20. C There are 3 different possibilities for the first character.

The second character may

MT
UK
be any digit from 0 to 9 inclusive, so it has 10 different possibilities. The third
character differs from the second digit, so has 9 different possibilities. Once the

UK
M
second and third characters are determined, the fourth character is also determined

T
since it is the units digit of the sum of the second and third characters.
So, the number of different codes is 3 × 10 × 9 = 270. UKMT
21. D Let the area of each rectangle be Y . Then the total shaded area is
2 (Y − X) + X = 2Y − X. Therefore X = 18 (2Y − X). So 8X = 2Y − X,
that is 9X = 2Y . Therefore XY = 29 . UK INTERMEDIATE MATHEMATICAL CHALLENGE
B y CzD y
22. B Let the length of the sides of each small square be x. Then E
THURSDAY 5TH FEBRUARY 2015
the shaded area is 24x2. Let the perimeter of the square be y 5x

divided into eight line segments, each of length y, and four A Organised by the United Kingdom Mathematics Trust
line segments of length z. Some of these are labelled in the from the School of Mathematics, University of Leeds
diagram. By Pythagoras' Theorem in triangle ABC:
y2 + y2 = (5x)2, that is 2y2 = 25x2.
So y = 52 x = 5 2 2 x. Similarly, in the triangle with hypotenuse CD:
SOLUTIONS LEAFLET
x2 + x2 = z2, that is 2x2 = z2. So z = 2x. Therefore the length of the side of This solutions leaflet for the IMC is sent in the hope that it might provide all
the large square is 2y + z = 5 2x + 2x = 6 2x. So the area of the large concerned with some alternative solutions to the ones they have obtained.
square is (6 2x) = 72x2. Hence the required fraction is 24x
2
72x2 = 3 .
2 1
It is not intended to be definitive. The organisers would be very pleased to
receive alternatives created by candidates.
23. B The permutations which follow UKIMC in dictionary order are UKMCI,
UKMIC, UMCIK, UMCKI, UMICK, UMIKC, UMKCI, UMKIC. There are For reasons of space, these solutions are necessarily brief. Extended
eight of these, so UKIMC is 112th in the list. solutions, and some exercises for further investigation, can be found at:
24. E In the diagram V is the point where the perpendicular from U T
1
P meets TS. Let the side of the square RSTU be x. So the 8 x−8 V http://www.ukmt.org.uk/
P
radius of the arc from R to T is x. Therefore SP has length
x−1
x, PV has length x − 8 and VS has length x − 1. Applying x
Pythagoras' Theorem to triangle PVS: The UKMT is a registered charity
(x − 8)2 + (x − 1)2 = x2. So x2 − 16x + 64 + x2 − 2x + 1 = x2.
Therefore x2 − 18x + 65 = 0, so (x − 5) (x − 13) = 0. R S
Hence x = 5 or x = 13, but x > 8 so the length of the side of the square RSTU is 13.
25. D Points A, B, C, D, E, F on the perimeter of C 1. A 1 − 0.2 + 0.03 − 0.004 = 0.8 + 0.026 = 0.826.
the triangle are as shown. Let AD have
length x so that DB has length 3x. Let the F
1600 400
perpendicular from C to AB have length 4h. 2. E The number of steps climbed per minute ∼ = ∼ 130.
So, by similar triangles, the perpendicular 12 3
from E to DB has length h. The area of 4h E
triangle ABC is 12 × 4x × 4h = 8xh. The h 3. E Half of a third, plus a third of a quarter, plus a quarter of a fifth equals
area of triangle DBE is 12 × 3x × h = 23 xh. 1 1 1 10 + 5 + 3 18 3
A x D 3x B + + = = = .
So the area of triangle DBE is 163 of the area 6 12 20 60 60 10
of triangle ABC.
Similarly, by drawing perpendiculars to CB from A and from F, it may be shown
that the area of triangle FEC is 163 of the area of triangle ABC.
So the fraction of the area of the triangle that is shaded is 1 − 163 − 163 = 85 .
4. C The sum of the exterior angles of a convex polygon 13. A Three vertical lines have been 3 cm
equals 360°. The angle marked p° is the exterior angle of x° added to the diagram. These
a regular pentagon. So p = 360 ÷ 5 = 72. The angle divide the original diagram into 14 cm
sum of a triangle equals 180°, so q = 180 − 90 − 72 = 18. r° q° 4 rectangles. In each of these, a diagonal divides the rectangle into two triangles of
The angle marked r° is the interior angle of a regular equal area, one shaded and one unshaded. So the total shaded area in the original
pentagon, so r = 180 − 72 = 108. The angles marked rectangle is equal to the total unshaded area and is therefore equal to half the area of
q°, r° and x° lie along a straight line, so x = 180 − (q + r) p° the original rectangle. So the total shaded area is 12 × 3 × 14 cm2 = 21 cm2.
= 180 − (18 + 108) = 54.
14. C Suppose the first three terms of the sequence are a, b, c. Then c = 12 (a + b) and so
16 = (13) , 34 = (32) , 43 = 64 = 82 and 52 are all squares. However, 25 = 32
2 2
5. B a + b = 2c. The mean of the first three terms is then 13 (a + b + c) = 13 (2c + c) = c,
and is not a square. so the fourth term is c. Similarly, the following terms are all equal to c. Since one
6. D Let the length of the side of the regular hexagon be a. a a of these terms is 26 and a = 8 then b = 2c − a = 52 − 8 = 44.
Then its perimeter is 6a. Therefore the perimeter of the a 15. C The stripes are of equal width, so the 72 cm
equilateral triangle is also 6a, so the length of each of its width of each stripe is (72 ÷ 6) cm = h cm
24 cm
sides is 2a. The diagrams show that the equilateral triangle may be divided up 12 cm. The diagram shows that the
into 4 equilateral triangles of side a, whereas the regular hexagon may be divided difference between the areas of any two
into 6 such triangles. So the required ratio is 4 : 6 = 2 : 3. adjacent stripes is equal to the area of a rectangle of width 12 cm and height
12 × 24
7. E The tetrahedron has 6 edges and 4 vertices, so the required product is 6 × 4 = 24. h cm. By similar triangles, 12 h
= 24
72 . So h = 72 = 4. So the required area
is 12 × 4 cm = 48 cm .
2 2

