01 Introduction To Well Completions

Quartz School for IPM Well Site Supervisors
Module – 11
Well Completions
Schlumberger Private
Section – 1
Introduction to
Well Completions
1/49
Introduction to Well Completion
Completion – Definition
Definition:
The methodology and technology required to produce
recoverable reserves (reservoir to surface).
Process:
The design, selection and installation of tubulars, tools and
equipment, located in the wellbore, for the purpose of
conveying, pumping or controlling production (or injection)
fluids.

C. Alvarez 2/49
Completion History / Evolution
1300 Marco Polo – wells dug at Caspian Sea
1814 First naturally flowing oil well – 475 ft
1822 Rudimentary art of drilling established
1905 Casing cemented
1911 First gas lift device
1913 First dual completion
1926 First electric submersible pump
1933 First gun perforation job
1963 Commercial coiled tubing services introduced

C. Alvarez 3/49
Well Completions – Evolution
Over the last years Well Completion has been affected by:
1. Philosophy
2. Technology
3. Applications
4. Safety
5. Contingency
C. Alvarez 4/49
C. Alvarez
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Completion Cost
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Operational Phase/Cost Category
Re rep
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Completion cost (relative) example for a 10,000 ft land well
am ist
p ic
s
5/49
Completion Design Factors
Well Completion Design Factors include:
1. Casing protection
e.g., protection against erosion, corrosion
2. Tubing string removal
e.g., for replacement or workover for the live of the well
3. Safety or contingency
e.g., requirements for safety valves and well kill
4. Production control
e.g., components providing flexibility and control of production
(nipples, profiles and sliding sleeves
C. Alvarez 6/49
Basic Production Configurations
Most Well Completions are based on the following configurations:
1. Reservoir interface
Openhole
Casing production
Liner production
Gravel pack wellbore
Deviation
2. Production conduit
Suspended tubing
Basic packer
Packer and tailpipe
Packer with additional safety and production devices
Multiple Conduits

C. Alvarez 7/49
Open Hole Production
Key Features:
No downhole flow control or isolation
Producing formation is unsupported
Casing provides isolation between

shallower formations

C. Alvarez 8/49
Casing Production
Key Features:
No downhole flow control or isolation
Casing provides isolation between
shallower formations with potential for
remedial work to isolate sections of
perforated interval

C. Alvarez 9/49
Liner Production
Key Features:
Similar to casing production but with
smaller (and shorter) tubulars set
through the reservoir

C. Alvarez 10/49
Gravel Pack Wellbore
Key Features:
Special application - requirement
determined by formation type
May require special operation (under

reaming) during well construction
phase

C. Alvarez 11/49
Completions with Screens for Sand Control
Wire wrapped screen Prepacked screen

C. Alvarez 12/49
Simple Tubing Completion
Key features:
Circulation capability (well kill or kick-off)
Improves hydraulic performance
Limited protection for casing

C. Alvarez 13/49
Basic Packer Completion
Key features:
Tubing Anchoring
Isolation of Production Interval
Circulation capability (determined by design and

setting of packer)
Casing string protected from fluid and pressure

effects

C. Alvarez 14/49
Packer with Tailpipe
Key features
Additional flexibility for downhole
production (flow)control, e.g., plugs
Facility for downhole instruments (gauges)

C. Alvarez 15/49
Enhanced Packer Installation
Key features
Improved flexibility for downhole production
control, e.g., plugs above or below packer
Circulation capability independent of

packer
Safety facility (SSSV)

C. Alvarez 16/49
Examples of Well Completion Configurations:
1. Single zone completions
2. Multiple zone completions
3. Liner completions
4. Special completions
Sand control
Inhibitor injection
Water flooding
Thermal
Remedial (scab liner)
C. Alvarez 17/49
Single Zone – Retrievable Packer
Key Features:
Hydraulically set
Tail-pipe facility for pressure and temperature gauges
Fully retrievable completion
Packer can be set with well flanged up
Thru-tubing perforation possible where size permits

C. Alvarez 18/49
Single Zone – Seal-Bore Packer
Key Features:
Seal-bore packer set on electric-line or tubing
On-off connector and tubing anchor allows tubing to
be retrieved
Tailpipe plugged and left in wellbore or retrieved

with production tubing

C. Alvarez 19/49
Single Zone – Packer and Tailpipe
Key Features:
Tailpipe plugged and left in wellbore when production
tubing is retrieved
Permits safe thru-tubing perforating
Block and kill system facilitates the killing of high-pressure,

high-flow rate wells

C. Alvarez 20/49
Multiple Zones – 2 Zones 1 Packer
Key Features:
Separate or commingled production through single
tubing string
Blast joint protection across upper interval
On-off connector and tubing anchor permits tubing

retrieval with lower interval isolated

C. Alvarez 21/49
Multiple Zones – Two Zones, Two Packers
Key Features:
Independent production through dual tubing strings
Blast joint protection across upper interval
Both packers retrievable
Tailpipe instrument facility on both strings
Thru-tubing perforation of lower zone possible

