Understanding Cairo

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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">Cairo</h1>
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<div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-
ltr"><div class="mw-parser-output"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-
searchable">This article is about the Egyptian capital. For other uses, see <a
href="/wiki/Cairo_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Cairo
(disambiguation)">Cairo (disambiguation)</a>.</div>
<div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux"
style="display:none">Capital of Egypt</div>
<p class="mw-empty-elt">
</p>
<div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux"
style="display:none">Governorate in Egypt</div><table class="infobox geography
vcard" style="width:22em;width:23em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-
align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;font-size:1.25em; white-
space:nowrap"><div style="display:inline" class="fn org">Cairo</div><br /><div
class="nickname" style="font-weight:normal;display:inline;"><span lang="ar"
dir="rtl" title="Arabic language text">‫<القاهرة‬/span></div></th></tr><tr><td
colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background-color:#cddeff; font-
weight:bold;"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/Cairo_Governorate" title="Cairo
Governorate">Governorate</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td
colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><div style="background-
color:transparent;border-collapse:collapse;border:0px solid
black;width:260px;display:table;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><div
style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:1px 0
0 1px"><div style="display:table;background-color:transparent;border-
collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-
cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><a href="/wiki/File:Towers_on_the_Nile.jpg"
class="image"><img alt="Towers on the Nile.jpg"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Towers_on_the_Nile.jpg/260
px-Towers_on_the_Nile.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="172"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Towers_on_the_Nile.jpg/
390px-Towers_on_the_Nile.jpg 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Towers_on_the_Nile.jpg/520px-
Towers_on_the_Nile.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2256" data-file-height="1496"
/></a></div></div></div><div style="display:table;background-
color:transparent;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div
style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><a href="/wiki/File:
%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF_%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86_
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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC
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width="2043" data-file-height="1440" /></a></div><div style="display:table-
cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><a href="/wiki/File:Muizz_Street_-
_Egypt.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Muizz Street - Egypt.jpg"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Muizz_Street_-
_Egypt.jpg/129px-Muizz_Street_-_Egypt.jpg" decoding="async" width="129" height="91"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Muizz_Street_-
_Egypt.jpg/194px-Muizz_Street_-_Egypt.jpg 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Muizz_Street_-_Egypt.jpg/258px-
Muizz_Street_-_Egypt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5682" data-file-height="4000"
style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><a
href="/wiki/File:CairoTalaatHarbToEast.jpg" class="image"><img
alt="CairoTalaatHarbToEast.jpg"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/CairoTalaatHarbToEast.jpg/
86px-CairoTalaatHarbToEast.jpg" decoding="async" width="86" height="57"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/CairoTalaatHarbToEast.j
pg/129px-CairoTalaatHarbToEast.jpg 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/CairoTalaatHarbToEast.jpg/172px
-CairoTalaatHarbToEast.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="530"
/></a></div><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><a
href="/wiki/File:Qalaa_from_Azhar_Park.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Qalaa from
Azhar Park.jpg"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Qalaa_from_Azhar_Park.jpg/
86px-Qalaa_from_Azhar_Park.jpg" decoding="async" width="86" height="56"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Qalaa_from_Azhar_Park.j
pg/129px-Qalaa_from_Azhar_Park.jpg 1.5x,
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/></a></div><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><a
href="/wiki/File:Baron_Palace.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Baron Palace.jpg"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Baron_Palace.jpg/86px-
Baron_Palace.jpg" decoding="async" width="86" height="57"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Baron_Palace.jpg/129px-
Baron_Palace.jpg 1.5x,
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Baron_Palace.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3565" data-file-height="2375"
style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><a href="/wiki/File:
%D9%82%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%B5%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AD_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86_
%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A_37.jpg" class="image"><img alt=" ‫قلعة صالح‬
37 ‫الدين األيوبي‬.jpg"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/%D9%82%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A9_
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decoding="async" width="260" height="101"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/%D9%82%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A
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1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/%D9%82%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A9_
%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A_37.jpg
2x" data-file-width="15502" data-file-height="6007"
/></a></div></div></div></div></div></div><div style="padding:0.4em 0 0 0;"><b>From
top, left to right:</b> <br /> View of the <a href="/wiki/Nile"
title="Nile">Nile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Tulun_Mosque" class="mw-redirect"
title="Ibn Tulun Mosque">Ibn Tulun Mosque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muizz_Street"
title="Muizz Street">Muizz Street</a>, <a href="/wiki/Talaat_Harb_Street"
title="Talaat Harb Street">Talaat Harb Square</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azhar_Park"
class="mw-redirect" title="Azhar Park">Azhar Park</a>, <a
href="/wiki/Baron_Empain_Palace" title="Baron Empain Palace">Baron Empain
Palace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cairo_Citadel" title="Cairo Citadel">Cairo
Citadel</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2"
class="maptable" style="text-align:center"><div style="display:table; width:100%;
background:none;">
<div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;vertical-
align:middle; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Cairo.svg"
class="image" title="Flag of Cairo"><img alt="Flag of Cairo"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Cairo.svg/125px-
Flag_of_Cairo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="84" class="thumbborder"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Cairo.svg/188px
-Flag_of_Cairo.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Cairo.svg/250px-
Flag_of_Cairo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="218" /></a><div
style="padding:0.2em 0 0.2em 0;">Flag</div></div><div style="display:table-
cell;vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;"><a
href="/wiki/File:Cairo_Coat_of_Arms.svg" class="image" title="Official logo of
Cairo"><img alt="Official logo of Cairo"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/dc/Cairo_Coat_of_Arms.svg/100px-
Cairo_Coat_of_Arms.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="129"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/dc/Cairo_Coat_of_Arms.svg/150px
-Cairo_Coat_of_Arms.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/dc/Cairo_Coat_of_Arms.svg/200px-
Cairo_Coat_of_Arms.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="278" data-file-height="360"
/></a><div style="padding:0.2em 0 0.2em
0;">Emblem</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td
colspan="2" style="text-align:center">Nickname(s): <div style="display:inline"
class="nickname">City of a Thousand Minarets</div></td></tr><tr
class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><div
class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-
deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r971394783">.mw-parser-output .locmap
.od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-
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.pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap
.pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap
.pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}</style><div class="center"><div
class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-
right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div
style="position:relative;width:250px"><a
href="/wiki/File:Egypt_relief_location_map.jpg" class="image" title="Cairo is
located in Egypt"><img alt="Cairo is located in Egypt"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Egypt_relief_location_map.
jpg/250px-Egypt_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="231"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Egypt_relief_location_m
ap.jpg/375px-Egypt_relief_location_map.jpg 1.5x,
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height="973" /></a><div class="od" style="top:19.139%;left:53.687%"><div class="id"
style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="Cairo"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-
Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Cairo" width="6" height="6"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-
Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-
Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div
class="pl" style="font-
size:91%;width:6em;right:4px"><div>Cairo</div></div></div></div><div
style="padding-top:0.2em">Location of Cairo within Egypt</div><span
class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of
Egypt</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-
data:TemplateStyles:r971394783"/><div class="center"><div class="locmap"
style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div
style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><a
href="/wiki/File:Africa_relief_location_map.jpg" class="image" title="Cairo is
located in Africa"><img alt="Cairo is located in Africa"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Africa_relief_location_map
.jpg/250px-Africa_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="250"
height="236"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Africa_relief_location_
map.jpg/375px-Africa_relief_location_map.jpg 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Africa_relief_location_map.jpg/
500px-Africa_relief_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1525" data-file-
height="1440" /></a><div class="od" style="top:11.795%;left:66.835%"><div
class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="Cairo"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-
Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Cairo" width="6" height="6"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-
Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-
Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div
class="pl" style="font-
size:91%;width:6em;right:4px"><div>Cairo</div></div></div></div><div
style="padding-top:0.2em">Cairo (Africa)</div><span class="switcher-label"
style="display:none">Show map of Africa</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr
class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center">Coordinates:
<span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?
pagename=Cairo&params=30_2_N_31_14_E_region:EG_type:city"><span class="geo-
default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this
location"><span class="latitude">30°2′N</span> <span
class="longitude">31°14′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-
punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec"
title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">30.033°N
31.233°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">30.033;
31.233</span></span></span></a></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span
id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic
coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a
rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?