8. B The two-digit squares are 16, 25, 36, 49, 64 and 81. Of these, only 49 and 81 16. D All four values cannot be prime. If this were so, both m × n and m ÷ n would
differ by 1 from a multiple of 10. be prime which can happen only if m is prime and n = 1. If m is an odd prime
9. B The sum of the exterior angles of a convex polygon equals 360°. Therefore then m + 1 is even and at least 4, hence not prime, while if m = 2 then m − 1
p + r + t + v + x = 360°. Similarly, q + s + u + w + y = 360°. is not prime but m + 1 = 3 is. Thus three prime values are the most we can have.
Therefore p + q + r + s + t + u + v + w + x + y = 720°. 17. D The 12 pentagonal panels have a total of 12 × 5 = 60 edges. The 20 hexagonal
10. C 22 × 33 × 55 × 77 is of the form 22 × an odd number. It therefore has the form panels have a total of 20 × 6 = 120 edges. So in total the panels have 180
4(2n + 1) = 8n + 4 where n is a positive integer and so leaves a remainder of 4 edges. When the panels are sewn together, two edges form each join. So the
when divided by 8. number of joins is 180 ÷ 2 = 90.
11. D As the 3 numbers have mean 7, their sum equals 3 × 7 = 21. For one of the 18. A Let the weights in kg of the box, 1 plate and 1 cup be b, p and c respectively.
numbers to be as large as possible the other two numbers must be as small as Then: b + 20p + 30c = 4.8 (i); b + 40p + 50c = 8.4 (ii).
possible. They must also be different and so must be 1 and 2. Hence the largest Subtracting (i) from (ii): 20p + 20c = 3.6 (iii). So 10p + 10c = 1.8 (iv).
possible of the three numbers equals 21 − (1 + 2) = 18. Subtracting (iv) from (i): b + 10p + 20c = 3. So the required weight is 3 kg.
12. D If the ant moves alternately from white square to black 19. A The small numbers in the figure show the lengths in 4
square and from black to white, then it will end on a white cm of each line segment. The larger numbers inside
4 14 9
3
square after 4 moves. So it must find a way to move from the figure show the areas in cm2 of each square or 16
white to white or from black to black. However, there is trapezium. (The area of a trapezium is 12 (a + b) h 3
only one pair of adjacent black squares and only one of where a and b are the lengths of the parallel sides and 4
15 6
white. To reach that pair of black squares, the ant must h is the perpendicular distance between them.) 6 15
move to one side then climb up to one of the pair. That So the area of the shaded portion in cm2 is 2
uses up 3 moves, and the fourth must take it to the other black square of that pair. 11 × 11 − (1 + 12 + 4 + 15 + 9 + 14 + 16 + 15) = 35. 1 2 4
1 1 12
Thus the two black squares in that pair are possible end points. (See the extended solutions for a beautifully elegant 8
If, instead, the ant uses the white pair, it must first move to one side, then climb solution of this problem.)
up to one of the white pair then across to the other square of that pair. That uses
3 moves. The fourth move can then take it to any of the three adjoining black
squares. This gives 6 end squares, but these include the two already identified.
So there are just 6 possible end squares which are black.
4. C The sum of the exterior angles of a convex polygon 13. A Three vertical lines have been 3 cm
equals 360°. The angle marked p° is the exterior angle of x° added to the diagram. These
a regular pentagon. So p = 360 ÷ 5 = 72. The angle divide the original diagram into 14 cm
sum of a triangle equals 180°, so q = 180 − 90 − 72 = 18. r° q° 4 rectangles. In each of these, a diagonal divides the rectangle into two triangles of
The angle marked r° is the interior angle of a regular equal area, one shaded and one unshaded. So the total shaded area in the original
pentagon, so r = 180 − 72 = 108. The angles marked rectangle is equal to the total unshaded area and is therefore equal to half the area of
q°, r° and x° lie along a straight line, so x = 180 − (q + r) p° the original rectangle. So the total shaded area is 12 × 3 × 14 cm2 = 21 cm2.
= 180 − (18 + 108) = 54.
14. C Suppose the first three terms of the sequence are a, b, c. Then c = 12 (a + b) and so
16 = (13) , 34 = (32) , 43 = 64 = 82 and 52 are all squares. However, 25 = 32
2 2
5. B a + b = 2c. The mean of the first three terms is then 13 (a + b + c) = 13 (2c + c) = c,
and is not a square. so the fourth term is c. Similarly, the following terms are all equal to c. Since one
6. D Let the length of the side of the regular hexagon be a. a a of these terms is 26 and a = 8 then b = 2c − a = 52 − 8 = 44.
Then its perimeter is 6a. Therefore the perimeter of the a 15. C The stripes are of equal width, so the 72 cm
equilateral triangle is also 6a, so the length of each of its width of each stripe is (72 ÷ 6) cm = h cm
24 cm
sides is 2a. The diagrams show that the equilateral triangle may be divided up 12 cm. The diagram shows that the
into 4 equilateral triangles of side a, whereas the regular hexagon may be divided difference between the areas of any two
into 6 such triangles. So the required ratio is 4 : 6 = 2 : 3. adjacent stripes is equal to the area of a rectangle of width 12 cm and height
12 × 24
7. E The tetrahedron has 6 edges and 4 vertices, so the required product is 6 × 4 = 24. h cm. By similar triangles, 12 h
= 24
72 . So h = 72 = 4. So the required area
is 12 × 4 cm = 48 cm .
2 2

