A2 - PERIODIC PATTERNS & TRENDS (Unit 5)

The Periodic Table

Group number = number of electrons in outer shell

HALOGENS

PERIODS
1 0
2 3 4 5 6 7

GROUPS

2
NOBLE GASES
3 TRANSITION METALS
4

5
6

7
A2 - PERIODIC PATTERNS & TRENDS (Unit 5)

Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
M. Pt. /oC 98 650 660 1410 44 119 -101 -189
B. Pt. /oC 881 1120 2450 2680 280 445 -34 -186
Structure Metal Metal Metal Giant Covalent Covalent Covalent Atomic
Covalent molecular molecular molecular
ALKALI METALS
Species present Na+ Mg2+ ions Al3+ ions Si atoms P4 molecules S8 molecules Cl2 molecules Ar atoms
ions
Atomic Radius/ pm 157 136 125 117 110 104 99 (174)
(covalent)
Ionic Radius/ pm 98 78 57 26 Si4+ P3- S2- Cl- -
Na+ Mg2+ Al3+ 271 Si4- 212 184 181
Electronegativity 0.93 1.31 1.61 1.90 2.19 2.58 3.16 -
Period number = number
First Ionisation 496 of shells
738 577 787 1012 1000 1251 1520
Energy/ kJ mol-1

THE ELEMENTS – Period 3

A2 - PERIODIC PATTERNS & TRENDS (Unit 5)

Element Structure
Sodium

Magnesium

Aluminium

Silicon
 A2 - PERIODIC PATTERNS & TRENDS (Unit 5)
Phosphorus

Sulphur

Chlorine

Argon

Variation of properties down a group and across a period

ELECTRONEGATIVITY is a measure of the attraction of an atom in a molecule for the electron pair in the covalent bond of which it is
a part.

Electronegativity
A2 - PERIODIC PATTERNS & TRENDS (Unit 5)
In a covalent bond between two different atoms the atoms do not attract the electron pair in the bond equally. How strongly the electrons are
attracted depends on the size of the individual atoms and their nuclear charge.

Electronegativity decreases down a group - the reason for this is:

Electronegativity increases across a period - the reason for this is:

First Ionisation Energy Trends

The first ionisation energy for an element is the energy required to remove the outermost electron from a gaseous atom, that is the energy for
the process:

The full definition is: the energy required

to remove one electron from each atom
in one mole of gaseous atoms under
standard conditions.
 A2 - PERIODIC PATTERNS & TRENDS (Unit 5)

Variation of Ionisation Energy Down a Group

Ionisation Energy for Group 1

550
Li
500
Na
Ionisation Energy / kJ mol -1

450
K
Rb
400

350 Cs

300
0 1 2 3 1
Group 4 5 6

Down any group in the

Periodic Table the ionisation
energy decreases.

This can be seen in the graph.

A2 - PERIODIC PATTERNS & TRENDS (Unit 5)

This is because:

Variation of Ionisation Energy across a Period

1600

-1
First ionisation energy / kJ mol 1400 Ar

1200
Cl
1000
P S
800
Si
600 Mg
Al
400 Na

200

0
0 1 2 3 Period
4 35 6 7 8 9

If the data for Period 3, from

Na to Ar in the Periodic Table
is considered:
A2 - PERIODIC PATTERNS & TRENDS (Unit 5)

The general trend is

that the Ionisation
energy increases from
left to right across a
period.
 A2 - PERIODIC PATTERNS & TRENDS (Unit 5)
Atomic Radius
The atomic radius is basically used to describe the size of an atom. The larger the atomic radius, the larger the atom.

The atomic radius is usually taken as half the internuclear distance in the element. For example in a diatomic
molecule such as chlorine, where two identical atoms are joined together, the atomic radius would be defined as
shown in the diagram.

Atomic radius increases down a group.

Atomic radius decreases across a period.

200

180
Na
160
Mg
140
Atomic radius / pm

Al
120
100 Si
P
S
Cl
80
60

40
20

0
0 1 2 3 Period
4 35 6 7 8 9
A2 - PERIODIC PATTERNS & TRENDS (Unit 5)
The graph shows the variation of the atomic radius across Period 3 in the Periodic Table.