C. Alvarez 22/49
Liner CSR
Key Features:
Most simple liner hook-up
CSR replaces packer
Fluid circulation through sliding sleeve above the

liner hanger
Tailpipe retrieved with production tubing

C. Alvarez 23/49
Monobore Completion
Key Features:
Safety valve
Designed to meet criteria for:
appropriate production rates
flexibility/contingency
safety
monitoring (reservoir management)
longevity Packer/hanger
assembly
Liner
C. Alvarez 24/49
Multi-Zone Completion
Hydraulic Control Line for
the TRSCSSV
Tubing Retreivable Surface Example of a Multi Zone Completion

Controled Subsurface Safety
Valve (TRSCSSV) using a Standard Configuration for
Hydraulic Control Line for
the ASV each Zone
(this can be repeated for any number of zones)
Annular Safety Valve (ASV)
System with Wet Disconnect
10 3/4 Casing
Gas Lift Mandrel
5-1/2 Production Tubing

Production Packer w/
TEC bypass
Tubing Encased
Conductor (TEC)
Flow Control Device w/

Isolation Cross Coupling Clamp Plug
Integral Pressure/
Packer w/ TEC
Temperature sensor
feedthru Venturi Flowmeter 9-5/8 Liner
Zone 1 Zone 2

C. Alvarez 25/49
Completions for Well Profile Type
26/49
1. Completions in Vertical Wells
2. Completions in Deviated Wells
3. Horizontal Wells Completions
4. Extended Reach Well Profile
5. Multilateral Wells
6. Intelligent Completions

C. Alvarez 27/49
Completions in Vertical Wellbore Profiles
Vertical wellbore
Cap rock
1. No great productivity benefit
2. May catch unwanted water or gas Basement
3. Preferred for fracturing

C. Alvarez 28/49
Open Hole (Barefoot) Completions

Options:
Cap Rock
1. Conductor with open hole
No ground water protection
2. Casing string with open hole Reservoir
Provides top-hole stability
3. Liner with open hole Open hole Gravel Pack

Completion Completion
Cross-flow protection

C. Alvarez 29/49
Perforated Completions
Options: Cap Rock
1. Casing or liner
Without production tubing
Reservoir
2. Casing or liner with production tubing
Production through tubing or annulus
Cemented Cemented
3. Casing or liner with tubing and packer casing liner
Production through tubing enables flow

control

C. Alvarez 30/49
Completions in Deviated Wellbore Profiles
Key Features: Cap rock
Increased productivity
especially in thin reservoirs
Extends reach within reservoir
Reservoir
0 – 90 degrees
Issues with Wireline/Slickline
Basement
work beyond 65 degrees

C. Alvarez 31/49
Completions in Horizontal Wellbore Profiles
Horizontal wellbore
Features:
Significant increase in productivity
Reduced influence of skin
Reduced influence on coning
Cap rock
Issues:
Depth Control
Zonal Isolation
Flow Control
Water zone

C. Alvarez 32/49
Completions in Extended Reach Wellbore Profiles
Definition:
A well in which the ratio of measured depth (MD) to true vertical
depth (TVD) is greater than 2.0
A mega-reach well has a MD/TVD ratio of 3.0 or greater
Examples of Extended Reach Well Profiles:

Hibernia - 2.05 Ratio
BP Wytch Farm - 5.4 Ratio

C. Alvarez 33/49
Examples of Extended Reach Wells
1000
Wytch Farm
Oman
Angola Argentina
Foinhaven Gulfaks
2000 S. Italy
Valhal
Prudhoe
Dan Statfjord
3000
Dunlin Hibernia
Magnus
Alwyn
4000
Guida
Colombia
5000
1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000

C. Alvarez 34/49
Completions in Multi-Lateral Well Profiles
Multi Lateral Well:
A well in which there is more than one horizontal or near horizontal
lateral well drilled from a single main bore and connected back to the
same main bore.
C. Alvarez 35/49
Typical ML Well Trajectories
Multi branched Forked Laterals in Vertical Hole
Stacked Laterals Laterals in Horizontal Dual Opposing Laterals

C. Alvarez 36/49
Multilateral Nomenclature
Junction
Mainbore Lateral

C. Alvarez 37/49
First Multilateral Well Drilled
The first Multilateral well was drilled in Russia in 1953
Well Data:
9 lateral branches from the main bore
Increased exposure to the pay zone by 5.5 times
Increased production by 17 times
Only increased capitol expenditures by 1.5 times

C. Alvarez 38/49
Example of ML well with two Laterals (Not two wells in one):
Cost
To be economical the Capex should be no greater than 50%
additional for each lateral
Production
Will probably be between 30-60% improvement over a horizontal
well, not double
Economics
Should improve by approximately 40%

C. Alvarez 39/49
Technical Advantages:
Increased reservoir exposure
Increase in connectivity to the reservoir, to reduce water
coning, gas coning, and sanding potential
More efficient exploitation of complex reservoirs
Economic Advantages:
No added cost for the main bore and surface equipment
No additional slot use on an offshore platform
Smaller platform due to decreased surface equipment
Increase in recoverable reserves