8. B The two-digit squares are 16, 25, 36, 49, 64 and 81. Of these, only 49 and 81 16. D All four values cannot be prime. If this were so, both m × n and m ÷ n would
differ by 1 from a multiple of 10. be prime which can happen only if m is prime and n = 1. If m is an odd prime
9. B The sum of the exterior angles of a convex polygon equals 360°. Therefore then m + 1 is even and at least 4, hence not prime, while if m = 2 then m − 1
p + r + t + v + x = 360°. Similarly, q + s + u + w + y = 360°. is not prime but m + 1 = 3 is. Thus three prime values are the most we can have.
Therefore p + q + r + s + t + u + v + w + x + y = 720°. 17. D The 12 pentagonal panels have a total of 12 × 5 = 60 edges. The 20 hexagonal
10. C 22 × 33 × 55 × 77 is of the form 22 × an odd number. It therefore has the form panels have a total of 20 × 6 = 120 edges. So in total the panels have 180
4(2n + 1) = 8n + 4 where n is a positive integer and so leaves a remainder of 4 edges. When the panels are sewn together, two edges form each join. So the
when divided by 8. number of joins is 180 ÷ 2 = 90.
11. D As the 3 numbers have mean 7, their sum equals 3 × 7 = 21. For one of the 18. A Let the weights in kg of the box, 1 plate and 1 cup be b, p and c respectively.
numbers to be as large as possible the other two numbers must be as small as Then: b + 20p + 30c = 4.8 (i); b + 40p + 50c = 8.4 (ii).
possible. They must also be different and so must be 1 and 2. Hence the largest Subtracting (i) from (ii): 20p + 20c = 3.6 (iii). So 10p + 10c = 1.8 (iv).
possible of the three numbers equals 21 − (1 + 2) = 18. Subtracting (iv) from (i): b + 10p + 20c = 3. So the required weight is 3 kg.
12. D If the ant moves alternately from white square to black 19. A The small numbers in the figure show the lengths in 4
square and from black to white, then it will end on a white cm of each line segment. The larger numbers inside
4 14 9
3
square after 4 moves. So it must find a way to move from the figure show the areas in cm2 of each square or 16
white to white or from black to black. However, there is trapezium. (The area of a trapezium is 12 (a + b) h 3
only one pair of adjacent black squares and only one of where a and b are the lengths of the parallel sides and 4
15 6
white. To reach that pair of black squares, the ant must h is the perpendicular distance between them.) 6 15
move to one side then climb up to one of the pair. That So the area of the shaded portion in cm2 is 2
uses up 3 moves, and the fourth must take it to the other black square of that pair. 11 × 11 − (1 + 12 + 4 + 15 + 9 + 14 + 16 + 15) = 35. 1 2 4
1 1 12
Thus the two black squares in that pair are possible end points. (See the extended solutions for a beautifully elegant 8
If, instead, the ant uses the white pair, it must first move to one side, then climb solution of this problem.)
up to one of the white pair then across to the other square of that pair. That uses
3 moves. The fourth move can then take it to any of the three adjoining black
squares. This gives 6 end squares, but these include the two already identified.
So there are just 6 possible end squares which are black.
20. C There are 3 different possibilities for the first character. The second character may