pagename=Cairo&params=30_2_N_31_14_E_region:EG_type:city"><span class="geo-
default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this
location"><span class="latitude">30°2′N</span> <span
class="longitude">31°14′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-
31.233</span></span></span></a></span></span></span></td></tr><tr
class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states"
title="List of sovereign states">Country</a></th><td><span class="flagicon"><img
alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-
Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/35px-
Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/45px-
Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"
/> </span><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></td></tr><tr
class="mergedrow"><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Governorates_of_Egypt"
title="Governorates of Egypt">Governorate</a></th><td><a
href="/wiki/Cairo_Governorate" title="Cairo Governorate">Cairo</a></td></tr><tr
class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row">Founded</th><td>969 AD</td></tr><tr
class="mergedrow"><th scope="row">Founded by</th><td><a
href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid
dynasty</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" style="text-
align:center;text-align:left">Government<div style="font-
weight:normal;display:inline;"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th
scope="row"> • Governor</th><td>Khaled Abdel Aal<sup id="cite_ref-2"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup></td></tr><tr
class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;text-
align:left">Area<div style="font-weight:normal;display:inline;"><sup id="cite_ref-
3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-
Area_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Area-4">[note
1]</a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th
scope="row"> • Metro<div style="font-
weight:normal;display:inline;"></div></th><td>3,085.12 km<sup>2</sup>
(1,191.17 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th
scope="row">Elevation<div style="font-
weight:normal;display:inline;"></div></th><td>23 m (75 ft)</td></tr><tr
class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;text-
align:left">Population<div style="font-weight:normal;display:inline;"><span
class="nowrap"> </span>(2017-census)</div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th
scope="row"> • <a href="/wiki/Cairo_Governorate" title="Cairo
Governorate">Governorate</a></th><td>9,539,673 <sup id="cite_ref-1"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup></td></tr><tr
class="mergedrow"><th scope="row"> • Estimate <div style="font-
weight:normal;display:inline;">(01.01.2020)</div></th><td>9,908,788 <sup
id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-
5">[4]</a></sup></td></tr><tr
class="mergedrow"><th
scope="row"> • Metro density</th><td>3,212/km<sup>2</sup>
(8,320/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row"> • <a
href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym</a><div style="font-
weight:normal;display:inline;"></div></th><td>Cairene</td></tr><tr
class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time
zone">Time zone</a></th><td><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B02:00"
title="UTC+02:00">UTC+02:00</a> (<a href="/wiki/Egypt_Standard_Time" title="Egypt
Standard Time">EST</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row"><a
href="/wiki/Telephone_numbering_plan" title="Telephone numbering plan">Area
code(s)</a></th><td>(+20) 2</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th
scope="row">Website</th><td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="http://www.cairo.gov.eg/">Cairo.gov.eg</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"
style="text-align:center;text-align:left;"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th
colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><div style="border:4px solid #FFE153; line-
height: 1.5; text-align: center;">
<a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">UNESCO World
Heritage Site</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row">Official
name</th><td><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Cairo" title="Islamic Cairo">Historic
Cairo</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th
scope="row">Type</th><td>Cultural</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th
scope="row">Criteria</th><td>i, iii, vi</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th
scope="row">Designated</th><td>1979</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th
scope="row">Reference no.</th><td><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-6">[5]</a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th
scope="row">State Party</th><td>Egypt</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><th
colspan="2">
</th></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2">
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<p><b>Cairo</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups
noexcerpt"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span
style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">
ˈ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/aɪ/:
'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span><span title="'r' in
'rye'">r</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in
'code'">oʊ</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a
href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling
key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-
size:90%">KY</span>-roh</i></a>; <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-
redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">
‫<القاهرة‬/span>‎, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic"
title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><i lang="ar-Latn"
title="Arabic-language romanization">al-Qāhirah</i>,
<small>pronounced </small><span title="Representation in the International
Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Egyptian_Arabic"
title="Help:IPA/Egyptian Arabic">[ælˈqɑːhɪɾɑ]</a></span> <span class="nowrap"
style="font-size:85%">(<span class="unicode haudio"><span class="fn"><span
style="white-space:nowrap;margin-right:.25em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Al-Qahirah.ogg"
title="About this sound"><img alt="About this sound"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/11px-
Loudspeaker.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/17px-
Loudspeaker.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/22px-
Loudspeaker.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span><a
href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a3/Al-Qahirah.ogg"
class="internal" title="Al-Qahirah.ogg">listen</a></span></span>)</span>) is the <a
href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">capital</a> of <a href="/wiki/Egypt"
title="Egypt">Egypt</a> and the <a
href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities_in_the_Arab_world" title="List of largest cities
in the Arab world">largest city</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab
world">Arab world</a>. Its <a href="/wiki/Greater_Cairo" title="Greater
Cairo">metropolitan area</a>, with a population of over 20 million, is the <a
href="/wiki/List_of_urban_agglomerations_in_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="List
of urban agglomerations in Africa">largest in Africa</a>, the Arab world, and the
<a href="/wiki/Largest_metropolitan_areas_of_the_Middle_East" title="Largest
metropolitan areas of the Middle East">Middle East</a>, and the <a
href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities#Largest_cities" title="List of largest
cities">6th-largest</a> in the world. Cairo is associated with <a
href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">ancient Egypt</a>, as the famous
<a href="/wiki/Giza_pyramid_complex" title="Giza pyramid complex">Giza pyramid
complex</a> and the ancient city of <a href="/wiki/Memphis,_Egypt" title="Memphis,
Egypt">Memphis</a> are located in its geographical area. Located near the <a
href="/wiki/Nile_Delta" title="Nile Delta">Nile Delta</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-7"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[6]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-
forbes1_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-forbes1-8">[7]</a></sup>
Cairo was founded in 969 AD by the <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate"
title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid dynasty</a>, but the land composing the present-
day city was the site of ancient national capitals whose remnants remain visible in
parts of <a href="/wiki/Old_Cairo" title="Old Cairo">Old Cairo</a>. Cairo has long
been a centre of the region's political and cultural life, and is titled "the city
of a thousand <a href="/wiki/Minaret" title="Minaret">minarets</a>" for its
preponderance of <a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture" title="Islamic
architecture">Islamic architecture</a>. Cairo is considered a <a
href="/wiki/Global_city" title="Global city">World City</a> with a "Beta +"
classification according to <a
href="/wiki/Globalization_and_World_Cities_Research_Network" title="Globalization
and World Cities Research Network">GaWC</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a></sup>
</p><p>Cairo has the oldest and largest <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Egypt"
title="Cinema of Egypt">film</a> and <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Egypt" title="Music of
Egypt">music</a> industries in the Arab world, as well as the world's second-oldest
institution of higher learning, <a href="/wiki/Al-Azhar_University" title="Al-Azhar
University">Al-Azhar University</a>. Many international media, businesses, and
organizations have regional headquarters in the city; the <a
href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a> has had its
headquarters in Cairo for most of its existence.
</p><p>With a population of over 9 million<sup id="cite_ref-CAPMAS_-
_Egypt_In_Figures_2017_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CAPMAS_-
_Egypt_In_Figures_2017-10">[9]</a></sup> spread over 3,085 square
kilometers (1,191 sq mi), Cairo is by far the largest city in Egypt. An
additional 9.5 million inhabitants live in close proximity to the city. Cairo, like
many other <a href="/wiki/Megacity" title="Megacity">megacities</a>, suffers from
high levels of pollution and traffic. The <a href="/wiki/Cairo_Metro" title="Cairo
Metro">Cairo Metro</a> is one of the only two <a href="/wiki/Rapid_transit"
title="Rapid transit">metro systems</a> in Africa (<a href="/wiki/Algiers_Metro"
title="Algiers Metro">the other</a> being in <a href="/wiki/Algiers"
title="Algiers">Algiers</a>, Algeria), and ranks amongst the fifteen busiest in the
world,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-
11">[10]</a></sup> with over 1 billion<sup id="cite_ref-12"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a></sup> annual passenger
rides. The economy of Cairo was ranked first in the Middle East in 2005,<sup
id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a></sup>
and 43rd globally on <i><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Policy" title="Foreign
Policy">Foreign Policy</a></i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-
left:0.1em;">'s</span> 2010 <a href="/wiki/Global_city" title="Global
city">Global Cities Index</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a></sup>
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input
type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox"
style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-
heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel"
for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Etymology"><span
class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Etymology</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#History"><span
class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Initial_settlements"><span
class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Initial
settlements</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Foundation_and_expansion"><span
class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Foundation and
expansion</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Ottoman_rule"><span
class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Ottoman rule</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Modern_era"><span
class="tocnumber">2.4</span> <span class="toctext">Modern era</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-7"><a href="#1924_Cairo_Quran"><span
class="tocnumber">2.4.1</span> <span class="toctext">1924 Cairo
Quran</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-8"><a href="#British_occupation_until_1956"><span
class="tocnumber">2.4.2</span> <span class="toctext">British occupation until
1956</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-9"><a href="#1960s"><span
class="tocnumber">2.4.3</span> <span class="toctext">1960s</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-10"><a href="#2011_Egyptian_revolution"><span
class="tocnumber">2.4.4</span> <span class="toctext">2011 Egyptian
revolution</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-11"><a href="#Post-revolutionary_Cairo"><span
class="tocnumber">2.4.5</span> <span class="toctext">Post-revolutionary
Cairo</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Geography"><span
class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Geography</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Climate"><span
class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Climate</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Metropolitan_area"><span
class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Metropolitan
area</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Satellite_cities"><span
class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Satellite cities</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Planned_new_capital"><span
class="tocnumber">3.4</span> <span class="toctext">Planned new
capital</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#Infrastructure"><span
class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Infrastructure</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Health"><span
class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Health</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Education"><span
class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Education</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Transportation"><span
class="tocnumber">4.3</span> <span class="toctext">Transportation</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Other_forms_of_transport"><span
class="tocnumber">4.4</span> <span class="toctext">Other forms of
transport</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="#Sports"><span
class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Sports</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="#Culture"><span
class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Culture</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="#Cultural_tourism_in_Egypt"><span
class="tocnumber">6.1</span> <span class="toctext">Cultural tourism in
Egypt</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="#Cairo_Opera_House"><span
class="tocnumber">6.2</span> <span class="toctext">Cairo Opera
House</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="#Khedivial_Opera_House"><span
class="tocnumber">6.3</span> <span class="toctext">Khedivial Opera
House</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a
href="#Cairo_International_Film_Festival"><span class="tocnumber">6.4</span> <span
class="toctext">Cairo International Film Festival</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28"><a href="#Cairo_Geniza"><span
class="tocnumber">6.5</span> <span class="toctext">Cairo Geniza</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><a href="#Food"><span
class="tocnumber">6.6</span> <span class="toctext">Food</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-30"><a href="#Places_of_worship"><span
class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Places of worship</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-31"><a href="#Economy"><span
class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Economy</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-32"><a
href="#Cairo's_automobile_assembler_and_manufacturer"><span
class="tocnumber">8.1</span> <span class="toctext">Cairo's automobile assembler and
manufacturer</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-33"><a href="#Cityscape_and_landmarks"><span
class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Cityscape and landmarks</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-34"><a href="#Tahrir_Square"><span
class="tocnumber">9.1</span> <span class="toctext">Tahrir Square</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-35"><a href="#Egyptian_Museum"><span
class="tocnumber">9.2</span> <span class="toctext">Egyptian Museum</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-36"><a href="#Grand_Egyptian_Museum"><span
class="tocnumber">9.2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Grand Egyptian
Museum</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-37"><a href="#Cairo_Tower"><span
class="tocnumber">9.3</span> <span class="toctext">Cairo Tower</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-38"><a href="#Old_Cairo"><span
class="tocnumber">9.4</span> <span class="toctext">Old Cairo</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-39"><a href="#Islamic_Cairo"><span
class="tocnumber">9.5</span> <span class="toctext">Islamic Cairo</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-40"><a href="#Citadel_of_Cairo"><span
class="tocnumber">9.6</span> <span class="toctext">Citadel of Cairo</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-41"><a href="#Khan_el-Khalili"><span
class="tocnumber">9.7</span> <span class="toctext">Khan el-Khalili</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-42"><a href="#Society"><span
class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Society</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-43"><a href="#Women's_rights"><span
class="tocnumber">10.1</span> <span class="toctext">Women's rights</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-44"><a href="#Pollution"><span
class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">Pollution</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-45"><a href="#International_relations"><span
class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">International
relations</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-46"><a href="#Twin_towns_and_sister_cities"><span
class="tocnumber">12.1</span> <span class="toctext">Twin towns and sister
cities</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-47"><a href="#Notable_people"><span
class="tocnumber">13</span> <span class="toctext">Notable people</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-48"><a href="#See_also"><span
class="tocnumber">14</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-49"><a href="#Notes"><span
class="tocnumber">15</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-50"><a href="#References"><span
class="tocnumber">16</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-51"><a href="#Further_reading"><span
class="tocnumber">17</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-52"><a href="#External_links"><span
class="tocnumber">18</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-53"><a href="#Photos_and_videos"><span
class="tocnumber">18.1</span> <span class="toctext">Photos and
videos</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Etymology">Etymology</span><span class="mw-

editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?
