Singh N et al: Conscious Sedation in Dentistry REVIEW ARTICLE

Application of Conscious Sedation in Dentistry

Nisha Singh1, Chandan R Agali2, Ashok KN3, N Senthil Kumaran4,
6
Geetha L5, Saraswati Ghosh
1- Post Graduate student, Department of Pedodontics and preventive
dentistry, BIDSH, Patna, Bihar, India.
2- Reader, Department of Public health dentistry, TMDCRC, Moradabad, Uttar Correspondence to:
Pradesh, India. Dr.Nisha Singh,
3- Senior Lecturer, Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, HSRSM Dental Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, BIDSH,
College and Hospital, Hingoli, Maharashtra, India. Patna, Bihar, India.
4- Department of Pedodontics and preventive dentistry, Chettinad Dental
Contact Us: editor@ijdmr.com
College and Hospital, Chennai, India.
Submit Manuscript: submissions@ijdmr.com
5- Senior Lecturer, Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, HSRSM www.ijdmr.com
Dental College and Hospital, Hingoli, Maharastra, India.
6- Professor in Curriculum & Instruction, College of Education, Eritrea Institute
of Technology, Mai-Nefhi, Eritrea (Africa).

ABSTRACT
Sedation for dental procedures (with or without local anaesthesia) includes the administration by any route or technique
of all drugs which result in depression of the central nervous system. Conscious sedation is administered with an aim to
produce a degree of sedation without loss of consciousness, in order to perform a desired function without any
hindrance. This technique is being widely followed by paediatric dentists, who utilize the method on uncooperative and
anxious patients during any treatment. This technique has many adverse effects. This article reviews the various aspects
of conscious sedation in general and paediatric dentistry. ………………………………………………………………………………………………

KEYWORDS: Conscious Sedation, Anaesthesia, Dentistry……………………………………………………………

INTRODUCTION
Conscious sedation is defined as a technique in procedures are common and anaesthetists should
which the use of a drug or drugs produces a state of know what sedation techniques are effective and
depression of the central nervous system enabling likely to be used by other healthcare practitioners.
treatment to be carried out, but during which verbal Conscious sedation can be used in children
contact with the patient is maintained throughout the presenting for anaesthesia.
period of sedation.1 The various drugs and
techniques used in providing conscious sedation for GOALS OF CONSCIOUS
dental treatment should carry a margin of safety SEDATION
wide enough to render loss of consciousness
unlikely.2,3 Goals of conscious sedations are:3
 Promoting patient welfare and safety.
Recently, it has been proved that conscious sedation  Facilitating provision of quality care.
can be delivered using processes that have marked  Minimizing the extremes of disruptive
adverse effects. These involve special sedation behaviour.
technique that risk causing unintended deep  Promoting a positive psychological response
sedation. Children visiting a dentist need effective to treatment.
sedation during any minor procedure because of  Returning the child to a physiological state in
fear, ill health, behavioural problems, etc. Some which safe discharge is possible.

How to cite this article:

Singh N, Agali CR, Ashok KN, Kumaran NS, Geetha L, Ghosh S. Application of Conscious Sedation in Dentistry. Int J Dent
Med Res 2014;1(4):90-93.

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 Singh N et al: Conscious Sedation in Dentistry REVIEW ARTICLE

 Contain a clear treatment plan, completed

GERERAL PRINCIPLES OF medical history and consent form,
CONSCIOUS SEDATION appropriate radiographs and briefly give an
account of the reason for the need for
Patients should be assessed. The assessment should sedation.
3
include:  Document the operative treatment that was
performed, the name of the drug,
 Full medical and dental history that needs to
concentration and batch number (if
be performed before providing the treatment
appropriate), dosage, route and duration of
with conscious sedation.
sedation.
 Informed consent for a course of dental
 State which monitors were used (as
treatment under conscious sedation must be
appropriate) together with their readings.
obtained from patient, each parent/guardian,
 Include a time-based record where
and the child, prior to the conscious sedation
appropriate.
appointment.
 An explanation of the sedation technique
Training of dental staff should be done4
proposed must be given.
 Before starting with the procedure, the child  The dental team must undergo appropriate
and their parent or guardian must be given training on a regular basis.
clear and comprehensive pre- and  It is essential that primary care dentists who
postoperative instructions in writing. sedate children undergo training that is
 Fasting is not required for children recognized by appropriate authorities and
undergoing inhalation sedation using nitrous that their clinical skill and knowledge
oxide but dentists might recommend that a relating to paediatric conscious sedation,
light meal only is consumed in the two hours including local anaesthesia, behavioural
prior to the appointment management and the provision of operative
dental care for children, is regularly
Patients with serious medical complications should
updated.
be dealt with extra concern3