No atomic radius is shown for argon?

Variation of melting point across Period 3

1600
Si
1400
1200
1000
Melting point / C
o

800
Mg Al
600
400
200 S
Na P
0
Cl Ar
-200
-400
Period 3
A2 - PERIODIC PATTERNS & TRENDS (Unit 5)

Summary:
VARIATION IN PHYSICAL PROPERTIES ACROSS PERIOD 3

General Trend EXPLANATION

across Period
M. Pt. Melting point increases from NaMgAl as charge on ion in metal lattice
increases. This gives increased electrostatic interactions in the metallic lattice and,
therefore, a higher melting point. Si has a giant covalent structure therefore strong
covalent bonds must be broken when it is melted, this requires a lot of energy, i.e. a
high temperature. Sharp drop in the melting point between Si and P as P is a
covalent molecular substance and only van der Waals’ forces between the
molecules must be broken when it is melted. Mpt increases from P to S as P 4
molecules present in phosphorus but S 8 present in sulphur and van der Waals’
forces are stronger with greater Mr. Drop in melting point to chlorine as only Cl 2
molecules present, therefore weaker van der Waals’ forces.
Structure MetallicGiant CovalentCovalent MolecularAtomic
Metallic structures at LHS since here ionisation energies are lower - formation of a
metal lattice requires that the atom must ionise only possible when ionisation
energy low.
Atomic Decreases across the period since electrons are being added to the same shell.
Radius Electrons in the same shell do not shield each other to any great extent as the
A2 - PERIODIC PATTERNS & TRENDS (Unit 5)
nuclear charge increases from L  R the force of attraction on the outer electrons
increases they are pulled in closer together and the size of the atom decreases.
Electroneg- As the size of the atom decreases from LR and the nuclear charge increase the
ativity force on the electrons in covalent bonds increases and thus the electronegativity
increases.
First General increase from LR due to increasing nuclear charge with no significant
Ionisation increase in shielding, thus outer electrons held more strongly.
Energy

Variation in Chemical properties of Period 3 – The Oxides of Period 3.

Burning the elements in Oxygen

Sodium burns with YELLOW flame

Na(s) + 1/2O2(g) Na2O(s)

Magnesium, Aluminium and Silicon, Phosphorus burn with a bright WHITE light and white smoke

Mg(s) + 1/2O2 (g) MgO(s)

2Al(s) + 3/2O2 (g) Al2O3(s)

Si(s) + O2(g) SiO2(s)

P4(s) + 5O2(g) P4O10(s)

A2 - PERIODIC PATTERNS & TRENDS (Unit 5)

Sulphur burns with a BLUE flame, giving the pungent gas SO2

S8(s) + 8O2(g) 8SO2(g)

A2 - PERIODIC PATTERNS & TRENDS (Unit 5)

The elements change from metallic to non-metallic across a period, this can be seen from the acid-base behaviour of the oxides.

Na2O MgO Al2O3 SiO2 P4O6 SO2 Cl2O (g)

P4O10 SO3 Cl2O7 (l)
Nature of oxide BASIC BASIC AMPHOTE ACIDIC ACIDIC ACIDIC ACIDIC
RIC
Reaction with Dissolves and Slightly soluble No reaction No Dissolve and react Dissolve and react Dissolve and react
water reacts Reaction
pH of soln. 14 9 - - 1 1 1
acidity/ strongly alkaline slightly alkaline - - strongly acidic strongly acidic strongly acidic
alkalinity
Equation Na2O(s) + H2O(l)  MgO(s) + H2O(l)  - - P4O6(s) + 6H2O(l)  SO2(g) + H2O(l)  Cl2O (g) + H2O(l) 
2NaOH(aq) Mg(OH)2(aq) High Strong 4H3PO3(aq) “H2SO3” 2HClO (aq)
Only slight charge on covalent phosphoric (III) acid sulphuric (IV) acid chloric (I) acid
reaction. Mg(OH)2 Al3+ ion bonding P4O10(s) + 6H2O(l)  has never been
only slightly results in makes this 4H3PO4(aq) isolated Cl2O7(l) + H2O(l) 
soluble in water - strong ionic insoluble phosphoric (V) acid SO3(g) + H2O(l)  2HClO4(aq)
stronger ionic bonding - H3PO4(aq)  H2SO4 chloric (VII) acid
bonding than in oxide not H2PO4-(aq) + H+(aq) sulphuric (VI) acid
Na2O/NaOH soluble
Reactions of Period 3 oxides with water