title=Cairo&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section:
Etymology">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>Egyptians often refer to Cairo as <i><i lang="arz-Latn" title="Egyptian Arabic-
language romanization">Maṣr</i></i> (<small>IPA: </small><span
title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA"><a
href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Egyptian_Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Egyptian
Arabic">[mɑsˤɾ]</a></span>; <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Arabic_language" class="mw-
redirect" title="Egyptian Arabic language">Egyptian Arabic</a>: <span lang="arz"
dir="rtl">‫<مصر‬/span>‎),
َ the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Arabic" title="Egyptian
Arabic">Egyptian Arabic</a> name for Egypt itself, emphasizing the city's
importance for the country.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a></sup> Its official name
<i><i lang="ar-Latn" title="American Library Association – Library of Congress
transliteration">al-Qāhirah </i></i> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-
redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">
‫<القاهرة‬/span>‎) means "the Vanquisher" or "the Conqueror", supposedly due to
the fact that the planet <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a>, <i>an-Najm al-
Qāhir</i> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic
language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">‫<النجم القاهر‬/span>‎, "the
Conquering Star"), was rising at the time when the city was founded,<sup
possibly also in reference to the much awaited arrival of the <a
href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid</a> Caliph <a
href="/wiki/Al-Mu%27izz_li-Din_Allah" title="Al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah">Al-
Mu'izz</a> who reached Cairo in 973 from <a href="/wiki/Mahdia"
title="Mahdia">Mahdia</a>, the old Fatimid capital.<sup id="cite_ref-18"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a></sup> The location of
the ancient city of <a href="/wiki/Heliopolis_(ancient_Egypt)" title="Heliopolis
(ancient Egypt)">Heliopolis</a> is the suburb of <a href="/wiki/Ain_Shams"
title="Ain Shams">Ain Shams</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-
redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl"> ‫عين‬
‫<شمس‬/span>‎, "Eye of the Sun").
</p><p>There are a few Coptic names of the city. (<i>di</i>)<i>Kashromi</i> (<a
href="/wiki/Coptic_language" title="Coptic language">Coptic</a>: <span
lang="cop">(ϯ)ⲕⲁϣⲣⲱⲙⲓ</span>) is attested as early as <a href="/wiki/1211"
title="1211">1211</a> and is a calque which means "man breaker" ("ⲕⲁϣ-" – to break,
"ⲣⲱⲙⲓ" – man) which is akin to Arabic <i><i lang="ar-Latn" title="American Library
Association – Library of Congress transliteration">al-Qāhirah </i></i>.<sup
<i>Lioui</i> (<a href="/wiki/Coptic_language" title="Coptic language">Coptic</a>:
<span lang="cop">ⲗⲓⲟⲩⲓ</span>) or <i>Elioui</i> (<a href="/wiki/Coptic_language"
title="Coptic language">Coptic</a>: <span lang="cop">ⲉⲗⲓⲟⲩⲓ</span>) is another name
which is a corruption of Greek name of Heliopolis (<a href="/wiki/Greek_language"
title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el">Ήλιούπολις</span>).<sup
id="cite_ref-:0_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-
20">[19]</a></sup> Some argue that <i>Mistram</i> (<a
href="/wiki/Coptic_language" title="Coptic language">Coptic</a>: <span
lang="cop">ⲙⲓⲥⲧⲣⲁⲙ</span>) or <i>Nistram</i> (<a href="/wiki/Coptic_language"
title="Coptic language">Coptic</a>: <span lang="cop">ⲛⲓⲥⲧⲣⲁⲙ</span>) is another
Coptic name for Cairo, although others think that it's rather a name of an Abbasid
capital <a href="/wiki/Al-Askar" title="Al-Askar">Al-Askar</a>.<sup
21">[20]</a></sup> ⲕⲁϩⲓⲣⲏ is a popular modern rendering of an Arabic name
(others being ⲭⲁⲓⲣⲟⲛ and (ⲁⲗ)ⲭⲁϩⲓⲣⲁ) which has a folk etymology "land of sun". Some
argue that it was a name of an Egyptian settlement upon which Cairo was built, but
it's rather doubtful as this name is not attested in any <a
href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Hieroglyphic</a> or
<a href="/wiki/Demotic_(Egyptian)" title="Demotic (Egyptian)">Demotic</a> source,
although some researchers, like Paul Casanova, view it as a legitimate theory.<sup
20">[19]</a></sup> Cairo is also referred to as ⲭⲏⲙⲓ, which means Egypt in
Coptic, the same way it's referred to in Egyptian Arabic.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_21-1"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-21">[20]</a></sup>
</p><p>Sometimes the city is informally referred to as <i><i lang="arz-Latn"
title="Egyptian Arabic-language romanization">Kayro</i></i> by people from
Alexandria (<small>IPA: </small><span title="Representation in the
International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA"><a
href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Egyptian_Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Egyptian
Arabic">[ˈkæjɾo]</a></span>; <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Arabic_language" class="mw-
redirect" title="Egyptian Arabic language">Egyptian Arabic</a>: <span lang="arz"
dir="rtl">‫<كايرو‬/span>‎).<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span><span class="mw-
History">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a
href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Cairo" title="Timeline of Cairo">Timeline of Cairo</a> and
<a href="/wiki/History_of_Egypt" title="History of Egypt">History of
Egypt</a></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a
href="/wiki/File:Louis_Comfort_Tiffany_-
_On_the_Way_between_Old_and_New_Cairo,_Citadel_Mosque_of_Mohammed_Ali,_and_Tombs_of
_the_Mamelukes_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="image"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Louis_Comfort_Tiffany_-
_On_the_Way_between_Old_and_New_Cairo%2C_Citadel_Mosque_of_Mohammed_Ali
%2C_and_Tombs_of_the_Mamelukes_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-
Louis_Comfort_Tiffany_-_On_the_Way_between_Old_and_New_Cairo
%2C_Citadel_Mosque_of_Mohammed_Ali%2C_and_Tombs_of_the_Mamelukes_-
_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134"
class="thumbimage"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Louis_Comfort_Tiffany_-
_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Louis_Comfort_Tiffany_-
_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5732" data-file-height="3487" /></a>
<div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a
href="/wiki/File:Louis_Comfort_Tiffany_-
_On_the_Way_between_Old_and_New_Cairo,_Citadel_Mosque_of_Mohammed_Ali,_and_Tombs_of
_the_Mamelukes_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="internal"
title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/wiki/Louis_Comfort_Tiffany" title="Louis
Comfort Tiffany">Louis Comfort Tiffany</a> (1848–1933). <i>On the Way between Old
and New Cairo, Citadel Mosque of Mohammed Ali, and Tombs of the Mamelukes,</i>
1872. Oil on canvas. <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Museum" title="Brooklyn
Museum">Brooklyn Museum</a></div></div></div>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Initial_settlements">Initial
settlements</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-
bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cairo&action=edit&section=3"
title="Edit section: Initial settlements">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-
bracket">]</span></span></h3>
href="/wiki/File:Fostat-329.jpg" class="image"><img alt="A man on a donkey walks
past a palm tree, with a mosque and market behind Mohamed kamal"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Fostat-329.jpg/170px-
Fostat-329.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="thumbimage"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Fostat-329.jpg/255px-
Fostat-329.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Fostat-
329.jpg/340px-Fostat-329.jpg 2x" data-file-width="686" data-file-height="914"
/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Fostat-
329.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>A rendition of <a
href="/wiki/Fustat" title="Fustat">Fustat</a> from A. S. Rappoport's <i>History of
Egypt</i></div></div></div>
<p>The area around present-day Cairo, especially <a href="/wiki/Memphis,_Egypt"
title="Memphis, Egypt">Memphis</a> that was the old capital of Egypt, had long been
a focal point of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient
Egypt</a> due to its strategic location just upstream from the <a
href="/wiki/Nile_Delta" title="Nile Delta">Nile Delta</a>. However, the origins of
the modern city are generally traced back to a series of settlements in the first
millennium. Around the turn of the 4th century,<sup id="cite_ref-23"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a></sup> as Memphis was
continuing to decline in importance,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire"
title="Roman Empire">Romans</a> established a fortress town along the east bank of
the <a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile</a>. This fortress, known as <a
href="/wiki/Babylon_Fortress" title="Babylon Fortress">Babylon</a>, was the nucleus
of the Roman and then the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine
Empire">Byzantine</a> city and is the oldest structure in the city today. It is
also situated at the nucleus of the <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox" class="mw-
redirect" title="Coptic Orthodox">Coptic Orthodox</a> community, which separated
from the Roman and Byzantine churches in the late 4th century. Many of Cairo's
oldest Coptic churches, including the <a href="/wiki/Hanging_Church" title="Hanging
Church">Hanging Church</a>, are located along the fortress walls in a section of
the city known as <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Cairo" title="Coptic Cairo">Coptic
Cairo</a>.
</p><p>Following the Muslim conquest in 640 AD, the conqueror <a
href="/wiki/Amr_ibn_As" class="mw-redirect" title="Amr ibn As">Amr ibn As</a>
settled to the north of the Babylon in an area that became known as <a
href="/wiki/Al-Fustat" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Fustat">al-Fustat</a>.
Originally a tented camp (<i>Fustat</i> signifies "City of Tents") Fustat became a
permanent settlement and the first capital of Islamic Egypt.
</p><p>In 750, following the overthrow of the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_caliphate"
class="mw-redirect" title="Umayyad caliphate">Umayyad caliphate</a> by the <a
href="/wiki/Abbasid" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbasid">Abbasids</a>, the new
rulers created their own settlement to the northeast of Fustat which became their
capital. This was known as <a href="/wiki/Al-Askar" title="Al-Askar">al-Askar</a>
(the city of sections, or <a href="/wiki/Cantonment"
title="Cantonment">cantonments</a>) as it was laid out like a military camp.
</p><p>A rebellion in 869 by <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Tulun" title="Ahmad ibn
Tulun">Ahmad ibn Tulun</a> led to the abandonment of Al Askar and the building of
another settlement, which became the seat of government. This was <a
href="/wiki/Al-Qatta%27i" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Qatta'i">al-Qatta'i</a>
("the Quarters"), to the north of Fustat and closer to the river. Al Qatta'i was
centred around a palace and ceremonial mosque, now known as the <a
href="/wiki/Mosque_of_ibn_Tulun" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosque of ibn
Tulun">Mosque of ibn Tulun</a>.
