CNT4702 CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY IV PROJECT

AUTHOR: MOLEBOGENG MATHIBEDI

STUDENT NUMBER: 57143862
UNIQUE CODE: 778248
PROJECT: ASSIGNMENT 2
COURSE: BTECH STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING
DUE DATE: 30 AUGUST 2019
UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AFRICA
 CNT4702 CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY IV

AUTHOR: MOLEBOGENG MATHIBEDI

DECLARATION:

I Declare that this assignment is my own work and that all sources quoted have been
acknowledged by appropriate references

SIGNED: M MATHIBEDI DATE: 10 JULY 2019

PLACE: NINAPARK, PRETORIA SOUTH AFRICA

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BAMBOO REINFORCEMENT AS AN ALTERNATIVE TO STEEL REINFORCEMENT IN CONCRETE

BY MOLEBOGENG MATHIBEDI
3
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would like to thank God, my Grandparents, my Mother and my Family who supported me throughout and made who I
am today possible and have been there through the rough and the great times in my career and studies I would also
like to acknowledge the works of the research papers I obtained from several sources which are each individually and
appropriately listed in the references section at the end of this review report using Harvard Referencing. Within the
paper some of the literature reviews within the body of the report have been cited.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................................................. 6
INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................................................... 7
............................................................................................................................... 7
.................................................................................................................................. 8
................................................................................................................................. 8
........................................................................................................................... 9
LITERATURE REVIEW ......................................................................................................................................... 10
.................................... 10
.................................................................................................................... 12
.............. 15
....................................................... 20
.............. 28
GENERAL DISCUSSION ...................................................................................................................................... 30
CONCLUSION ....................................................................................................................................................... 31
RECOMMENDATIONS ......................................................................................................................................... 31
RESOURCES ........................................................................................................................................................ 32

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 ABSTRACT

This Literature Review will be based on Bamboo Rebars as an alternative material to use for reinforcement in concrete
rather than the conventional Steel Rebars that we widely use in the South African construction industry. In the thesis we
will look at:
• The Introduction of Bamboo Rebar and Bamboo in construction;
• Investigate why Bamboo over Steel as rebar;
• How far research has reached in terms of studies based on bamboo being an alternative material to steel;
• The economical factors of bamboo as compared to steel;
• The advantages and disadvantages of bamboo rebar as compared to steel rebar;
• The usage of bamboo in construction across the world;
• Literature reviews of prior studies on the topic;
• The results of several researchers, their analysis and their differences on bamboo rebar as an alternative to steel
rebar; and
• General discussions on the findings and recommendations based on the review of prior research and facts on the
topic.

Accompanying this report will be a DVD with a Microsoft Power Point Presentation and Video Presentation of my findings.

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 INTRODUCTION

Steel is used worldwide as means of reinforcement in concrete and construction. In our Textbooks and even for design
and analysis purposes of Reinforced Concrete we design and construct using Steel. But what if Steel was to run out? Or
production can no longer continue or for any other reason the thought or idea comes into play that regards steel no
longer a viable material for concrete reinforcement. Technological advances are inevitable to human beings, we won’t
always be using steel and steel is not an unlimited resource either, it has its limits and is quite expensive nowadays and
has disadvantages such as corrosion which can’t be overlooked neither can its high price, as people are earning less than
what they can afford in today’s world everything is expensive. It is important to always have an alternative source to
any material that is widely used in this case there should be a material if need be that can be used as an alternative to
steel. This thesis is behind the basis of research made on any viable material that can replace steel in concrete
reinforcement. Therefore the Problem or Challenge in this case is researching any other material rather than steel that
can be used for reinforcement, the advantages and disadvantages of this material and its properties, all prior research
made on the material, its usage in construction and factors such as economical factors as compared to steel. The purpose
is not only to compare this material to steel but state facts as to why this material can be used as an alternative to steel
and still offer the satisfactory that steel offers in reinforcement. The Material I have chosen is Bamboo which is what my
findings and literature will be based upon.
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The aim of this thesis is to obtain research on Bamboo as a Viable Replacement for Steel in Concrete.

The Objectives will be to:

• Compile a full review report of the research made on bamboo as a viable replacement of concrete and compare it
to steel in concrete;
• Compare Bamboo to Steel in terms of economical factors, technical and chemical properties, advantages,
disadvantages, etc;
• Review research on advances in bamboo in reinforcement and construction;
• Make Clear and Logical Arguments and Statements;
• Draw Clear Conclusions; and
• Make a Recommendation based on the research obtained

The Scope will be Limited to the research made from previous studies based on bamboo as a rebar, its properties and
bamboo in construction.

The full scope consists of compiling a review report covering the following topics:
• Introduction of Bamboo in construction and Bamboo Rebar History and Advances;
• Thorough Research and Experiments made on Bamboo as rebar and usage in construction;
• The Economical Factors of bamboo as compared to steel;
• The advantages and disadvantages of bamboo rebar as compared to steel rebar;
• The different opinions of Bamboo as reinforcement ; and
• General discussions on the findings and recommendations based on the review of prior research and facts on the
topics.

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The Chapters covered in this review report will be as follows:

➢ Literature Review:
• The Need of an Alternative Material for Steel Reinforcement
• Bamboo in Construction
• Viability of Bamboo as a replacement material for steel reinforcement
• Prior Research and Experimental Results of Bamboo
• Highlights of Advantages and Disadvantages of Bamboo as reinforcement
➢ General Discussion:
• Summary of Findings
➢ Conclusion
➢ Recommendations
➢ References

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 LITERATURE REVIEW

It is has been cited based on prior research and analysis that due to present global energy crisis caused by what is
referred to as “indiscriminate industrial growth”, is causing increasing concerns and debates on the management of the
energy resources that are still available on the Earth and also about Environmental Degradation. Due to this there is said
to be a highly intensive on-going search for non-polluting materials and manufacturing processes, which requires less
energy. Due to this energy crisis the attention of researchers and industries has turned to materials such as vegetable
fibres including bamboo, soil, wastes from industry, mining and agriculture for engineering applications. In a huge global
effort to find a suitable substitute for the health hazardous previously made asbestos cement, and so new cements are
being made using all types of wastes are being developed and used to make composites that are reinforced with fibres.
(Ghavami ,2004)