C. Alvarez 40/49
Technical Disadvantages:
Well intervention is more complicated
Reservoir monitoring is more complicated
Increased drilling risks
Increased problems to control the well while creating
additional laterals
Increased debris
Economic Disadvantages:
Increased risk of losing the main bore and lower laterals
Dependent on new technology

C. Alvarez 41/49
Technology Advancement of Multi Laterals

The objective of the “TAML”
TAML” consortium is to promote the
efficient development and utilization of multilaterals within the
international petroleum industry, through dialogue; information
and technology exchange; and collective sponsorship.
“TAML” Members
Schlumberger, Baker Hughes, BP-Amoco, Chevron, Mobil, Norsk

Hydro, Phillips, Saga, Shell, Smith, Sperry Sun, Statoil, Texaco,
TIW,Total, Weatherford, Well Service Technology

C. Alvarez 42/49
TAML Classification (Levels) of Multilateral Wells
• Open hole Main bore • Cased Main bore • Cased Main bore
• Open hole Lateral • Open hole Lateral • Mechanical Integrity
at Junction
RapidExclude Animation
• Cased Main bore • Cased Main bore • Cased Main bore

• Cemented Junction • Mechanical and • Mechanical and
Hydraulic Integrity Hydraulic Integrity
at Junction at Junction
through Casing through Junction
Packers construction
RapidSeal Animation
C. Alvarez 43/49
Intelligent Completions
Intelligent Wells = Reservoir Monitoring & Control, RMC
Known in Schlumberger as “RMC Completion”
RMC stands for: “Reservoir Monitoring & Control”
Referred to by the industry as: “Intelligent Completions”
What is “RMC” or “Intelligent” Completion?
A completion system which can measure and selectively control flow

into or out from a specific wellbore or interval.
Two Key Words:

Measure (or Monitoring)
Control
C. Alvarez 44/49
Reservoir Monitoring Control, RMC
Current Scenario
Water Cut interferes with Oil Production
Gas
Water and/or Gas
Production will limit total
Oil Recoveries to a Oil
maximum of 35% of
Oil in Place
Water

C. Alvarez 45/49
C. Alvarez 46/49
C. Alvarez 47/49
System Overview
Data Transmission
Reservoir
Management Data Acquisition
Power & Communication
Permanent Gauges
Flow Control Valves

C. Alvarez 48/49
Basic Requirements
A completion system must provide a means of oil or gas
production which is:
1. Safe
e.g., well security, environment
2. Efficient
e.g., production objectives
3. Economic
e.g., cost vs. revenue
C. Alvarez 49/49

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Quartz School for IPM Well Site Supervisors

Quartz School for IPM Well Site Supervisors

Quartz School for IPM Well Site Supervisors

Well Completions – Evolution

Quartz School for IPM Well Site Supervisors

Quartz School for IPM Well Site Supervisors

No downhole flow control or isolation

Casing provides isolation between

Quartz School for IPM Well Site Supervisors

No downhole flow control or isolation

Quartz School for IPM Well Site Supervisors

Similar to casing production but with

Quartz School for IPM Well Site Supervisors

May require special operation (under

Quartz School for IPM Well Site Supervisors

Quartz School for IPM Well Site Supervisors

Circulation capability (well kill or kick-off)

Limited protection for casing

Quartz School for IPM Well Site Supervisors

Circulation capability (determined by design and

Casing string protected from fluid and pressure

Quartz School for IPM Well Site Supervisors

Facility for downhole instruments (gauges)

Quartz School for IPM Well Site Supervisors

Improved flexibility for downhole production

Circulation capability independent of

Safety facility (SSSV)

Quartz School for IPM Well Site Supervisors

1. Single zone completions

Fully retrievable completion

Packer can be set with well flanged up

Thru-tubing perforation possible where size permits

Quartz School for IPM Well Site Supervisors

Seal-bore packer set on electric-line or tubing

Tailpipe plugged and left in wellbore or retrieved

Quartz School for IPM Well Site Supervisors

Tailpipe plugged and left in wellbore when production

Permits safe thru-tubing perforating

Block and kill system facilitates the killing of high-pressure,

Quartz School for IPM Well Site Supervisors

Separate or commingled production through single

Blast joint protection across upper interval

On-off connector and tubing anchor permits tubing

Quartz School for IPM Well Site Supervisors

Independent production through dual tubing strings

Both packers retrievable

Tailpipe instrument facility on both strings

Thru-tubing perforation of lower zone possible

Quartz School for IPM Well Site Supervisors

Most simple liner hook-up

Fluid circulation through sliding sleeve above the

Tailpipe retrieved with production tubing

Quartz School for IPM Well Site Supervisors

Tubing Retreivable Surface Example of a Multi Zone Completion

Gas Lift Mandrel

5-1/2 Production Tubing

Flow Control Device w/

Quartz School for IPM Well Site Supervisors

1. Completions in Vertical Wells