</p><p>In 905, the Abbasids re-asserted control of the country and their governor
returned to Fustat, razing al-Qatta'i to the ground.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Foundation_and_expansion">Foundation and
expansion</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-
title="Edit section: Foundation and expansion">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a
href="/wiki/Egypt_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Egypt in the Middle Ages">Egypt in the
Middle Ages</a></div>
<div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"><a
href="/wiki/File:Al-Hakim.jpg" class="image"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Al-Hakim.jpg/170px-Al-
Hakim.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="221" class="thumbimage"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Al-Hakim.jpg/255px-Al-
Hakim.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Al-
Hakim.jpg/340px-Al-Hakim.jpg 2x" data-file-width="627" data-file-height="816"
/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Al-
Hakim.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Fresco of Fatimid Caliph <a
href="/wiki/Al-Hakim_bi-Amr_Allah" title="Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah">Al-Hakim</a> (985–
1021)</div></div></div>
<p>In 969, the Fatimids <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_conquest_of_Egypt" title="Fatimid
conquest of Egypt">conquered Egypt</a> from their base in <a href="/wiki/Ifriqiya"
title="Ifriqiya">Ifriqiya</a> and a new fortified city northeast of <a
href="/wiki/Fustat" title="Fustat">Fustat</a> was established. It took four years
to build the city, initially known as al-Manṣūriyyah,<sup id="cite_ref-glsm96_25-0"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-glsm96-25">[24]</a></sup> which was
to serve as the new capital of the caliphate. During that time, the construction of
the <a href="/wiki/Al-Azhar_Mosque" title="Al-Azhar Mosque">al-Azhar Mosque</a> was
commissioned by order of the Caliph, which developed into the third-oldest
university in the world. Cairo would eventually become a centre of learning, with
the library of Cairo containing hundreds of thousands of books.<sup id="cite_ref-
26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a></sup> When Caliph <a
href="/wiki/Al-Mu%27izz_li-Din_Allah" title="Al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah">al-Mu'izz
li Din Allah</a> arrived from the old Fatimid capital of <a href="/wiki/Mahdia"
title="Mahdia">Mahdia</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a> in
973, he gave the city its present name, <i>Qāhirat al-Mu'izz</i> ("The Vanquisher
of al-Mu'izz").<sup id="cite_ref-glsm96_25-1" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-glsm96-25">[24]</a></sup>
</p><p>For nearly 200 years after Cairo was established, the administrative centre
of Egypt remained in <a href="/wiki/Fustat" title="Fustat">Fustat</a>. However, in
1168 the Fatimid <a href="/wiki/Vizier" title="Vizier">vizier</a> <a
href="/wiki/Shawar" title="Shawar">Shawar</a> set fire to Fustat to prevent its
capture by <a href="/wiki/Amalric_I_of_Jerusalem" class="mw-redirect"
title="Amalric I of Jerusalem">Amalric</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Crusades"
title="Crusades">Crusader</a> king of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem"
title="Kingdom of Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a></sup> Egypt's capital
was permanently moved to Cairo, which was eventually expanded to include the ruins
of Fustat and the previous capitals of <a href="/wiki/Al-Askar" title="Al-
Askar">al-Askar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Al-Qatta%27i" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-
Qatta'i">al-Qatta'i</a>. As al Qahira expanded these earlier settlements were
encompassed, and have since become part of the city of Cairo as it expanded and
spread; they are now collectively known as "<a href="/wiki/Old_Cairo" title="Old
Cairo">Old Cairo</a>".
</p><p>While the Fustat fire successfully protected the city of Cairo, a continuing
power struggle between Shawar, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Kings_of_Jerusalem"
class="mw-redirect" title="List of Kings of Jerusalem">King</a> <a
href="/wiki/Amalric_I_of_Jerusalem" class="mw-redirect" title="Amalric I of
Jerusalem">Amalric I of Jerusalem</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Zengid" class="mw-
redirect" title="Zengid">Zengid</a> general <a href="/wiki/Shirkuh"
title="Shirkuh">Shirkuh</a> led to the downfall of the Fatimid establishment.<sup
</p><p>In 1169, <a href="/wiki/Saladin" title="Saladin">Saladin</a> was appointed
as the new vizier of Egypt by the Fatimids and two years later he seized power from
the family of the last Fatimid caliph, <a href="/wiki/Al-%27%C4%80%E1%B8%8Did"
class="mw-redirect" title="Al-'Āḍid">al-'Āḍid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a></sup> As the first <a
href="/wiki/Sultan_of_Egypt" title="Sultan of Egypt">Sultan of Egypt</a>, Saladin
established the <a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubid
dynasty</a>, based in Cairo, and aligned Egypt with the <a
href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasids</a>, who were
based in <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a></sup> During his reign,
Saladin constructed the <a href="/wiki/Cairo_Citadel" title="Cairo Citadel">Cairo
Citadel</a>, which served as the seat of the Egyptian government until the mid-19th
century.
</p>
href="/wiki/File:Cairo-citadel-1800s.jpg" class="image"><img alt="A multi-domed
mosque dominates the walled Citadel, with ruined tombs and a lone minaret in
front." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Cairo-citadel-
1800s.jpg/220px-Cairo-citadel-1800s.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172"
class="thumbimage"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Cairo-citadel-
1800s.jpg/330px-Cairo-citadel-1800s.jpg 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Cairo-citadel-1800s.jpg/440px-
Cairo-citadel-1800s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3712" data-file-height="2905" /></a>
<div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Cairo-citadel-
1800s.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>The <a
href="/wiki/Cairo_Citadel" title="Cairo Citadel">Cairo Citadel</a>, seen above in
the late 19th century, was commissioned by <a href="/wiki/Saladin"
title="Saladin">Saladin</a> between 1176 and 1183.</div></div></div>
href="/wiki/File:%D9%82%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_
%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89.jpg" class="image"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/%D9%82%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A9_
%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89.jpg/220px-%D9%82%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A9_
%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89.jpg" decoding="async" width="220"
height="146" class="thumbimage"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/%D9%82%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A
9_%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89.jpg/330px-%D9%82%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A9_
%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89.jpg 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/%D9%82%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A9_
%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89.jpg/440px-%D9%82%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A9_
%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-
file-height="3264" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a
href="/wiki/File:%D9%82%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_
%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>The <a
href="/wiki/Cairo_Citadel" title="Cairo Citadel">Cairo Citadel</a>
today.</div></div></div>
<p>In 1250, slave soldiers, known as the <a href="/wiki/Mamluk"
title="Mamluk">Mamluks</a>, seized control of Egypt and like many of their
predecessors established Cairo as the capital of <a
href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate_(Cairo)" title="Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)">their new
dynasty</a>. Continuing a practice started by the Ayyubids, much of the land
occupied by former <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Great_Palaces" title="Fatimid Great
Palaces">Fatimid palaces</a> was sold and replaced by newer buildings.<sup
Construction projects initiated by the Mamluks pushed the city outward while also
bringing new infrastructure to the centre of the city.<sup id="cite_ref-32"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a></sup> Meanwhile, Cairo
flourished as a centre of <a href="/wiki/Islamic_studies" title="Islamic
studies">Islamic scholarship</a> and a crossroads on the <a
href="/wiki/Spice_trade" title="Spice trade">spice trade</a> route among the
civilisations in <a href="/wiki/Afro-Eurasia" title="Afro-Eurasia">Afro-
Eurasia</a>. By 1340, Cairo had a population of close to half a million, making it
the largest city west of <a href="/wiki/Yuan_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect"
title="Yuan Dynasty">China</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-sh199_33-0" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-sh199-33">[32]</a></sup>
</p><p>The historic traveller<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a></sup> Ibn Battuta travelled thousands of
miles during the course of his trek. One city he stopped in was Cairo, Egypt. One
significant note Ibn Battuta made was that Cairo was the principal district of
Egypt, meaning Cairo was Egypt's most important and most influential city (Ibn
Battuta, 2009). Ibn Battuta also acknowledges the importance of the Nile river to
all of Egypt, including Cairo, as he often travelled via boat to arrive at Cairo
and to leave to continue his journey. The Nile was not just a means for
transportation, it was the source of a plethora of other tangibles as well. The
Nile's most influential attribute was its ability to sustain rich soil for
agriculture. Part of the Agricultural Revolution thrived in Egypt, predominantly
off the back of the Nile. The Nile also served as a source of food and a pathway
for trade. Without it, the Egypt we know today wouldn't have been the same. One of
Ibn Battuta's most detailed accounts in Cairo involves a plague that was
devastating the city. Today, this plague is known as the <a
href="/wiki/Bubonic_Plague" class="mw-redirect" title="Bubonic Plague">Bubonic
Plague</a>, or the Black Death. It is believed to have arrived in Egypt in 1347,
and as Ibn Battuta recalls, the Bubonic plague was responsible for the deaths of
between 1 and 20,000 people a day in Cairo<sup id="cite_ref-35"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a></sup>(Berkeley ORIAS,
2018) (Ibn Battuta, 2009). The plague originated in Asia and spread via fleas on
rodents, such as rats (Berkeley ORIAS, 2018). The plague would end up spreading to
all of Eurasia and wiped out any civilizations that were in its path. It is
estimated that somewhere between 75 and 200 million people total died from the
plague.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Ottoman_rule">Ottoman rule</span><span class="mw-
title=Cairo&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Ottoman
rule">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
href="/wiki/History_of_Ottoman_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Ottoman
Egypt">History of Ottoman Egypt</a></div>
href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali%27s_seizure_of_power" title="Muhammad Ali's seizure of
power">Muhammad Ali's seizure of power</a></div>
href="/wiki/File:Georg_Macco_Kairo.jpg" class="image"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Georg_Macco_Kairo.jpg/220p
x-Georg_Macco_Kairo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161"
class="thumbimage"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Georg_Macco_Kairo.jpg/3
30px-Georg_Macco_Kairo.jpg 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Georg_Macco_Kairo.jpg/440px-
Georg_Macco_Kairo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="880" data-file-height="644" /></a> <div
class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a
href="/wiki/File:Georg_Macco_Kairo.jpg" class="internal"
title="Enlarge"></a></div>Illustration of Cairo in the 19th
century.</div></div></div>
<p>Although Cairo avoided <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>'s
stagnation during the <a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle
Ages">Late Middle Ages</a>, it could not escape the <a href="/wiki/Black_Death"
title="Black Death">Black Death</a>, which struck the city more than fifty times
between 1348 and 1517.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-
36">[35]</a></sup> During its initial, and most deadly waves, approximately
200,000 people were killed by the plague,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a></sup> and, by the 15th century, Cairo's
population had been reduced to between 150,000 and 300,000.<sup id="cite_ref-38"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a></sup> The city's status