Research shows that in most of the third world, tropical and Asian countries, investigations are based on finding suitable
substitutes for steel reinforcement in concrete that are more affordable, stronger, more durable, possess good tensile
characteristics and it is environmentally friendly. Bamboo is one of the materials that have been identified and evaluated
as a natural fibre by experts and researchers and it was found to be relatively less expensive, it demands less energy
demand during production, its environmentally friendly and is 100% bio-degradable. Bamboo is said to be a possible
substitute for steel reinforcement and steel mesh. (Nwoke & Ugwuishiwu, 2011)

In the past few years the economy has been bad for most countries, steel has become very expensive and unaffordable.
For most of the developing countries steel has become too expensive and difficult to obtain, and for the construction
industry, the usage of steel is said to be currently heavily limited. The production of steel is said to have a high
consumption of the Earth’s fossil fuels, and in doing so, the steel discharge in the construction of structures has been
presented and shown to have possibly drastically reduced by research institutes. It is vital for these developing countries
to make new developments of buildings in construction as low cost as possible, no requirement of sophisticated
technologies and with reliable construction methods. Factors such as environmental destruction, which cause the pollution
of air and water, due to the rapid development and production of materials like steel that make use of limited mineral
resources. But on the other hand the bamboo plants and fibres are annually reproducible clean resources.(Terai &
Minami, 2012)

On an article written by (Srimathi, Dinesh, Preetha & Reshmi, 2016) Giant bamboos are said to be the largest members
of the grass family. Bamboo is one of the fastest growing plants in the world. It has been reported that certain species
of bamboo can grow up to 91cm within a 24-hour period. They are said to be notable of economic and cultural
significance as they are being used for building materials and are a versatile raw product. Bamboo is said to have a
higher compressive strength than materials such as bricks, woods and even concrete. Bamboo reportedly has a higher
tensile strength than concrete. The demand for timber has globally increased at a rapid rate and unfortunately the
supply is depleting. But industrially treated bamboo is said to have now shown greater strength as well as for
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manufacturing of composite materials and components which are now more economical and can be suitable for structural
and non-structural applications in construction. Developing countries are said to have the highest demand for steel
reinforced concrete yet the issue remains of these developing countries not being able to produce enough steel to meet
that demand. New reports suggest that in the near future an abundance, sustainability and extremely resilient bamboo
species has the potential to become an ideal replacement in places where steel cannot easily be produced. (Research
Gate, 2016)

The reality at hand is said to be clear that resources have become more and more scarce, humanities needs are growing
faster than ever before. Bamboo is readily available and is breaking the soil and reaching towards the sky, as vital as
it has always said to be, and produces a significant amount of biomass that calls for attention. Bamboo call for creativity,
scientific curiosity and ingenuity. (Arce-Villalobos, 1993)

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It has been written and discovered that if a bamboo is stripped into thin pieces and then woven into a mesh it could
possibly be impregnated in the middle of a 10cm thick cement mortar to construct walls\ for low cost houses. The system
here that is being suggested will be that the factory-made walls where door and window openings are pre-formed in
the bamboo mesh and embedded in a 10cm (4inch-) thick cement mortar. The idea is to have low-cost houses. It is said
that our ancestors have been making use of bamboo strips that were embedded into mud in order to build houses. A
further investigation into precast wall-sections that have bamboo fibres reinforced cement shall have vindicated our
modern education of reinforcement. (Nwoke & Ugwuishiwu, 2011)

According to a discovery made in the paper written by (Nwoke & Ugwuishiwu, 2011), it was noted that Bamboo had
reportedly been the construction material of choice, used in about 70% of the houses in the rural areas of the eastern
part of Nigeria. However it was also very evident that those houses were not built to standard and were built not using
the accepted scientific standards of construction technology, to point out such standards the walls were not straight nor
reinforced and the bamboo is exposed to the effects of external nature elements such as sun and rain with no foundation
whatsoever to stand onto steadily. Due to this the houses looked very poor and had to be repaired on an annual basis
and therefore the age-old bamboo technology had then been looked down upon as inferior and suitable only for
temporary shelter. But with the simple application of simple drawings, constant follow ups bamboo has now finally been
implemented into model houses the technological gap can now be filled by adding the scientific knowledge and
technological expertise to enhance the traditionally accepted methods, more user friendly and environmentally sound
technology has made locally available material such as bamboo more acceptable, stronger construction, durable and
more practically sound. In this manner treatment of bamboo Is then introduced. As the end results will be the ability to
build more cost effective and affordable houses that are also modern and decent in Nigeria. (Nwoke & Ugwuishiwu,
2011)

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Bamboo is said to have attracted human being’s attention for centuries, and that many publications have been devoted
to the description of the hundreds of applications that mankind has given to this Gramminae. Applications in the field of
civil engineering are said to be neither rare nor new, that bridges, panels for roofing and walling, fun or split culms as
earth supporting structures, fun culms as beams or columns, as elements for the construction of frames and trusses. How-
ever it is also duly noted that humans have systematically decreased the usage of bamboo for construction purposes.
(Arce-Villalobos, 1993) states:” When the author of this thesis asked a Taiwanese expert, ten years ago, why less and less
bamboo was used in construction in south-east Asia, he answered that it had already been considered to be a poor man's
material for some time. Indeed, one sees how the peasants of Thailand have practically abandoned the practice of building
with bamboo though the material is available and handy, in spite of the fact that this material used to be a primary
construction material all over south-east Asia and Japan”. What was observed from this by (Arce-Villalobos, 1993) is that
the rural areas of south-east Asia had people that still only used bamboo as a last resort, on a "better than nothing"
basis. When people were asked about the properties of bamboo for construction purposes, it was noted that the first
problem that was identified by them was the durability of the culms. Which led some field observations and the testimony
of some people concluding that bamboo rots under certain conditions in less than one year. Even so with the complexity
of the constructions and availability of bamboo in terms of small-scale housing projects this is not considered a huge
problem as the replacement of bamboo is reported to be cheap and straightforward. How-ever when it comes to large-
scale housing projects this creates a long-term problem of maintenance, unless any other effective preservation is put
into place. Presently studies show that no such preservation processes are readily available rural people, at a reasonable
cost and with a sufficient level of efficiency and security. (Arce-Villalobos, 1993)