Sodium Magnesium Aluminium Silicon Phosphorus Sulphur Chlorine

P4O6 SO2 Cl2O
Formula of oxide Na2O MgO Al2O3 SiO2
P4O10 SO3 Cl2O7
Nature of element Metal Non-metal
GIANT
Bonding in oxide IONIC COVALENT MOLECULAR
COVALENT
Nature of oxide BASIC AMPHOTERIC ACIDIC
Reaction with Soluble Sparingly soluble,
Insoluble Soluble and react
water and reacts some reaction
Solution formed Alkaline Slightly alkaline - Acidic

In general, metallic oxides are basic and non-metallic oxides are acidic. Al2O3 is AMPHOTERIC
A2 - PERIODIC PATTERNS & TRENDS (Unit 5)

Al2O3 + 6HCl 2AlCl3 + 3H2O

Al2O3 + 2NaOH + 3H2O 2NaAl(OH)4 Accept: Na3AL(OH)6

Reaction of the Oxides with ACIDS and BASES

Na2O + 2HCl 2NaCl + H2O

MgO + 2HCl MgCl2 + H2O

SiO2 + 2NaOH Na2SiO3 + H2O

P4O10 + 12NaOH 4Na3PO4 + 6H2O

SO2 + 2NaOH Na2SO3 + H2O

SO3 + 2NaOH Na2SO4 + H2O

A2 - PERIODIC PATTERNS & TRENDS (Unit 5)

The Chlorides of Period 3

The table shows some data for some of the chlorides of Period 3 elements.

SODIUM MAGNESIUM ALUMINIUM SILICON PHOSPHORUS CHLORINE

Formula NaCl MgCl2 “AlCl3” = Al2Cl6 SiCl4 PCl3, PCl5 Cl2
COVALENT COVALENT COVALENT COVALENT
Bonding in chloride IONIC IONIC
MOLECULAR * MOLECULAR MOLECULAR** MOLECULAR
PCl3 LIQUID
STATE at 25oC SOLID SOLID SOLID LIQUID GAS
PCl5 SOLID
Electrical Conductivity
GOOD GOOD NONE NONE NONE NONE
of molten chloride
Species present in Na+ and Cl- Mg2+ and Cl- SiCl4 PCl3 / PCl5
Al2Cl6 molecules Cl2 molecules
liquid state ions ions molecules molecules
* Actually bonding in solid state is more ionic with six co-ordinate Al present. Covalent molecular in liquid and gaseous states.
** PCl5 exists as [PCl6]-[PCl4]+ in the solid state but is covalent molecular in the liquid state
A2 - PERIODIC PATTERNS & TRENDS (Unit 5)

Reactions of Period 3 Chlorides with water

SODIUM MAGNESIUM ALUMINIUM SILICON PHOSPHORUS CHLORINE

Chloride NaCl MgCl2 “AlCl3” = Al2Cl6 SiCl4 PCl3, PCl5 Cl2
Fairly vigorous
Reaction with Dissolves, no Dissolves, very reaction with Dissolves and
Vigorous reaction Vigorous reaction
water reaction slight reaction water. Fumes in reacts slightly
moist air.
pH (aq. soln.)* 7 6.2 3 1 1 2
Acidity NEUTRAL Slightly ACIDIC ACIDIC ACIDIC ACIDIC ACIDIC

* pH depends on concentration – these are approximate values for a 0.1 mol dm -3 solution.