was further diminished after <a href="/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama" title="Vasco da
Gama">Vasco da Gama</a> discovered a sea route around the <a
href="/wiki/Cape_of_Good_Hope" title="Cape of Good Hope">Cape of Good Hope</a>
between 1497 and 1499, thereby allowing spice traders to avoid Cairo.<sup
id="cite_ref-sh199_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sh199-
33">[32]</a></sup>
Cairo's political influence diminished significantly after the <a
href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottomans</a> supplanted <a
href="/wiki/Mamluk" title="Mamluk">Mamluk</a> power over <a href="/wiki/Egypt"
title="Egypt">Egypt</a> in 1517. Ruling from <a href="/wiki/Constantinople"
title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>, <a
href="/wiki/List_of_sultans_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="List of sultans of the
Ottoman Empire">Sultan</a> <a href="/wiki/Selim_I" title="Selim I">Selim I</a>
relegated Egypt to a <a href="/wiki/Eyalet" title="Eyalet">province</a>, with Cairo
as its capital.<sup id="cite_ref-sh447_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-
sh447-39">[38]</a></sup> For this reason, the history of Cairo during
Ottoman times is often described as inconsequential, especially in comparison to
other time periods.<sup id="cite_ref-sh199_33-2" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-sh199-33">[32]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40"
wi225_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wi225-41">[40]</a></sup>
However, during the 16th and 17th centuries, Cairo remained an important economic
and cultural centre. Although no longer on the spice route, the city facilitated
the transportation of <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemeni</a> <a
href="/wiki/Coffee" title="Coffee">coffee</a> and <a href="/wiki/India"
title="India">Indian</a> <a href="/wiki/Textile" title="Textile">textiles</a>,
primarily to <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>, <a
href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a>, and the <a
href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>. Cairene merchants were
instrumental in bringing goods to the barren <a href="/wiki/Hejaz"
title="Hejaz">Hejaz</a>, especially during the annual <a href="/wiki/Hajj"
title="Hajj">hajj</a> to <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a>.<sup
id="cite_ref-wi225_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wi225-
41">[40]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a></sup> It was during this same period that al-
Azhar University reached the predominance among Islamic schools that it continues
to hold today;<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-
href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a></sup> pilgrims on their way to hajj often
attested to the superiority of the institution, which had become associated with
Egypt's body of <a href="/wiki/Ulema" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulema">Islamic
scholars</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-
45">[44]</a></sup> By the 16th century, Cairo also had <a
href="/wiki/Tower_block" class="mw-redirect" title="Tower block">high-rise</a> <a
href="/wiki/Apartment" title="Apartment">apartment buildings</a> where the two
lower floors were for commercial and storage purposes and the multiple stories
above them were <a href="/wiki/Renting" title="Renting">rented</a> out to <a
href="/wiki/Leasehold_estate" title="Leasehold estate">tenants</a>.<sup
</p><p>Under the Ottomans, Cairo expanded south and west from its nucleus around
the <a href="/wiki/Cairo_Citadel" title="Cairo Citadel">Citadel</a>.<sup
The city was the second-largest in the empire, behind Constantinople, and, although
migration was not the primary source of Cairo's growth, twenty percent of its
population at the end of the 18th century consisted of religious minorities and
foreigners from around the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean
Sea">Mediterranean</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-wi2267_48-0" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-wi2267-48">[47]</a></sup> Still, when <a
href="/wiki/Napoleon_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon I">Napoleon</a> arrived
in Cairo in 1798, the city's population was less than 300,000, forty percent lower
than it was at the height of Mamluk—and Cairene—influence in the mid-14th
century.<sup id="cite_ref-sh199_33-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sh199-
33">[32]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wi2267_48-1" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-wi2267-48">[47]</a></sup>
</p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Campaign_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Campaign of
Egypt">French occupation</a> was short-lived as <a href="/wiki/British_Empire"
title="British Empire">British</a> and Ottoman forces, including a sizeable <a
href="/wiki/Albanians" title="Albanians">Albanian</a> contingent, recaptured the
country in 1801. Cairo itself <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Cairo" title="Siege of
Cairo">was besieged</a> by a British and Ottoman force culminating with the French
surrender on 22 June 1801.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a></sup> The British vacated Egypt two years
later, leaving the Ottomans, the Albanians, and the long-weakened <a
href="/wiki/Mamluk" title="Mamluk">Mamluks</a> jostling for control of the
country.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-
href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a></sup> Continued civil war allowed an Albanian
named <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_of_Egypt" title="Muhammad Ali of Egypt">Muhammad
Ali Pasha</a> to ascend to the role of <a href="/wiki/Commander"
title="Commander">commander</a> and eventually, with the approval of the <a
href="/wiki/Ulema" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulema">religious establishment</a>,
viceroy of Egypt in 1805.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Modern_era">Modern era</span><span class="mw-
title=Cairo&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Modern
era">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
href="/wiki/History_of_Egypt_under_the_Muhammad_Ali_dynasty" title="History of
Egypt under the Muhammad Ali dynasty">History of Egypt under the Muhammad Ali
dynasty</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_modern_Egypt" title="History of modern
Egypt">History of modern Egypt</a></div><table class="toccolours"
style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing:
0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption style="border-top:1px
#aaa solid;border-left:1px #aaa solid;border-right:1px #aaa solid;background-
color:lavender;padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Historical
population</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px
solid black;padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid
black;padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr
title="Population">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid
black;padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Percent change">±
%</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1950</th><td
style="text-align:right;padding:1px">2,493,514</td><td style="text-
align:right;padding:1px">— </td></tr><tr><th style="text-
align:center;padding:1px">1960</th><td style="text-
align:right;padding:1px">3,680,160</td><td style="text-
align:right;padding:1px">+47.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-
align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1990</th><td style="text-
align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">9,892,143</td><td
style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid
#bbbbbb">+34.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2000</th><td
style="text-align:right;padding:1px">13,625,565</td><td style="text-
align:right;padding:1px">+21.2%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px
solid black;font-size:85%;text-align:left">for Cairo Agglomeration:<sup
53">[52]</a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="thumb tleft"><div
class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:
%D9%83%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D9%82%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%84_
%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A9.jpg" class="image"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/%D9%83%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%B1%D
9%8A_%D9%82%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%84_
%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A9.jpg/220px-
%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A9.jpg" decoding="async" width="220"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/%D9%83%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%B
1%D9%8A_%D9%82%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%84_
%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A9.jpg 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/%D9%83%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A_
%D9%82%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%84_
%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A9.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4943" data-
href="/wiki/File:%D9%83%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D9%82%D8%B5%D8%B1_
%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A9.jpg"
class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/wiki/Qasr_El_Nil_Bridge"
title="Qasr El Nil Bridge">Qasr El Nil Bridge</a></div></div></div>
<p>Until his death in 1848, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_of_Egypt" title="Muhammad
Ali of Egypt">Muhammad Ali Pasha</a> instituted a number of social and economic
reforms that earned him the title of founder of modern Egypt.<sup id="cite_ref-54"
55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a></sup> However, while
Muhammad Ali initiated the construction of public buildings in the city,<sup
those reforms had minimal effect on Cairo's landscape.<sup id="cite_ref-57"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a></sup> Bigger changes
came to Cairo under <a href="/wiki/Isma%27il_Pasha" title="Isma'il
Pasha">Isma'il Pasha</a> (r. 1863–1879), who continued the modernisation processes
started by his grandfather.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a></sup> Drawing inspiration from <a
href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, Isma'il envisioned a city of <a
href="/wiki/Tahrir_Square" title="Tahrir Square">maidans</a> and wide avenues; due
to financial constraints, only some of them, in the area now composing <a
href="/wiki/Downtown_Cairo" title="Downtown Cairo">Downtown Cairo</a>, came to
fruition.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-
59">[58]</a></sup> Isma'il also sought to modernize the city, which was
merging with neighbouring settlements, by establishing a <a
href="/wiki/Public_works" title="Public works">public works</a> ministry, bringing
<a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">gas</a> and lighting to the city,
and opening a theatre and opera house.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a
</p><p>The immense debt resulting from Isma'il's projects provided a pretext for
increasing European control, which culminated with the <a href="/wiki/1882_Anglo-
Egyptian_War" class="mw-redirect" title="1882 Anglo-Egyptian War">British
invasion</a> in 1882.<sup id="cite_ref-sh199_33-4" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-sh199-33">[32]</a></sup> The city's economic centre
quickly moved west toward the <a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile</a>, away from
the historic <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Cairo" title="Islamic Cairo">Islamic Cairo</a>
section and toward the contemporary, European-style areas built by Isma'il.<sup
62">[61]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hokhwi317_63-0" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-hokhwi317-63">[62]</a></sup> Europeans accounted for five
percent of Cairo's population at the end of the 19th century, by which point they
held most top governmental positions.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a
</p><p>In 1905 the <a href="/wiki/Cairo_Electric_Railways_
%26_Heliopolis_Oases_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Cairo Electric Railways
& Heliopolis Oases Company">Heliopolis Oasis Company</a> headed by the <a
href="/wiki/Belgians" title="Belgians">Belgian</a> industrialist <a
href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Empain" title="Édouard Empain">Édouard Empain</a> and by
<a href="/wiki/Boghos_Nubar" title="Boghos Nubar">Boghos Nubar</a>, son of the
Egyptian Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Nubar_Pasha" title="Nubar Pasha">Nubar
Pasha</a> built a suburb called <a href="/wiki/Heliopolis,_Cairo"
title="Heliopolis, Cairo">Heliopolis</a> ten kilometers from the center of Cairo.
It represented the first large-scale attempt to promote its own architecture, known
now as the <a href="/wiki/Heliopolis_style" title="Heliopolis style">Heliopolis
style</a>.