Through research it has been found that certain species of bamboo have ultimate tensile strength that is the same as that
of mild steel at yield point and that this coupled with other merits boosts the usage of bamboo as a construction material.
Bamboo is said to be a very versatile material because of its high strength-to-weight ratio, easy workability and
availability. Even so Bamboo still needs to be chemically treated due to its low natural durability. It can be used in
various manners such as a roof structure as purlins, rafters and reapers, for flooring, doors and windows, walling, ceiling,
man-hole covers etc. (Singh & Jodhani , 2016)

(Singh & Jodhani , 2016) describe the applications and usage of bamboo in construction as follows:
• Bamboo Trusses
• Bamboo Roofs Skeleton
• Bamboo walling/ceiling
• Bamboo Doors and Windows
• Bamboo Flooring
• Reed Boards
• Scaffolding
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On an article titled Bamboo as Green Alternative to Steel for Reinforced Concrete Elements of a Low Cost Residential
Building written by: (Dr. Ashok Kumar Gupta, Dr. Rajiv Ganguly** & Ankit Singh Mehra, 2015) Bamboo is said to be a
rather promising material for the future. It is reportedly expected that in the near future the world will be witnessing
more participations of bamboo in the construction industry and that the creation of bamboo will now be of simple yet
aesthetically pleasing buildings, encouraging the healing of the environment to some extent. India is said to be the second
richest country in bamboo genetic resource after China. (Sharma, 1987) reported that 136 species of bamboo were
growing in India and that 58 species of bamboo belonging to 10 genera were distributed in the North Eastern states
alone. According to researchers, bamboo has several net worthy futures and can now be considered for applications of
bamboo as a structural material (Research Gate, 2015)

Studies show that in recent years many researches around the world have begun to explore the usage of low-cost and
low-energy substitute construction materials. Among these possibilities for such substitutions is bamboo, which is one of
the fastest growing plants in the world and has a great economic potential. Bamboo is said to been used widely in
constructions of bridges and houses for thousands of years in Asia. Bamboo is said to consume less energy during
harvesting and transportation. Bamboo is concluded to have low manufacturing costs compared to steel. Bamboo is
widely used in countries and regions that have no advancements in manufacturing technology and construction techniques.
(Terai & Minami, 2012)

According to by (Srimathi, Dinesh, Preetha & Reshmi, 2016) on the (Research Gate, 2016) bamboo can be used in
construction both internally and externally
• Internally: Flooring, Support columns, Electrical wire coverings, Interior walls and Eco-friendly products for kitchen
and bath.
• Externally: Structural frames, Corner posts, Girders, Joists, Studs, Braces, Tie beams, King posts, Purlins, Ridgepoles,
Rafters, Sheathing, Roofing and Exterior walls

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On a Project Report written by (Kumar, Naudiyal, Khan & Saifi, 2017), based on Bamboo as a Reinforcement Material.
The Authors stated that the Clemson Agricultural College had been intensively studying the usage of bamboo as
reinforcement in Portland cement concrete. They further went on to explain the fact that Bamboo had been used as a
building material globally by the human civilization for the longest period of time but that after the Clemson study, the
usage of bamboo as reinforcement had gained more attention and that the study of the feasibility of using bamboo as
reinforcing material in precast concrete elements was then conducted by the U. S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment
Station in 1964. Various tests were carried and presented and deduced by various universities and the U.S navy and
these tests had proven the viability of bamboo in structural members such as columns and girders. Within these tests that
were conducted by the U. S. Army Engineer Waterways, the Ultimate Strength Design procedures that took place
included the modification requirements that needed to be taken into account in terms of the characteristics of the bamboo
reinforcement, the bamboo was used to estimate the ultimate load carrying capacity of the precast concrete elements
with bamboo reinforcement. These studies have been used as a reference world-wide.

(Kumar, Naudiyal, Khan & Saifi, 2017) confidently expressed that Bamboo is a material that can replace steel in several
parts of a certain structure. They further go on to state that Bamboo can be used extensively in column design and that
the main reasons for putting forth the methods in the field of changing reinforcements to bamboo is in the bamboo’s
Carbon-Absorbing property as it grows, so instead of emitting CO2, unlike steel, while it is in the stages of growing, the
bamboo instead absorbs all the CO2, this is said to aid in the reduction of the self-weight of the structure. Bamboo is
said to have a very fibrous structure and can also absorb vibrations which aids in low magnitude seismic shocks. Which
when compared to steel, a lot of money is spent on buying steel for seismic proofing and placing them in between the
walls for shock absorption. The bamboo is much more affordable and can also be easily cut according to the required
cross-section and length elements of the bamboo, thus saving the cost of cutting it with heavy machinery moreover, its
15

fibrous structure gives it an edge over steel in absorbing vibrations.(Kumar, Naudiyal, Khan & Saifi, 2017)
Research suggests that certain species of bamboo have an ultimate tensile strength, which is the same as that of mild
steel at yield point and this coupled with other merits boosts the usage of bamboo as construction material. Bamboo is
said to be a versatile material because of the bamboo’s high strength-to-weight ratio, easy workability and availability,
but even so bamboo requires to be chemically treated due to their low natural durability. (Pratish Kumar Singh, Aashish
Jodhani, Abhay Pratap Singh, 2016) from (International Journal of Civil and Structural Engineering Research, 2016)

In a research paper written by (Terai & Minami, 2012) they confirmed the combination of bamboo and concrete structure
as viable, and that for construction purposes of actual structure realistic procedures need to be looked at. by (Terai &
Minami, 2012) suggested that their study was the first step towards the development for the future of bamboo as
reinforcement and that it is of high importance to gather more experimental data and practical applications of the
bamboo. (Terai & Minami, 2012) further suggested that the practical application of a structure with bamboo as
reinforcement requires the following conditions: 1) Design of the structure with bamboo, 2) Combinations of materials
(the concrete strength and type of bamboo), 3) Construction and Workability and 4) Durability of bamboo within mortar
and concrete. (Terai & Minami, 2012)