 If the patient has any serious medical APPLICATION OF VARIOUS

condition, then they must be referred to DRUGS FOR CONSCIOUS
specialist medical practitioner before
planning for any treatment using conscious
SEDATION
sedation. If the patient is seriously medically Drug Application Drawbacks
compromised, then an anaesthetist should be Nitrous - Children with mild to - Is of less value in those
5-7 moderate anxiety to enable who require multiple
present to provide sedation and monitor the Oxide
them to accept dental extractions,
patient during the procedure. treatment better and to - Poor attenders and
facilitate coping across very young children.
 A parent, legal guardian or other responsible sequential visits. - Common cold,
adult must accompany the child to and from - Can be used to facilitate tonsillitis, nasal
dental extractions in blockage are common
the treatment facility. children. - Pre-co-operative
- Is preferred to general children and women at
anaesthesia for anxious first trimester of
Documentation should be done4………………. children undergoing pregnancy are
Proper documentation of the patient should be elective orthodontic contraindicated.
(premolar) extractions.
done. this should include: - Is a cost effective
alternative to general
 Name and signature of the operator together Diazepam and
anaesthesia
- Oral benzodiazepines - There is no role for
with the name(s) of the assistants. 8- can be used to relax intravenous diazepam
temazepam
10 anxious patients prior to sedation in paediatric
dental treatment but their dentistry.

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 Singh N et al: Conscious Sedation in Dentistry REVIEW ARTICLE

effects can be

11
unpredictable in children.
- May have a potential - Is not recommended
COMPLICATIONS
Midazolam
value as a pre-medication for use out with a
and sedative agent. hospital environment. The main complications related to conscious
Flumazenil-
12 -Reversal with Flumazenil - Flumazenil may induce sedation are : 18,19
should not be used as a
routine part of the
convulsions.
 Hypoxia
conscious sedation  Nausea and vomiting
Opioids and
procedure
-can be used to relax - Repeated
 Inadvertent general anaesthesia (over
other anxious patients prior to administration of chloral sedation).
miscellaneous dental treatment but their hydrate carries a risk of
agents with effects can be carcinogenesis.
sedative unpredictable in children. - Fentanyl and other
properties potent opioids should MONITORING
(chloral only be used by a
hydrate, qualified anaesthetist in All patients undergoing intravenous sedation must
hydroxyzine, a hospital setting.
promethyaine
be monitored continuously and thoroughly with
hydrochloride, pulse oximetry. There must be regular record of
fentanyl &
pethidine) various vital signs like pulse rate, oxygen saturation
and blood pressure.20

ROUTES OF Hypoxemia is a major complication following

conscious sedation in paediatric patients. Traditional
ADMINISTRATION methods of monitoring sedated paediatric patients
Routes Features include visual observation of skin colour, depth and
1 13 - Recommended route for conscious sedation
Inhalation rate of respiration, listening to heart and breath
for paediatric dentistry.
- Operator should use a close-fitting sounds using a pre-cordial stethoscope.21,22
scavenging nasal hood. An air-entrainment
valve is not required.
- Efficacy is reduced when patient object to Oxygen administration reduces hypoxia during
the nasal hood or have difficulty breathing
through the nose. procedures carried out during sedation and therefore
2 14 - Prescribed and administered by the
should be readily available.23
Oral
operating dentist within the facility where
the dental procedure is to take place.
- Children who are given an oral sedative
CONCLUSION
should be placed in a quiet room facility
together with their escort and a competent The provision of adequate anxiety control is an
member of staff.
- Sedated children should be monitored integral part of the practice of dentistry. All patients
clinically and electronically. deserve appropriate anxiety control for any dental
3 Intravenous -Intravenous sedation is not recommended in
conscious pre-cooperative children. Dentists should procedure. The application of conscious sedation
15 consider whether the provision of an elective
sedation
general anaesthetic might be preferable in
should be carried out effectively and precisely so
such circumstances. that it maintains a healthy gap from general
- Single drug intravenous sedation, e.g.
midazolam, is recommended for adolescents anesthesia and unconsciousness. More concern
who are psychologically and emotionally should be taken when this process is applied on
suitable.
- Intravenous sedation should only be pediatric patients. Seditionist must be aptly trained
administered by an experienced dental to perform sedations on patients.4,18
sedationist with a trained dental nurse in an
appropriate facility.
- A pulse oximeter, at least, should be used.
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