</p>
href="/wiki/File:CH-NB_-_Aegypten,_Kairo_und_Nil_-_Eduard_Spelterini_-_EAD-WEHR-
32043-B.tif" class="image"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/CH-NB_-_Aegypten
%2C_Kairo_und_Nil_-_Eduard_Spelterini_-_EAD-WEHR-32043-B.tif/lossy-page1-220px-CH-
NB_-_Aegypten%2C_Kairo_und_Nil_-_Eduard_Spelterini_-_EAD-WEHR-32043-B.tif.jpg"
decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/CH-NB_-_Aegypten
NB_-_Aegypten%2C_Kairo_und_Nil_-_Eduard_Spelterini_-_EAD-WEHR-32043-B.tif.jpg 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/CH-NB_-_Aegypten
NB_-_Aegypten%2C_Kairo_und_Nil_-_Eduard_Spelterini_-_EAD-WEHR-32043-B.tif.jpg 2x"
data-file-width="4642" data-file-height="3471" /></a> <div
class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:CH-NB_-
_Aegypten,_Kairo_und_Nil_-_Eduard_Spelterini_-_EAD-WEHR-32043-B.tif"
class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Aerial view 1904 from a balloon where
the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Museum" title="Egyptian Museum">Egyptian Museum</a>
appears to the right side.</div></div></div>
href="/wiki/File:View_of_the_Nile_from_Hilton.jpg" class="image"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/View_of_the_Nile_from_Hilt
on.jpg/220px-View_of_the_Nile_from_Hilton.jpg" decoding="async" width="220"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/View_of_the_Nile_from_H
ilton.jpg/330px-View_of_the_Nile_from_Hilton.jpg 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/View_of_the_Nile_from_Hilton.jp
g/440px-View_of_the_Nile_from_Hilton.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-
height="2736" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a
href="/wiki/File:View_of_the_Nile_from_Hilton.jpg" class="internal"
title="Enlarge"></a></div>View of the <a href="/wiki/6th_October_Bridge" title="6th
October Bridge">6th October Bridge</a> and the Cairo skyline.</div></div></div>
href="/wiki/File:Nile_view_from_Marriott.jpg" class="image"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Nile_view_from_Marriott.jp
g/220px-Nile_view_from_Marriott.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165"
class="thumbimage"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Nile_view_from_Marriott
.jpg/330px-Nile_view_from_Marriott.jpg 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Nile_view_from_Marriott.jpg/440
px-Nile_view_from_Marriott.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4592" data-file-
href="/wiki/File:Nile_view_from_Marriott.jpg" class="internal"
title="Enlarge"></a></div>Nile view from the Cairo Marriott
Hotel.</div></div></div>
<p>The British occupation was intended to be temporary, but it lasted well into the
20th century. Nationalists staged <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Revolution_of_1919"
title="Egyptian Revolution of 1919">large-scale demonstrations</a> in Cairo in
1919,<sup id="cite_ref-sh199_33-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sh199-
33">[32]</a></sup> five years after Egypt had been declared a British <a
href="/wiki/Protectorate" title="Protectorate">protectorate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-
autogenerated1_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-
65">[64]</a></sup> Nevertheless, this led to Egypt's <a
href="/wiki/Unilateral_Declaration_of_Egyptian_Independence" title="Unilateral
Declaration of Egyptian Independence">independence in 1922</a>.
</p>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="1924_Cairo_Quran">1924 Cairo Quran</span><span
class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a
href="/w/index.php?title=Cairo&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section:
1924 Cairo Quran">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<p>The <a href="/wiki/King_Fuad_I_Edition" class="mw-redirect" title="King Fuad I
Edition">King Fuad I Edition</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Qur%E2%80%99an" class="mw-
redirect" title="Qur’an">Qur’an</a><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a></sup> was first published on 10 July 1924 in
Cairo under the patronage of <a href="/wiki/Fuad_I_of_Egypt" title="Fuad I of
Egypt">King Fuad</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-
67">[66]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-malay_68-0" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-malay-68">[67]</a></sup> The goal of the government of the
newly formed <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Kingdom of Egypt">Kingdom of
Egypt</a> was not to delegitimize the other variant Quranic texts ("<a
href="/wiki/Qira%27at" title="Qira'at">qira'at</a>"), but to eliminate errors
found in Qur’anic texts used in state schools. A committee of teachers chose to
preserve a single one of the canonical qira’at “readings”, namely that of the "<a
href="/wiki/%E1%B8%A4af%E1%B9%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="Ḥafṣ">Ḥafṣ</a>"
version,<sup id="cite_ref-GBRRCQ2008:74_69-0" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-GBRRCQ2008:74-69">[68]</a></sup> an 8th-century <a
href="/wiki/Kufic_recitation" class="mw-redirect" title="Kufic recitation">Kufic
recitation</a>. This edition has become the standard for modern printings of the
Quran<sup id="cite_ref-rippin_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rippin-
70">[69]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-melchert2_71-0" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-melchert2-71">[70]</a></sup> for much of the Islamic
world.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-
72">[71]</a></sup> The publication has been called a "terrific success",
and the edition has been described as one "now widely seen as the official text of
the Qur’an", so popular among both Sunni and Shi'a that the common belief among
less well-informed Muslims is "that the Qur’an has a single, unambiguous reading".
Minor amendments were made later in 1924 and in 1936 - the "Faruq edition" in
honour of then ruler, <a href="/wiki/King_Faruq" class="mw-redirect" title="King
Faruq">King Faruq</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-GSRQSaIC2008:2_73-0" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-GSRQSaIC2008:2-73">[72]</a></sup>
</p>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="British_occupation_until_1956">British occupation
until 1956</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-
title="Edit section: British occupation until 1956">edit</a><span class="mw-
editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<p>British troops remained in the country until 1956. During this time, urban
Cairo, spurred by new bridges and transport links, continued to expand to include
the upscale neighbourhoods of <a href="/wiki/Garden_City_(Cairo)" class="mw-
redirect" title="Garden City (Cairo)">Garden City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zamalek"
title="Zamalek">Zamalek</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Heliopolis_(Cairo_suburb)"
class="mw-redirect" title="Heliopolis (Cairo suburb)">Heliopolis</a>.<sup
Between 1882 and 1937, the population of Cairo more than tripled—from 347,000 to
1.3 million<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-
75">[74]</a></sup>—and its area increased from 10 to 163 square kilometres
(4 to 63 sq mi).<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a
</p><p>The city was devastated during the 1952 riots known as the <a
href="/wiki/Cairo_Fire" class="mw-redirect" title="Cairo Fire">Cairo Fire</a> or
Black Saturday, which saw the destruction of nearly 700 shops, movie theatres,
casinos and hotels in Downtown Cairo.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a></sup> The British departed Cairo following
the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Revolution_of_1952" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian
Revolution of 1952">Egyptian Revolution of 1952</a>, but the city's rapid growth
showed no signs of abating. Seeking to accommodate the increasing population, <a
href="/wiki/President_of_Egypt" title="President of Egypt">President</a> <a
href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Gamal Abdel Nasser</a>
redeveloped <a href="/wiki/Tahrir_Square" title="Tahrir Square">Maidan Tahrir</a>
and the Nile <a href="/wiki/Corniche" title="Corniche">Corniche</a>, and improved
the city's network of bridges and highways.<sup id="cite_ref-78"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a></sup> Meanwhile,
additional controls of the Nile fostered development within <a
href="/wiki/Gezira_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Gezira Island">Gezira
Island</a> and along the city's waterfront. The metropolis began to encroach on the
fertile <a href="/wiki/Nile_Delta" title="Nile Delta">Nile Delta</a>, prompting the
government to build desert <a href="/wiki/Satellite_town" class="mw-redirect"
title="Satellite town">satellite towns</a> and devise incentives for city-dwellers
to move to them.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-
79">[78]</a></sup>
</p>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="1960s">1960s</span><span class="mw-
1960s">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<p>Cairo's population has doubled since the 1960s, reaching close to seven million
(with an additional ten million in its <a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban
area">urban area</a>). Concurrently, Cairo has established itself as a political
and economic hub for <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North
Africa</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab world</a>,
with many multinational businesses and organisations, including the <a
href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a>, operating out of the
city.
</p><p>In 1992, Cairo was hit by an <a href="/wiki/1992_Cairo_earthquake"
title="1992 Cairo earthquake">earthquake</a> causing 545 deaths, injuring 6,512 and
leaving around 50,000 people homeless.<sup id="cite_ref-NGDC_80-0"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NGDC-80">[79]</a></sup>
</p>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="2011_Egyptian_revolution">2011 Egyptian
revolution</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-
title="Edit section: 2011 Egyptian revolution">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a
href="/wiki/Egyptian_revolution_of_2011" title="Egyptian revolution of
2011">Egyptian revolution of 2011</a></div>
href="/wiki/File:The_lion_of_Egyptian_revolution_(Qasr_al-Nil_Bridge)-edit2.jpg"
class="image"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/The_lion_of_Egyptian_revol
ution_%28Qasr_al-Nil_Bridge%29-edit2.jpg/170px-The_lion_of_Egyptian_revolution_
%28Qasr_al-Nil_Bridge%29-edit2.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="220"
class="thumbimage"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/The_lion_of_Egyptian_re
volution_%28Qasr_al-Nil_Bridge%29-edit2.jpg/255px-The_lion_of_Egyptian_revolution_
%28Qasr_al-Nil_Bridge%29-edit2.jpg 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/The_lion_of_Egyptian_revolution
_%28Qasr_al-Nil_Bridge%29-edit2.jpg/340px-The_lion_of_Egyptian_revolution_
%28Qasr_al-Nil_Bridge%29-edit2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1557" data-file-
href="/wiki/File:The_lion_of_Egyptian_revolution_(Qasr_al-Nil_Bridge)-edit2.jpg"
class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>A protester holding an Egyptian flag
during the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_revolution_of_2011" title="Egyptian revolution
of 2011">protests</a> that started on 25 January 2011.</div></div></div><p>Cairo's
<a href="/wiki/Tahrir_Square" title="Tahrir Square">Tahrir Square</a> was the focal
point of the <a href="/wiki/2011_Egyptian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect"
title="2011 Egyptian Revolution">2011 Egyptian Revolution</a> against former
president <a href="/wiki/Hosni_Mubarak" title="Hosni Mubarak">Hosni
Mubarak</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-
81">[80]</a></sup> Over 2 million protesters were at Cairo's Tahrir square.
More than 50,000 protesters first occupied the square on 25 January, during which
the area's wireless services were reported to be impaired.<sup id="cite_ref-
Egyptians_report_poor_communication_services_on_Day_of_Anger_82-0"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-
Egyptians_report_poor_communication_services_on_Day_of_Anger-
82">[81]</a></sup> In the following days Tahrir Square continued to be the
primary destination for protests in Cairo<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a></sup> as it took place following a popular
uprising that began on Tuesday, 25 January 2011 and continued until June 2013. The
uprising was mainly a campaign of non-violent civil resistance, which featured a
series of demonstrations, marches, acts of civil disobedience, and labour strikes.