After several tests and experiments the (International Journal of Advance Engineering and Research Development, 2017)
concluded that bamboo can be used as a construction material in replacement of reinforcement bars.
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On an article written by (International Journal of Engineering and Management Research, 2014) The following
conclusions were made based on experimental results:
• From the test result from the lab they found that the tensile strength of bamboo was approximately one half that of
mild steel and that the modulus of elasticity of the bamboo was approximately one third that of mild steel.
• The test results also revealed that the load carrying capacity of the bamboo reinforced slab that was used in the
experiment had a higher square cross-section than other bamboo reinforced slabs reinforced with bamboo sticks of
triangular and circular cross section. From test results it was also discovered that the load at the first crack and ultimate
load in bamboo reinforced slab with square cross section was 30% less than that of mild steel concrete slab.
• The deflection of the bamboo reinforced slabs with square cross section was found to be less amongst the bamboo
reinforced slabs with triangular and circular cross sections. From these particular test results, it was found that at the
first crack, deflection in the bamboo reinforced slab with square cross section was 25% less than that of mild steel
concrete slab.
• The conclusion in the end even though only a few tests were conducted revealed that Bamboo may be used as
substitute of steel reinforcement. How-ever in this particular article the authors state that this can only apply for
regions of the world where availability of steel is limited and where plain concrete members are commonly being
used.

On an article written by (Ghavami, 2004) he stated that since1979, Brazil has been doing research on non-conventional
materials and technologies for reinforcement and construction purposes. He further on wrote that new building
components were being developed using vegetable fibre as reinforcement of cement mortar and bamboo as
reinforcements in beams, columns, slabs and permanent shutter forms in concrete slabs and columns. The research results
that were obtained from The Brazilian universities and other institutes around the world, the first norms for bamboo was
created determining the physical and mechanical properties of the bamboo. These norms have since been evaluated by
ICBO and are estimated to be included in the ISO norms in the near future [22]. The results obtained from the
investigations proved that bamboo is a suitable substitute for steel sin reinforcement. It was discovered that the structural
elements of the bamboo developed and studied could be used in many building constructions.(Ghavami, 2004) Further
pointed out that many investigations have been carried out, in order to establish the durability of bamboo reinforcement,
besides improving the bonding of bamboo reinforcing bars, and that is a serious need to establish the characteristic
strength of bamboo for design purposes based on a diligent statistical analysis.(Ghavami, 2004) goes on further to say
that there is even a greater need in introducing courses at graduate and post-graduate levels on the usage of bamboo
as a structural material in universities and technical schools besides establishing specific international norms for using
bamboo in the design of structural elements. (Ghavami, 2004)

In experiments conducted and assessed by (Baldrey, Holmberg, & Johnston, 2018), they discovered that injected bamboo
was stronger than normal bamboo with a loading resistance that was found to be approximately 1/3 that of a standard
steel rebar reinforced concrete beam. The paper further on goes to explain that injected bamboo’s weight savings are
3 times lighter per unit of length than steel rebar. The Authors further go on to describe Bamboo as an orthotropic
material which just means that it grows in a vertical direction, the writers further state that the Bamboo displays
satisfactory deflection values especially when paired with the elastomeric polyurethane injection., and that even though
17

moisture infiltration was present, secondary research in coatings could possibly yield a more suitable deterrent.
Steel is expensive and bamboo which is more economical has a 21.2% cost advantage over steel reinforcement bar,
which makes the injected bamboo even more attractive. Although at the same time these authors also agree that further
research is needed to evaluate the global financial sustainability of bamboo structural reinforcement., as this economical
impact would then be a very fruitful exchange and about-face of position for many steel import reliant regions whom
also command considerable natural bamboo growth areas. In conclusion of this paper the Authors stated clearly that
within the confines of their testing parameters, bamboo is indeed a viable alternative to steel reinforcement in concrete.
(Baldrey, Holmberg, & Johnston, 2018)

In another article that I discovered online in the (International Journal of Advance Engineering and Research
Development,2017) after a series of tests it was concluded that bamboo can be used as a construction material in
replacement of reinforcement bars., but that however, the water absorption displayed by the bamboo within the tests
was an un-favorable inherent material limitation, which could possibly lead to poor bonding between the concrete and
bamboo, and the cracking of the concrete during the curing process. This is said to be a defect that needs serious
correcting before any bamboo can be used as a reinforcement material for concrete. Bamboo is considered to have
very good tensile strength, but according to the availability of the shape and size of bamboo that can be used even in
two storey buildings. It is written as well that bamboo rods need to be coated before usage in the construction. Even
though the writer reached this conclusion he further went on to write a “Future Scope” which stated that before humans
actually start using bamboo as reinforcement bars in structural members that it was highly necessary to do more research
on a larger scale. He even further describes how this can be achieved by means design and casting procedures of large
size structural member like column, beam or slab and perform compressive and tensile test as per IS codes in order to
check its viability. The writer than re-introduces the concept of coated bamboo vs non coated bamboo pieces in structural
members in order to check out the importance of coating on bamboo, and record any changes in its bonding strength
and also perform a water absorption test. He then further states that the life cycle of these components should be taken
into consideration. As previous writers and researchers also stated he insists that further long-term tests need to be
performed in order to determine the design life of bamboo reinforced concrete structure and that the specific elastic
modulus is one of the most vital properties of bamboo to the strength and stiffness of it, so the experimental work to
check out these properties needs to be checked.(International Journal of Advance Engineering and Research
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Development,2017)
On a research paper on the (Research Gate,2015) written by (Akwada and Akinlabi, 2015) based on studies in Ghana,
the writers concluded that even though bamboo is a fast regenerative material for the production of wood products in
the construction industries, that sustainable measures needed to be put in place and that there should be strict policies in
place that control the harvesting of only the matured culms forests and plantations. Which in recent studies and research
indicate that bamboo as a renewable resource is under a high threat of depletion, to comment on this my recent research
on bamboo indicated that it was running extinct and that it and the Panda are both on the extinction prevention lists
worldwide which is also why and high yielding species should be introduced across tropical and subtropical countries
where bamboo growth is known to be sustainable. (Research Gate,2015)