MT
UK
be any digit from 0 to 9 inclusive, so it has 10 different possibilities. The third
character differs from the second digit, so has 9 different possibilities. Once the

UK
M
second and third characters are determined, the fourth character is also determined

T
since it is the units digit of the sum of the second and third characters.
So, the number of different codes is 3 × 10 × 9 = 270. UKMT
21. D Let the area of each rectangle be Y . Then the total shaded area is
2 (Y − X) + X = 2Y − X. Therefore X = 18 (2Y − X). So 8X = 2Y − X,
that is 9X = 2Y . Therefore XY = 29 . UK INTERMEDIATE MATHEMATICAL CHALLENGE
B y CzD y
22. B Let the length of the sides of each small square be x. Then E
THURSDAY 5TH FEBRUARY 2015
the shaded area is 24x2. Let the perimeter of the square be y 5x

divided into eight line segments, each of length y, and four A Organised by the United Kingdom Mathematics Trust
line segments of length z. Some of these are labelled in the from the School of Mathematics, University of Leeds
diagram. By Pythagoras' Theorem in triangle ABC:
y2 + y2 = (5x)2, that is 2y2 = 25x2.
So y = 52 x = 5 2 2 x. Similarly, in the triangle with hypotenuse CD:
SOLUTIONS LEAFLET
x2 + x2 = z2, that is 2x2 = z2. So z = 2x. Therefore the length of the side of This solutions leaflet for the IMC is sent in the hope that it might provide all
the large square is 2y + z = 5 2x + 2x = 6 2x. So the area of the large concerned with some alternative solutions to the ones they have obtained.
square is (6 2x) = 72x2. Hence the required fraction is 24x
2
72x2 = 3 .
2 1
It is not intended to be definitive. The organisers would be very pleased to
receive alternatives created by candidates.
23. B The permutations which follow UKIMC in dictionary order are UKMCI,
UKMIC, UMCIK, UMCKI, UMICK, UMIKC, UMKCI, UMKIC. There are For reasons of space, these solutions are necessarily brief. Extended
eight of these, so UKIMC is 112th in the list. solutions, and some exercises for further investigation, can be found at:
24. E In the diagram V is the point where the perpendicular from U T
1
P meets TS. Let the side of the square RSTU be x. So the 8 x−8 V http://www.ukmt.org.uk/
P
radius of the arc from R to T is x. Therefore SP has length
x−1
x, PV has length x − 8 and VS has length x − 1. Applying x
Pythagoras' Theorem to triangle PVS: The UKMT is a registered charity
(x − 8)2 + (x − 1)2 = x2. So x2 − 16x + 64 + x2 − 2x + 1 = x2.
Therefore x2 − 18x + 65 = 0, so (x − 5) (x − 13) = 0. R S
Hence x = 5 or x = 13, but x > 8 so the length of the side of the square RSTU is 13.
25. D Points A, B, C, D, E, F on the perimeter of C 1. A 1 − 0.2 + 0.03 − 0.004 = 0.8 + 0.026 = 0.826.
the triangle are as shown. Let AD have
length x so that DB has length 3x. Let the F
1600 400
perpendicular from C to AB have length 4h. 2. E The number of steps climbed per minute ∼ = ∼ 130.
So, by similar triangles, the perpendicular 12 3
from E to DB has length h. The area of 4h E
triangle ABC is 12 × 4x × 4h = 8xh. The h 3. E Half of a third, plus a third of a quarter, plus a quarter of a fifth equals
area of triangle DBE is 12 × 3x × h = 23 xh. 1 1 1 10 + 5 + 3 18 3
A x D 3x B + + = = = .
So the area of triangle DBE is 163 of the area 6 12 20 60 60 10
of triangle ABC.
Similarly, by drawing perpendiculars to CB from A and from F, it may be shown
that the area of triangle FEC is 163 of the area of triangle ABC.
So the fraction of the area of the triangle that is shaded is 1 − 163 − 163 = 85 .