Millions of protesters from a variety of socio-economic and religious backgrounds
demanded the overthrow of the regime of Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak. Despite
being predominantly peaceful in nature, the revolution was not without violent
clashes between security forces and protesters, with at least 846 people killed and
6,000 injured. The uprising took place in Cairo, Alexandria, and in other cities in
Egypt, following the <a href="/wiki/Tunisian_revolution" class="mw-redirect"
title="Tunisian revolution">Tunisian revolution</a> that resulted in the overthrow
of the long-time <a href="/wiki/President_of_Tunisia" title="President of
Tunisia">Tunisian president</a> <a href="/wiki/Zine_El_Abidine_Ben_Ali" title="Zine
El Abidine Ben Ali">Zine El Abidine Ben Ali</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-84"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84">[83]</a></sup> On 11 February,
following weeks of determined popular protest and pressure, Hosni Mubarak resigned
from office.
</p><h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Post-revolutionary_Cairo">Post-revolutionary
Cairo</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-
title="Edit section: Post-revolutionary Cairo">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-
<p>Under the rule of President <a href="/wiki/Abdel_Fattah_el-Sisi" title="Abdel
Fattah el-Sisi">el-Sisi</a>, in March 2015 plans were announced for another yet-
unnamed <a href="/wiki/Planned_city" class="mw-redirect" title="Planned
city">planned city</a> to be built further east of the existing satellite city of
<a href="/wiki/New_Cairo" title="New Cairo">New Cairo</a>, intended to serve as the
<a href="/wiki/Proposed_new_capital_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Proposed
new capital of Egypt">new capital of Egypt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-
BBC:_new_capital_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC:_new_capital-
85">[84]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Geography">Geography</span><span class="mw-
Geography">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
href="/wiki/File:Cairo_Nile_River.jpg" class="image"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Cairo_Nile_River.jpg/220px
-Cairo_Nile_River.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="thumbimage"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Cairo_Nile_River.jpg/33
0px-Cairo_Nile_River.jpg 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Cairo_Nile_River.jpg/440px-
Cairo_Nile_River.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a>
<div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a
href="/wiki/File:Cairo_Nile_River.jpg" class="internal"
title="Enlarge"></a></div>The river <a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile</a>
flows through Cairo, here contrasting ancient customs of daily life with the modern
city of today.</div></div></div>
href="/wiki/File:Zamalek_Arial.jpg" class="image"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Zamalek_Arial.jpg/220px-
Zamalek_Arial.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="thumbimage"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Zamalek_Arial.jpg/330px
-Zamalek_Arial.jpg 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/75/Zamalek_Arial.jpg 2x" data-file-
width="364" data-file-height="251" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div
class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Zamalek_Arial.jpg" class="internal"
title="Enlarge"></a></div>Aerial view looking south, with the Zamalek and Gezira
districts on <a href="/wiki/Gezira_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Gezira
Island">Gezira Island</a>, surrounded by the <a href="/wiki/Nile"
title="Nile">Nile</a></div></div></div>
<p>Cairo is located in northern <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>,
known as <a href="/wiki/Lower_Egypt" title="Lower Egypt">Lower Egypt</a>, 165
kilometres (100 mi) south of the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea"
title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a> and 120 kilometres (75 mi)
west of the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Suez" title="Gulf of Suez">Gulf of Suez</a> and
<a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-86"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a></sup> The city lies
along the <a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile River</a>, immediately south of
the point where the river leaves its desert-bound valley and branches into the low-
lying <a href="/wiki/Nile_Delta" title="Nile Delta">Nile Delta</a> region. Although
the Cairo metropolis extends away from the Nile in all directions, the city of
Cairo resides only on the east bank of the river and two islands within it on a
total area of 453 square kilometres (175 sq mi).<sup id="cite_ref-87"
citypop_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-citypop-
88">[87]</a></sup> Geologically, Cairo lies on <a href="/wiki/Alluvium"
title="Alluvium">alluvium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sand_dune" class="mw-redirect"
title="Sand dune">sand dunes</a> which date from the <a href="/wiki/Quaternary"
title="Quaternary">quaternary</a> period.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a
</p><p>Until the mid-19th century, when the river was tamed by dams, levees, and
other controls, the Nile in the vicinity of Cairo was highly susceptible to changes
in course and surface level. Over the years, the Nile gradually shifted westward,
providing the site between the eastern edge of the river and the <a
href="/wiki/Mokattam" title="Mokattam">Mokattam</a> highlands on which the city now
stands. The land on which Cairo was established in 969 (present-day <a
href="/wiki/Islamic_Cairo" title="Islamic Cairo">Islamic Cairo</a>) was located
underwater just over three hundred years earlier, when <a href="/wiki/Fustat"
title="Fustat">Fustat</a> was first built.<sup id="cite_ref-91"
</p><p>Low periods of the Nile during the 11th century continued to add to the
landscape of Cairo; a new island, known as <i>Geziret al-Fil</i>, first appeared in
1174, but eventually became connected to the mainland. Today, the site of
<i>Geziret al-Fil</i> is occupied by the <a href="/wiki/Shubra"
title="Shubra">Shubra</a> district. The low periods created another island at the
turn of the 14th century that now composes <a href="/wiki/Zamalek"
title="Zamalek">Zamalek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gezira_Island" class="mw-redirect"
title="Gezira Island">Gezira</a>. <a href="/wiki/Land_reclamation" title="Land
reclamation">Land reclamation</a> efforts by the <a href="/wiki/Mamluk"
title="Mamluk">Mamluks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman
Empire">Ottomans</a> further contributed to expansion on the east bank of the
river.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-
92">[91]</a></sup>
</p><p>Because of the Nile's movement, the newer parts of the city—<a
href="/wiki/Garden_City_(Cairo)" class="mw-redirect" title="Garden City
(Cairo)">Garden City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Downtown_Cairo" title="Downtown
Cairo">Downtown Cairo</a>, and Zamalek—are located closest to the riverbank.<sup
id="cite_ref-riverbank_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-riverbank-
93">[92]</a></sup> The areas, which are home to most of Cairo's <a
href="/wiki/Diplomatic_mission" title="Diplomatic mission">embassies</a>, are
surrounded on the north, east, and south by the older parts of the city. <a
href="/wiki/Old_Cairo" title="Old Cairo">Old Cairo</a>, located south of the
centre, holds the remnants of <a href="/wiki/Fustat" title="Fustat">Fustat</a> and
the heart of Egypt's <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church_of_Alexandria"
title="Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria">Coptic Christian</a> community, <a
href="/wiki/Coptic_Cairo" title="Coptic Cairo">Coptic Cairo</a>. The <a
href="/wiki/Boulaq" title="Boulaq">Boulaq</a> district, which lies in the northern
part of the city, was born out of a major 16th-century port and is now a major
industrial centre. The <a href="/wiki/Cairo_Citadel" title="Cairo
Citadel">Citadel</a> is located east of the city centre around <a
href="/wiki/Islamic_Cairo" title="Islamic Cairo">Islamic Cairo</a>, which dates
back to the <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid</a>
era and the foundation of Cairo. While western Cairo is dominated by wide
boulevards, open spaces, and <a href="/wiki/Modern_architecture" title="Modern
architecture">modern architecture</a> of European influence, the eastern half,
having grown haphazardly over the centuries, is dominated by small lanes, crowded
tenements, and <a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture" title="Islamic
architecture">Islamic architecture</a>.
</p><p>Northern and extreme eastern parts of Cairo, which include <a
href="/wiki/Satellite_town" class="mw-redirect" title="Satellite town">satellite
towns</a>, are among the most recent additions to the city, as they developed in
the late-20th and early-21st centuries to accommodate the city's rapid growth. The
western bank of the Nile is commonly included within the urban area of Cairo, but
it composes the city of <a href="/wiki/Giza" title="Giza">Giza</a> and the <a
href="/wiki/Giza_Governorate" title="Giza Governorate">Giza Governorate</a>. Giza
has also undergone significant expansion over recent years, and today the city,
although still a suburb of Cairo, has a population of 2.7 million.<sup
id="cite_ref-citypop_88-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-citypop-
88">[87]</a></sup> The Cairo Governorate was just north of the <a
href="/wiki/Helwan_Governorate" title="Helwan Governorate">Helwan Governorate</a>
from 2008 when some Cairo's southern districts, including <a href="/wiki/Maadi"
title="Maadi">Maadi</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Cairo" title="New Cairo">New
Cairo</a>, were split off and annexed into the new governorate,<sup id="cite_ref-
94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94">[93]</a></sup> to 2011 when
the Helwan Governorate was reincorporated into the Cairo Governorate.
</p>
<div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-
right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:908px"><div class="thumbinner"><div
class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><a href="/wiki/File:Panocairo1.jpg"
class="image" title="A panorama of the Nile in central Cairo showing the west side
of Gezira Island, located in the middle of the Nile, with the Cairo Tower in the
middle, the 6th October Bridge on the far left and El Galaa Bridge on the far
right"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Panocairo1.jpg/900px-
Panocairo1.jpg" decoding="async" width="900" height="202"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Panocairo1.jpg/1350px-
Panocairo1.jpg 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Panocairo1.jpg/1800px-
Panocairo1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4409" data-file-height="991" /></a></div><div
class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Panocairo1.jpg"
title="File:Panocairo1.jpg"> </a></div>A panorama of the Nile in central Cairo
showing the west side of <a href="/wiki/Gezira_Island" class="mw-redirect"
title="Gezira Island">Gezira Island</a>, located in the middle of the Nile, with
the <a href="/wiki/Cairo_Tower" title="Cairo Tower">Cairo Tower</a> in the middle,
the <a href="/wiki/6th_October_Bridge" title="6th October Bridge">6th October
Bridge</a> on the far left and <a href="/w/index.php?