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(JUNG,2006) made a research program based on the viability of bamboo as a reinforcement agent in concrete and he
evaluated the bamboo based on tensile and pull-out tests. Various tensile tests were conducted, which consisted of only
two types of bamboo species (Solid Bamboo & Moso Bamboo), this study also included the bond strength of bamboo
reinforcing bars in concrete. The compressive strength tests yielded under observation approximately 41.4 MPa. The
aim of these experiments was to evaluate the possibility of using bamboo as reinforcement instead of steel and other
materials as FRP. Findings and results showed that the tensile stress-strain behaviour and compressive strength of concrete
are directly related to the bond strength. Which explains the peak cracking stress and corresponding strain, composite
elastic modulus, and matrix compressive strength experimentally determined the bond strength by tensile response. A
series of tests took place and the following conclusions were revealed from the research study and tests conducted:
Tension Tests: The Bamboo sample had failed due to: node failure, splitting failure, and failure at the vicinity of the
aluminium tab. The Moso Bamboo’s tensile samples had shown to have more strength and ductility. Almost all 12 Bamboo
samples of Solid and Moso ,without any nodes failed earlier than (152 mm) samples mostly at the grip. The Bamboo
samples with nodes for Solid Bamboo failed at a slightly higher load and the nodes for the Moso bamboo failed at a
slightly lower load as compared to the Solid Bamboo. It was further observed that almost all the Solid bamboo samples
failed at the grip, but that the Moso and Solid samples with nodes failed at the nodes.

Pull-out Tests: In this test based on the assumption that the bond strength is the highest and that the slip is smallest when
the length of bamboo is (304 mm) and bamboo is put (38 mm) from center. It was also observed that the Load-bond
slip relationship for different test samples behaved differently. Another observation was that High slope values formed
at low loads. And in conclusion according to the average data collected for the bamboo pull-out test as compared to
the steel tests reported in the literatures and studies, the bond strength of bamboos was found to be lower than that of
steel reinforcing bar, approximately 8 MPa Also, the bond strength of bamboos was found to be lower when compared
20

to that of the FRP reinforcing bar, approximately 2.5 MPa as reported in previous literatures. (JUNG,2006)
 Example of Bamboo Specimen after a Pull-Out Test

(JUNG,2006) Further on went to make the following recommendations:

• (JUNG,2006) suggested that additional test data was required in order to conduct a more comprehensive statistical
analysis that would aid in obtaining a tensile load-deformation equation.
• He further touched on the fact that the effect of thickness on the strength of bamboo tensile samples should be
investigated by conducting tensile tests on bamboo samples with the same dimensions as those used in pull-out test.
• He added by stating that there was a need to conduct several more tensile tests in order to investigate the relationship
between the tensile strength of bamboo and its performance as reinforcements in concrete such as composite bamboo
and waterproofed bamboo etc.
• (JUNG,2006) also stated that there was a need to conduct more experimental studies coupled with numerical studies
in order to understand the effects of nodes on the tensile strength of bamboo.
• In this research program only two kinds of bamboo were used in the pull-out tests. (JUNG, 2006) recommended that
research be conducted on specimens utilizing additional sizes of bars as well.
• (JUNG,2006) also suggested that bamboo be thermally treated before the conduction of any pull-out tests, in order
to provide greater bamboo strength.
• This paper consisted of two different types of bonded length that were used. (JUNG,2006) suggests that if available,
pull-out tests should be conducted with different accommodations of bonding applications, in order to investigate the
necessary conditions for better bonding between the concrete and bamboo.
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On a study that was made and published by the (International Advanced Research Journal in Science, Engineering and
Technology,2017) written by (Rayadu, Randiwe & Gupta, 2017). The study’s main objective was to check the suitability
of bamboo as reinforcement and in an effort to do so a series of experimental investigations were carried out using
flexural tests with two-point load tests. From these tests the following conclusions where made:
• The Bamboo showed reasonable tensile strength, which suggested that it can be used as reinforcement in RCC structure
for low cost housing projects.
• The Bamboo was found to be weak in shear and thus cannot be used as shear reinforcement in RCC structures.
• It was also observed and concluded that if complete steel reinforcement was replaced with bamboo then it would
only give 26% strength.
• It was also observed that when the bamboo was placed in the compression side only with steel at the tension side,
that it would give reasonable strength of 83% when the bamboo was placed
• Bamboo was found to be weak at the node section, major failures occurred in bamboo at the nodes.
• It was also observed that the tensile strength of the middle portion of the bamboo was always larger than that of
top and bottom.
• Another observation made was that the Bamboo didn’t show any ductile behaviour as the steel did. Which is why
bamboo can be used in compression members in steel as well as RCC structures.
• And finally the Bamboo proved to be the more economical option for columns of compound walls.(International
Advanced Research Journal in Science, Engineering and Technology,2017)

(Journal of King Saud University – Engineering Sciences, 2015) A Study in this Journal was conducted on comparing the
flexural performance and deformation characteristics of the concrete elements reinforced with bamboo (Bambusa
vulgaris), rattan (Calamuc deerratus) and twisted steel rebars. The tests carried out where yield strength tests, ultimate
tensile strength tests and also the elongation of 50 specimens of the three materials were determined using a universal
testing machine. Further-more interestingly they made use of three beams of concrete strength 20 N/mm2 at age 28
days were separately reinforced with the bamboo, rattan and steel bars of the same percentage, the stirrups were mild
steel bars. These beams were then subjected to centre-point flexural loading according to BS 1881in order to evaluate
their flexural behaviours. The results discovered were as follows: The Yield Strength of the bamboo and rattan bars
were found to be 13% and 45% of that of steel respectively, while their Ultimate Tensile Strength were found to be
22

16% and 62% of that of the steel in the same order.

