Location via proxy:   [ UP ]  
[Report a bug]   [Manage cookies]                
Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 37 views

    Chapter5 PDF

    Uploaded by

    lu cucu
    The definite integral calculates the area under a curve between bounds a and b. It is defined as a limit of Riemann sums. If a function is continuous or has a finite number of discontinuities, it is integrable. The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus relates integrals and derivatives, stating that the integral of a function is the antiderivative of that function, and vice versa. Definite integrals can be evaluated using the substitution rule, where a function is substituted for the variable of integration.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Chapter5 PDF

    Uploaded by

    lu cucu
    37 views10 pages
    The definite integral calculates the area under a curve between bounds a and b. It is defined as a limit of Riemann sums. If a function is continuous or has a finite number of discontinuities, it is integrable. The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus relates integrals and derivatives, stating that the integral of a function is the antiderivative of that function, and vice versa. Definite integrals can be evaluated using the substitution rule, where a function is substituted for the variable of integration.

    Original Title

    chapter5.pdf

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    The definite integral calculates the area under a curve between bounds a and b. It is defined as a limit of Riemann sums. If a function is continuous or has a finite number of discontinuities, it is integrable. The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus relates integrals and derivatives, stating that the integral of a function is the antiderivative of that function, and vice versa. Definite integrals can be evaluated using the substitution rule, where a function is substituted for the variable of integration.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    37 views10 pages

    Chapter5 PDF

    Uploaded by

    lu cucu
    The definite integral calculates the area under a curve between bounds a and b. It is defined as a limit of Riemann sums. If a function is continuous or has a finite number of discontinuities, it is integrable. The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus relates integrals and derivatives, stating that the integral of a function is the antiderivative of that function, and vice versa. Definite integrals can be evaluated using the substitution rule, where a function is substituted for the variable of integration.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 10

    Lecture 21: The Definite Integral (Sections 5.2, 5.

    3
    & 5.4)

    Definition
    If f is defined and continuous for a ≤ x ≤ b, we divide [a, b] into n
    subintervals of equal width 4x = (b − a)/n. Let
    x0 (= a), x1 , x2 , . . . , xn (= b) be the endpoints of these subintervals and
    letxi∗ be any sample point in the subinterval [xi−1 , xi ]. Then the definite
    integral of f from a to b is
    Z b n
    X
    f (x)dx = lim f (xi∗ )4x
    a n→∞
    i=1

    if the limit exists. If so, f is integrable on [a, b].


    n
    X Z b Z
    The sum f (xi∗ )4x is a Riemman sum of f. In f (x)dx, is an
    i=1 a
    integral sign, f (x) is an integrand, a and b are lower and upper limits of
    integration.
    Theorem
    If f is continuous on [a, b], or if f has only a finite number of jump
    discontinuities, then f is integrable on [a, b].

    Fact
    If f is a nonnegative
    continuous function on [a, b],
    then the area enclosed by the
    lines x = a, x = b, y = 0
    (the x-axis) and the curve
    y = f (x) is
    Z b
    A= f (x)dx
    a

    Properties of the integral


    Z b
    (1) f (x) dx =
    a
    Z b
    (2) c dx =
    a
    Z b
    (3) [f (x) ± g (x)] dx =
    a
    Z b
    (4) cf (x) dx =
    a
    Z b
    (5) f (x) dx =
    a
    (6) If f (x) ≥ 0 for a ≤ x ≤ b, then

    (7) If f (x) ≥ g (x) for a ≤ x ≤ b, then

    (8) If m ≤ f (x) ≤ M for a ≤ x ≤ b, then


    The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus

    Part I
    If f is continuous on [a, b],then the function g defined by
    Z x
    g (x) = f (t) dt a≤x ≤b
    a

    is continuous on (a, b), and g 0 (x) = f (x).


    Z x
    Example 1: (a) Find the derivative of g (x) = t cos t dt
    a

    Z x2
    d
    (b) Find t cos t dt
    dx a
    Part II
    If f is continuous on [a, b],then
    Z b
    f (x) dx = F (b) − F (a)
    a

    where F is any antiderivative of f (F 0 = f ).


    Z 1
    Example 2: Evaluate the integral x 3 dx
    0

    2
    x4 + 1
    Z
    Example 3: Evaluate the integral dx
    1 x2
    Z π/2
    Example 4: Evaluate cos x dx and sketch the area represented by
    0
    this definite integral.

    Z 1 √
    Z 2 √
    2
    Example 5: Evaluate (x + x) dx , (x + x)2 dx
    0 2
    1
    Example 6: Find the area bounded by f (x) = 2 and the x-axis from
    x
    x = 1 to x = 4.
    A=

    Example 7: Find the area of the region bounded by the x-axis and the
    graph of 
    x + 1, if x ≤ 0;
    f (x) =
    sec2 x, if x > 0
    on the interval [−1, π/4]
    A=
    Indefinite Integrals and the Net Change Theorem

    Indefinite Integrals
    R
    f (x) dx is used to denote an antiderivative of f, and is called an
    indefinite integral of f:
    Z
    f (x) dx = F (x) =⇒ F 0 (x) = f (x)
    Z
    1+x
    Example 8: Evaluate dx
    x3

    Table of Indefinite Integrals


    Z
    1. cf (x) dx =
    Z
    2. [f (x) ± g (x)] dx =
    Z
    3. k dx =
    Z
    4. x n dx =
    Z
    5. sin x dx =
    Z
    6. cos x dx =
    Z
    7. sec2 x dx =
    Z
    8. sec x tan x dx =
    Z
    sin t
    Example 9: Evaluate dt
    cos2 t

    Z π/2
    Example 10: Evaluate (1 + cos x) dx
    0

    Lecture 22: The Substitution Rule (Section 5.5)


    Z
    Example 1: Find 2x cos (x 2 ) dx

    The Substitution Rule


    If u = g (x) is a differentiable function whose range is an interval I, and f
    is continuous on I, then
    Z Z
    f (g (x))g 0 (x) dx = f (u) du
    Z
    x
    Example 2: Find √ dx
    2x 2 + 3

    The Substitution Rule For Definite Integrals


    If g 0 is continuous on [a, b], and f is continuous on the range of
    u = g (x), then
    Z b Z g (b)
    0
    f (g (x))g (x) dx = f (u) du
    a g (a)

    Z 2
    2x
    Example 3: Find dx
    1 (x 2 + 1)2
    1
    cos (x −2 )
    Z
    Example 4: Find dx
    1/2 x3

    Z 1
    tan x
    Example 5: Find dx
    −1 x4 + 1

    Integrals of odd and even functions


    Let f be a continuous function on [−a, a].
    Z a Z 2
    If f is even [f (−x) = f (x)], then f (x) dx = 2 f (x) dx
    −a 0
    Z a
    If f is odd [f (−x) = −f (x)], then f (x) dx = 0
    −a

    You might also like