s ; their names (#/.

47b 49a) ;

their individual characteristics ($. 49 58). This is followed by

a description of Ksetropala ($ 59, CO).
*

The next section (U. 61 78) deals with the Mothers,

Matrs who number eight ($. 61 75), Bhairava ($. 70), (Jane&i

(SI-. 70) and Vires vara (S/. 77-78).

The next section describes the twelve different forms

(SI.
79 85) of Sarasvat! ;
their general character (S/. 71)) and the

particular characteristics of each, individually (*/. 80 85)* The

eighteen-handed form of Bhadrakali
is described, next (*/. 86 80).

The next section describes the twenty-handed form of Candi

(17, 9094) and the attendants of Candi (*/. 95100).

The deity, described next, is Laksmi (*/, 101 100). This

is followed by Mahalaksini (SI. 107, 108), Then, is given, a

with ten hands 109
description of the deity Katyayanl, (SI. 117).

The use of postures and gestures (SI. 118) ; and of the move-
ments of the hands and eyes for the purpose of (dramatic) expres-
sion and the function of the different parts of
(SI. 119) ; special

the body in Dance (si. 120) form the closing part. The last two

($1, 121-122) verses contain the author's apology for preparing the

compilation, and
the final benediction,
 CONCLUSION

As has been clearly pointed out, the Devata~murti-pra7cara.

of Sutralhrt Mandana, the Atmaja, son of Srlksetra, is a

compilation.
The author has used many Texts which he has freely modified,
that is, at his will he altered their readings. Such changes, as far
as they concern the Dhyana slokas, are not authorised by the Tantra
or Upasana Sastras. We can, therefore, take these verses at best,

only as mere descriptions the guidance of artists and

of images, for

they are not to be taken too rigorously, or to be followed too literally.

The work demonstrates a striking spirit of rapprochement
or mutual assimilation on the part of the different sects even ;

the Jaina deities are allotted a conspicuous place. Thus we have

not only the well-known Hermaphroditic Uma-Mahesvara and
the Ardha-Nansvara forms but also such composite forms as the

Krsna-Sankara, the Krsna-Kartikeya*

* J * 9

Not only, we have such deities as Siva-Narayana,

Hari Hara-Pitamalia, (Surya ?)Hari-Hara-Pitamaha, CandrSnka*
Pitamaha, Hari-Hara revealing close admixture of Siva, Visnu,
Brahman, Surya and Candra but we are told of thirty-two
;

different images formed by the combination of Krsna and

Sankara which have not, unfortunately, been described (for fear of
prolixity but they must be learnt from Brahmanas). It is,

however, doubtful if all the described images were actually wor-

shipped. Sadasiva Worship seems already to be extinct by the time.

Finally, my thanks are clue to the learnecl Editor and the

Publishers of this well-known Series, who invited me to write out
this Introduction to the DMP. I have tried to do my work, as
best as possible, in spite of the limitations of time and resources
etc., at my disposal. I shall be highly gratified if it will be of any
:

service to students of the subject.

3 rst Chaitra, 1341 B. E ;

HARIDAS MITRA
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