Interestingly the elongation obtained for the bamboo, rattan and steel were 7.42%, 10% and 14.7% respectively. The
natural rebars were found to be less than the 12% minimum requirement of BS 4449 in the tests. The tests based on
load-deflection plots of bamboo and steel RC beams were found to be quadratic, while rattan RC beams obtained
revealed to be of curvilinear trend. Even the stiffness of the materials were tested, the stiffness of bamboo RC beams
(BB) and rattan RC beams (RB) were 32% and 13.5% of the stiffness of steel RC beams (SB). This study then enters to
the flexural outcomes of these materials, which interestingly enough the post-first crack residual flexural strength of these
materials were found to be 41% for BB and SB, while RB was 25%. And further-more, the moment capacities of BB and
RB corresponded to 51% and 21% respectively of the capacity of steel RC beams. The discovery of the gap between
the flexural capacities of the natural rebars and that of steel was found to be astonishing and it can be traced not only
to the tensile strength but also to the weak bonding at the bar-concrete interface. The conclusion drawn from this was
that the bamboo bars are suitable rebars for non-load bearing and lightweight RC flexural structures, and that pre-
strengthening treatment is required, and that more importantly for rattan pre-strengthening treatments is vital for
improved interfacial bonding and load-carrying capacity.(Open Journal of Civil Engineering, 2015, 5, 228-238)

On a report published by the (Journal of King Saud University – Engineering Sciences, 2015)and written by Authors:
(Efe Ikponmwosa , Christopher Fapohunda , Olamiposi Kolajo and Otu Eyo, 2015), experiments and investigations were
conducted on the structural behaviour of bamboo-reinforced foamed concrete slab with polyvinyl waste as partial
replacement of fine aggregates. In this paper the structural properties studied were: compressive strength, density, crack
development pattern and propagation, failure pattern, load–deflection characteristics and the ultimate moment.
Interestingly in this paper the compressive cube tests area’s were the same as that performed by our group for the
CNTPRA4 Practicals, the cubes were 150mmx150mm·x150mm cube specimens. Density tests were also carried out on
this paper. The flexural behaviour was investigated by using 1300mmx500mmx100 mm slab specimens. The results
obtained were as follows: the partial replacement of the sand with polyvinyl waste (PW) was found to have improved
the compressive strength of the foamed aerated concrete specimens, shear bending failure occurred by the slab
specimens with polyvinyl waste as partial replacement sand, all the slab specimens with polyvinyl waste as partial
replacement sand recorded lower values of deflection for the same loading, as the level of sand replacement with
polyvinyl wastes increased, and an increase in the amount of sand replaced with polyvinyl wastage shown results of
improvement in the bending performance of the slab specimens. (Journal of King Saud University – Engineering Sciences,
2015)
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Bamboo Compressive Strength Tests

On another interesting study that was aiming for viable construction materials, published by the (Journal of King Saud
University – Engineering Sciences, 2015) and written by (S. Karthik , P. Ram Mohan Rao and, P.O. Awoyera). Bamboo
strips were used as reinforcement in a concrete that was made with supplementary cementitious materials and partial
replacement of river sand with manufactured sand (m-sand), concrete samples such as cubes, cylinders and beams were
then made and tested at stipulated periods. Micro scale analysis was then conducted on the bamboo using SEM and
FTIR, and its tensile strength was also determined. The results obtained of the micro scale and tensile strength tests
produced, revealed that bamboo is a strong and ductile material. The conclusion of this study revealed that Bamboo
Reinforced Concrete that is made with conventional materials developed more flexural strength than the Steel Reinforced
Concrete with a variation representing 6.5% strength gain. (Journal of King Saud University – Engineering Sciences,
2015)

Bamboo in Fresh Concrete

Further relevant conclusions drawn from the above study that focused on the strength properties of bamboo and steel
reinforced concrete containing manufactured sand and mineral admixtures. The following conclusions were drawn from
the investigations:
• The characteristics of bamboo dust examined revealed that bamboo is a ductile reinforcing material having some
appreciable tensile strength, which makes it suitable as a substitute for steel. As this gives it strongly bonded particles,
bamboo is described in this article to be an excellent material for members subjected to compression and bending.
• Under flexural loading, it was found that the performance of Bamboo Reinforced Concrete that was made with
alternative materials (fly ash, GGBS, and m-sand) was significantly low compared to Bamboo Reinforced Concrete
with reference materials. This was further on described as a poor bonding of bamboo with concrete with alternative
material which can be a factor, because bamboo on its own is said to have good strength and ductility.
• The final results revealed that the Bamboo Reinforced Concrete made with reference materials was found to yield
more flexural strength than the Steel Reinforced Concrete, thus representing 6.5% strength gain. (Journal of King
Saud University – Engineering Sciences, 2017)
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The following Conclusions were drawn from a study titled: Bamboo as Green Alternative to Steel for Reinforced Concrete
Elements of a Low-Cost Residential Building written by Authors: (Dr. Ashok Kumar Gupta, Dr. Rajiv Ganguly and Ankit
Singh Mehra, 2015). A series of experiments and investigations were carried out.
The results obtained revealed that:
• The density of the bamboo was found to be very low lying in the ranges of 0.571-0.874 which considerably makes
it a very light material hence it can be transported and worked easily, rendering the use of cranes and other big
machines unnecessary. Which is a great advantage against Steel.
• The tests also revealed that in terms of moisture content the initial moisture content decreased as they went along the
height of the bamboo culm from the bottom to top. Which is why the specimens that were obtained from the bottom
portion of bamboo should either be avoided for usage as reinforcing material in concrete or if used, they should at
least be properly seasoned.
• The tests also revealed that the water absorption capacity of non-treated bamboo was found to be as high as 60%
by weight as seen after 30 days of soaking in water, which was then described to necessitate the usage of a water
proofing compound if bamboo had to be used as a reinforcing material in steel.
• A % increase in the thickness after 30 days of soaking was found to be as high as 40% in some of the non-treated
bamboo specimens, which showed that there was a high possibility of the swelling of the bamboo splints once they
absorbed water from their surroundings.
• An increase in the number of nodes causes an increase in the water absorption capacity of the bamboo, the specimens
that had large numbers of nodes should either be avoided for usage as reinforcing material in concrete or if made
use of if the bamboo is properly coated with an appropriate water proofing compound.
• Bamboo was found to have two different types of failure modes in compression, which was the cracking of fibre and
the crushing. Most of bamboo specimens revealed to have failed as a combination of both the failure modes.
• Further results revealed that Bamboo has a high value of compressive strength (90.72MPa) which was comparable
or even higher than that of steel and concrete. The compressive strength of the bamboo specimen with internodes was
found to be greater than that of specimens without and these internodes, could be because of additional cross-
sectional area at nodes (as walls are thicker on both sides of the node) and due to the dense mass present at nodes.
25
• In addition, the stress-vs-strain curve that was developed from the test results of the bamboo splint in tension revealed
that the bamboo is a visco-elastic material having both viscous and elastic properties and also has traits that are
found to be time dependent strain elasticity.
• The tests also revealed the fact that bamboo splints can resist sufficient tensile loads in a concrete flexure element,
this is shown in the ultimate tensile strength of bamboo splints, which was found to be as high as 282MPa which is
comparable to the yield strength of structural steel i.e 250MPa.
• The conclusion of the experiments revealed that all the bamboo specimens resulted in brittle failure at the nodes,
making nodes the most critical section for failure under tensile stresses. (The Research Gate, 2015)

On a separate article published by the (INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH
VOLUME 4, ISSUE 11, NOVEMBER 2015), their testing’s and findings were the exact opposite of the above article in
fact their findings after various tests on bamboo and steel revealed that the tensile strength of bamboo unlike steel was
very poor and that bamboo undergoes brittle failure when loaded. This is said to be a very big disadvantage of using
bamboo as a structural member in building construction. This particular study is in contrast with the previous articles in
fact in this articles The Author’s conclusion is that due to the minimal breaking force (FB) of bamboo, it cannot be used as
a main structural member in buildings and other heavy engineering works but that it could be used for partition walls,
ceilings, roofs and other areas of lightweight engineering construction that are not heavy load-bearing. Which is in
support of previous articles. (INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH VOLUME 4, ISSUE
11, NOVEMBER 2015)

An article on The Durability analysis of bamboo as concrete reinforcement was published by The Research Gate online
and originally written by Authors: Humberto C. Lima Jr., Fabio L. Willrich, Normando P. Barbosa, Maxer A. Rosa and
Bruna S. Cunha, 2007). A series of experiments were made and the experimental tests on the bamboo species
Dendrocalamus giganteus showed that the bamboo tensile strength is comparable with the best woods used in
constructions and even with steel. The graph obtained for the tensile stress vs. strain curve of the bamboo was found to
be linear up to failure. The Bamboo’s average tensile strength was found to be approximately 280 MPa in the specimens
without node and 100 MPa in the specimens with node. And lastly the 60 cycles of wetting and drying in solution of
calcium hydroxide and tap water did not decrease the bamboo tensile strength neither the Young’s Modulus. (Research
26

Gate,2008)
On a research performed by (Khatib & Nounu, 2017) on Corrugated bamboo as reinforcement in concrete. The articles
present the research findings of the usage of mechanical interlocks to solve a fundamental problem in using bamboo as
reinforcement in concrete – the bamboo–concrete bond. The research revealed that the corrugating bamboo is effective
in improving the bond between bamboo and concrete, and that this contributed to a higher bending capacity of the
bamboo-reinforced concrete beams and the limits of deflection of the bamboo-reinforced concrete beams. The tests also
revealed that a 2 mm projection in the corrugation was more effective than a 1 mm projection. The writers however also
noted that in order to establish statistically significant differences between the different corrugation ratios (B/A), more
specimens needed to be tested. Even so their research revealed that expensive epoxy materials can be replaced by
inexpensive corrugation of bamboo while still achieving a strong bond. The writers also recommended that Corrugation
patterns other than those investigated in their research should also be investigated. Their research also shows that Linseed
oil is an effective treatment for bamboo splints, and that sprinkling fine sand onto the treated corrugated bamboo splints
also improved bond performance and this should also be investigated further. (Khatib & Nounu, 2017)

Modes of Failure

The last article is an article I adopted from the (IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE,2013)
titled Replacement of Steel by Bamboo Reinforcement written by: Anurag Nayak, Arehant S Bajaj, Abhishek Jain, Apoorv
Khandelwal, and Hirdesh Tiwari drew the following conclusions and future scope of work:
• Advanced bamboo reinforcement techniques can be used instead of traditional steel reinforcement, as this is a good
idea for low cost economical structure. The findings reveal that Bamboo reinforcement technique can be used for both
main and distribution reinforcement just like how earlier things were done for steel reinforcement. The Bamboo
Reinforcement technique also revealed to be 3 times cheaper than the steel reinforcement technique. The Authors stated
that it was very clear from the results obtained that the bamboo reinforcement technique is absolutely way more-
cheaper then steel reinforcement technique especially for single story structures.
• For the Future Scope of Works the Authors noted that Bamboo is a versatile material because of its high strength-to-
weight ratio, easy workability and availability. Their Analysis of the replacement of steel with bamboo as
reinforcement revealed that reinforcement with bamboo is quite cheaper than that of steel reinforcement, and that the
positive attributes of Bamboo are pleasing, including bamboo’s environment-friendly nature. The negative attributes
of the Bamboo that were given focus were its tendency to absorb water, the bonding between the Bamboo and
concrete was considered the biggest problem due to the absorption of water and the smooth wall of the Bamboo Culm.
The writers further recommended a dire need for the development of a simple design code for the application of
Bamboo as a Construction material. Several Researches are said to be on-going to overcome these problems, and that
new techniques are being developed which could make bamboo the best constructional material in future,
27

as it has wide scope in Low Cost Constructions.

Advantages of Bamboo:
(Ghavami K,2004) describes one advantage of Bamboo over other engineering materials in terms of Modulus of
Elasticity 𝐸 and density 𝑝, and he stated that the ratio of tensile strength to the specific weight of bamboo is 6 times
greater than that of steel [1.7].

In the Article titled Replacement of Steel by Bamboo Reinforcement written by Anurag Nayak, Arehant S Bajaj, Abhishek
Jain, Apoorv Khandelwal and Hirdesh Tiwari I picked up that one advantage of Bamboo is that it acts very well when it
comes to buckling due to low stresses when compared to steel but that due to bamboo not being straight it may not be
very good. The writers gon on to state that in seismic zones the failure of bamboo was found to be very less as the
maximum absorption of the energy is at the joints.

According to The Research Gate article written by Authors: S. Srimathi, S. Dinesh, R. Preetha and R. Reshmi, the
following are the advantages of Bamboo:
• Bamboo is said to be easily cut, easily repaired, easily handled, easily repositioned and maintained without the
need for sophisticated tools and equipment.
• Guadua bamboo is said to be suitable for all types of structures and constructions due to its physical characteristics.
• Bamboo is said to be non-polluting and said to not have crusts or parts that are considered to be waste. Instead of
adding to the problems of polluting landfills like conventional building waste, any part of the bamboo that is not
used is recycled back into the earth as fertilizer or can be processed as bamboo charcoal.
• The Bamboo’s circular form and hollow sections make the bamboo a light building material, which is much more-
easy to handle, transport and store.
• Building with bamboo is efficient as it saves time and energy.
• Bamboo can be used in both permanent and temporary constructions.
28
• In each of the bamboo there are nodes, it has a transverse wall that maintains strength and allows bending which
prevents rupturing when bent. Due to this characteristic of bamboo construction this offers greater construction
earthquake resistance.
• Another advantage is the composition of fibers in the walls of the cut lengthwise or cross-cut in pieces of any of the
length using simple manual tools like the machete.
• The natural surface of the bamboo is said to of a smooth and clean nature, and it said to have an attractive colour
which does not require painting, scraping or polishing.
• Not only can bamboo used for structural elements, but bamboo can also serve other functions such as flooring, wall
panelling, water pipes, drainage and furniture.
• One last advantage of building with bamboo is that one can use it in combination with other type of materials like
reinforcing materials for foundation. (Research Gate, 2016)

According to The Research Gate article written by Authors: S. Srimathi, S. Dinesh, R. Preetha and R. Reshmi, the
following are the disadvantages of Bamboo:
• Bamboo is said to have a tendency to shrink therefore special laundering may be required.
• Designing and constructing with bamboo is said to require a special skill set that the average contractor may not
possess.
• In contrary the writer states that the number of benefits of bamboo outweighs its disadvantages.

On another note based on personal knowledge disadvantages that I know are the fact that:
• Bamboo has the highest insect attacks than any other trees in the forest.
• Bamboo is currently said to be on the brink of extinction.
• There are currently 1500 species of bamboo world-wide but only a few can be used for construction.
• The Bamboo needs to be treated due to main issues of the Bamboo’s water absorption which causes cracks even in
cured concrete.
• It is Socially rejected by society and engineers as to most people bamboo is considered “cheap” and “unattractive”.

29
 GENERAL DISCUSSION

My Findings after my research reveal that Bamboo is much likely a suitable replacement of steel, but that it has its limits.
Bamboo is generated from the earth unlike steel it doesn’t have to be manufactured. Bamboo is a renewable resource
and steel is made from the depletion of the earth’s non-renewable resources. Steel has become very expensive and
unaffordable, Bamboo can be grown or purchased at a considerable low amount including the handling and
transportation of the Bamboo. Bamboo is lighter than Steel. Bamboo usage will reduce pollution levels unlike steel
manufacturing. Bamboo has elements that are more favorable to the Erath and Man Kind as compared to Steel. Bamboo
can be used for many applications in construction. I learnt that Bamboo is not a tree but is in fact grass. Bamboo can
easily be harvested, transported, cleaned and then used, and it doesn’t take long to produce. Steel has to be
manufactured and is made from fossil fuels it takes longer to even make and shape. Bamboo can be used in floors, walls,
columns, roofs, etc. Bamboo is strong and durable. Bamboo is high in compression and said to good in tensile strength in
most articles but said to not be good in another. Another article suggested that Bamboo is weak in shear and that it
should not be used as shear reinforcement in reinforced concrete structures. Bamboo in most of the tests exhibited brittle
failure at the nodes. Most of the analysis methods used by the researchers was comparative analysis. Different writers
and researchers used tests, experiments and investigations to assess the viability and strength characteristics of bamboo.
It is through the results obtained from laboratory tests and previous research that different writers and different
researchers were able to compile reports and articles. Bamboo is environmentally friendly and is 100% biodegradable.
The water absorption properties of Bamboo are troubling that will have to be something that modern science has to
solve. Bamboo treatments is highly important. The recent emerging news about the possibility of the extinction of bamboo
is even more troubling to me. If society doesn’t find a way to preserve the world’s renewable resources, construction
materials and reinforcement will continue to become expensive and depleting the Earth’s non-renewable resources in
doing so too. Bamboo happens to be a material used for the construction of low-cost housing in many countries across
the world like Nigeria and also in most of Asia and tropical areas. There are different types of Bamboo species and not
all Bamboo can be used for construction purposes, bamboo is a promising future construction material that offers
affordability and easy accessibility for any-one. We live in a world that has a dire need for renewable resources, the
world is expanding, more humans are expanding and want homes and affordability plays a huge role as well as
aesthetics. Bamboo is not as aesthetically pleasing as steel but like wood it can be coated in such a manner that it doesn’t
even look like its bamboo. Despite the contrasts in the different researcher’s opinions, bamboo evidently in my opinion
has more advantages than disadvantages and further research and technologies can assist with these disadvantages. If
the world finds an effective way to deal with the Bamboo currently facing extinction, Bamboo Reinforcement would be
a great replacement for Steel Reinforcement.
30
 CONCLUSION

After thorough research and collation of data and information from previous research, experiments and investigations
my conclusion of this review report is that Bamboo is a suitable replacement for Steel Reinforcement in Concrete.

RECOMMENDATIONS
In support to previous researchers I also highly recommend that further studies be performed to make bamboo a
satisfactory substitute and I also recommend that huge measures to start being implemented against the current depletion
issue of bamboo in the world. Remedies need to be designed for the water absorption issues of the bamboo and any
limitations surrounding bamboo as a flexural member in structures should be countered by thorough research, trials, tests
and experiments.
31
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