title=El_Galaa_Bridge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="El Galaa
Bridge (page does not exist)">El Galaa Bridge</a> on the far
right</div></div></div>
<p>According to the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health
Organization">World Health Organization</a>, the level of air pollution in Cairo is
nearly 12 times higher than the recommended safety level<sup id="cite_ref-95"
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Climate">Climate</span><span class="mw-
Climate">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>In Cairo, and along the Nile River Valley, the climate is a <a
href="/wiki/Hot_desert_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot desert climate">hot
desert climate</a> (<i>BWh</i> according to the <a href="/wiki/K
%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen
climate classification</a> system<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-96">[95]</a></sup>). Wind storms can be frequent, bringing
<a href="/wiki/Mineral_dust" title="Mineral dust">Saharan dust</a> into the city,
from March to May and the air often becomes uncomfortably dry. High temperatures in
winter range from 14 to 22 °C (57 to 72 °F), while night-time lows drop
to below 11 °C (52 °F), often to 5 °C (41 °F). In summer, the
highs rarely surpass 40 °C (104 °F), and lows drop to about 20 °C
(68 °F). Rainfall is sparse and only happens in the colder months, but sudden
showers can cause severe flooding. The summer months have high humidity due to its
coastal location. Snowfall is extremely rare; a small amount of <a
href="/wiki/Graupel" title="Graupel">graupel</a>, widely believed to be <a
href="/wiki/Snow" title="Snow">snow</a>, fell on Cairo's easternmost suburbs on 13
December 2013, the first time Cairo's area received this kind of precipitation in
many decades.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-
97">[96]</a></sup> Dew points in the hottest months range from 13.9 °C
(57 °F) in June to 18.3 °C (65 °F) in August.<sup id="cite_ref-
NOAA_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOAA-98">[97]</a></sup>
</p>
<div style="clear:both;"></div>
<div>
<table class="wikitable collapsible" style="width:100%; text-align:center; line-
height: 1.2em; margin:auto;">
<tbody><tr>
<th colspan="14">Climate data for Cairo
</th></tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row">Month
</th>
<th scope="col">Jan
</th>
<th scope="col">Feb
</th>
<th scope="col">Mar
</th>
<th scope="col">Apr
</th>
<th scope="col">May
</th>
<th scope="col">Jun
</th>
<th scope="col">Jul
</th>
<th scope="col">Aug
</th>
<th scope="col">Sep
</th>
<th scope="col">Oct
</th>
<th scope="col">Nov
</th>
<th scope="col">Dec
</th>
<th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year
</th></tr>
<tr style="text-align: center;">
<th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F)
</th>
<td style="background: #FF4800; color:#000000;">31<br />(88)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF3200; color:#000000;">34.2<br />(93.6)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF1800; color:#FFFFFF;">37.9<br />(100.2)
</td>
<td style="background: #E70000; color:#FFFFFF;">43.2<br />(109.8)
</td>
<td style="background: #A80000; color:#FFFFFF;">47.8<br />(118.0)
</td>
<td style="background: #BB0000; color:#FFFFFF;">46.4<br />(115.5)
</td>
<td style="background: #EF0000; color:#FFFFFF;">42.6<br />(108.7)
</td>
</td>
</td>
<td style="background: #FF0300; color:#FFFFFF;">41<br />(106)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF1C00; color:#000000;">37.4<br />(99.3)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF4D00; color:#000000;">30.2<br />(86.4)
</td>
<td style="background: #A80000; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium">47.8<br
/>(118.0)
</td></tr>
<th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average high °C (°F)
</th>
<td style="background: #FF9B38; color:#000000;">18.9<br />(66.0)
</td>
</td>
<td style="background: #FF7C00; color:#000000;">23.5<br />(74.3)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF5A00; color:#000000;">28.3<br />(82.9)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF4100; color:#000000;">32<br />(90)
</td>
</td>
<td style="background: #FF2E00; color:#000000;">34.7<br />(94.5)
</td>
</td>
</td>
</td>
</td>
</td>
<td style="background: #FF5F00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium">27.7<br
/>(81.9)
</td></tr>
<th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F)
</th>
<td style="background: #FFBD7C; color:#000000;">14.0<br />(57.2)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFB56C; color:#000000;">15.1<br />(59.2)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFA44A; color:#000000;">17.6<br />(63.7)
</td>
</td>
</td>
</td>
<td style="background: #FF5A00; color:#000000;">28.4<br />(83.1)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF5B00; color:#000000;">28.2<br />(82.8)
</td>
</td>
</td>
</td>
<td style="background: #FFB368; color:#000000;">15.4<br />(59.7)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF8710; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium">21.8<br
/>(71.2)
</td></tr>
<th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average low °C (°F)
</th>
<td style="background: #FFDFC0; color:#000000;">9<br />(48)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFDBB7; color:#000000;">9.7<br />(49.5)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFCE9D; color:#000000;">11.6<br />(52.9)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFB973; color:#000000;">14.6<br />(58.3)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFA449; color:#000000;">17.7<br />(63.9)
</td>
</td>
<td style="background: #FF860D; color:#000000;">22<br />(72)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF850C; color:#000000;">22.1<br />(71.8)
</td>
</td>
<td style="background: #FFA64D; color:#000000;">17.4<br />(63.3)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFBC7A; color:#000000;">14.1<br />(57.4)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFD6AD; color:#000000;">10.4<br />(50.7)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFB163; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium">15.8<br
/>(60.4)
</td></tr>
<th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F)
</th>
<td style="background: #EDEDFF; color:#000000;">1.2<br />(34.2)
</td>
<td style="background: #FAFAFF; color:#000000;">3.6<br />(38.5)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFFBF8; color:#000000;">5<br />(41)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFE9D4; color:#000000;">7.6<br />(45.7)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFC993; color:#000000;">12.3<br />(54.1)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFAF60; color:#000000;">16<br />(61)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFA042; color:#000000;">18.2<br />(64.8)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF9B37; color:#000000;">19<br />(66)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFBA75; color:#000000;">14.5<br />(58.1)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFC993; color:#000000;">12.3<br />(54.1)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFFAF5; color:#000000;">5.2<br />(41.4)
</td>
<td style="background: #F6F6FF; color:#000000;">3<br />(37)
</td>
<td style="background: #EDEDFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium">1.2<br
/>(34.2)
</td></tr>
<th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation"
title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches)
</th>
<td style="background: #F7FFF7; color:#000000;">5<br />(0.2)
</td>
<td style="background: #F8FFF8; color:#000000;">3.8<br />(0.15)
</td>
</td>
<td style="background: #FDFFFD; color:#000000;">1.1<br />(0.04)
</td>
<td style="background: #FEFFFE; color:#000000;">0.5<br />(0.02)
</td>
<td style="background: #FEFFFE; color:#000000;">0.1<br />(0.00)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;">0<br />(0)
</td>
</td>
</td>
<td style="background: #FDFFFD; color:#000000;">0.7<br />(0.03)
</td>
</td>
</td>
<td style="background: #FBFFFB; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium">24.7<br
/>(0.97)
</td></tr>
<th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days <span style="font-
size:90%;" class="nowrap">(≥ 0.01 mm)</span>
</th>
<td style="background: #D3D3FF; color:#000000;">3.5
</td>
<td style="background: #DADAFF; color:#000000;">2.7
</td>
<td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:#000000;">1.9
</td>
<td style="background: #F3F3FF; color:#000000;">0.9
</td>
</td>
<td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;">0.1
</td>
<td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;">0
</td>
</td>
</td>
</td>
<td style="background: #EEEEFF; color:#000000;">1.3
</td>
<td style="background: #DCDCFF; color:#000000;">2.8
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium">14.2
</td></tr>
<th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity"
title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%)
</th>
<td style="background: #1D1DFF; color:#FFFFFF;">59
</td>
<td style="background: #3030FF; color:#FFFFFF;">54
</td>
</td>
<td style="background: #4B4BFF; color:#FFFFFF;">47
</td>
<td style="background: #4F4FFF; color:#FFFFFF;">46
</td>
</td>
</td>
</td>
</td>
</td>
</td>
</td>
<td style="background: #2828FF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium">56
</td></tr>
<th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a
href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a>
</th>
<td style="background: #DADA00; color:#000000;">213
</td>
<td style="background: #E4E400; color:#000000;">234
</td>
</td>
<td style="background: #EEEE0B; color:#000000;">291
</td>
<td style="background: #F4F418; color:#000000;">324
</td>
<td style="background: #FEFE31; color:#000000;">357
</td>
<td style="background: #FCFC2E; color:#000000;">363
</td>
<td style="background: #FAFA27; color:#000000;">351
</td>
<td style="background: #F3F317; color:#000000;">311
</td>
<td style="background: #ECEC07; color:#000000;">292
</td>
</td>
<td style="background: #D7D700; color:#000000;">198
</td>
<td style="background: #ECEC07; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium">3,451
</td></tr>
<th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_index"
title="Ultraviolet index">ultraviolet index</a>
</th>
<td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;">4
</td>
</td>
<td style="background: #F18B00; color:#000000;">7
</td>
<td style="background: #E53210; color:#FFFFFF;">9
</td>
</td>
<td style="background: #B567A4; color:#FFFFFF;">11.5
</td>
<td style="background: #B567A4; color:#FFFFFF;">11.5
</td>
<td style="background: #B567A4; color:#FFFFFF;">11
</td>
</td>
<td style="background: #F18B00; color:#000000;">7
</td>
</td>
</td>
<td style="background: #F18B00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium">7.8
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: <i><a
href="/wiki/World_Meteorological_Organization" title="World Meteorological
Organization">World Meteorological Organization</a> (UN)</i> (1971–2000),<sup
<i><a href="/wiki/NOAA" class="mw-redirect" title="NOAA">NOAA</a></i> for mean,
record high and low and humidity<sup id="cite_ref-NOAA_98-1" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-NOAA-98">[97]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: <i>Danish
Meteorological Institute</i> for sunshine (1931–1960),<sup id="cite_ref-
DMI_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DMI-100">[99]</a></sup>
<p>Weather2Travel (ultraviolet)<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a
</p>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
</div>
href="/wiki/File:Cairo_weather_observations_by_French_savants.jpg"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Cairo_weather_observations
_by_French_savants.jpg/220px-Cairo_weather_observations_by_French_savants.jpg"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Cairo_weather_observati
ons_by_French_savants.jpg/330px-Cairo_weather_observations_by_French_savants.jpg
1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Cairo_weather_observations_by_F
rench_savants.jpg/440px-Cairo_weather_observations_by_French_savants.jpg 2x" data-
file-width="576" data-file-height="575" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div
class="magnify"><a
href="/wiki/File:Cairo_weather_observations_by_French_savants.jpg" class="internal"
title="Enlarge"></a></div>Cairo weather observations by French
savants</div></div></div>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Metropolitan_area">Metropolitan area</span><span
Metropolitan area">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-
href="/wiki/Greater_Cairo" title="Greater Cairo">Greater Cairo</a> and <a
href="/wiki/Cairo_Governorate" title="Cairo Governorate">Cairo
Governorate</a></div>
<p>The Greater Cairo is the largest metropolitan area in Africa. It consists of <a
href="/wiki/Cairo_Governorate" title="Cairo Governorate">Cairo Governorate</a>,
parts of <a href="/wiki/Giza_Governorate" title="Giza Governorate">Giza
Governorate</a>, and parts of <a href="/wiki/Qalyubia_Governorate" class="mw-
redirect" title="Qalyubia Governorate">Qalyubia Governorate</a>.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Satellite_cities">Satellite cities</span><span
Satellite cities">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
href="/wiki/Greater_Cairo" title="Greater Cairo">Greater Cairo</a></div>
<p><a href="/wiki/6th_of_October_City" class="mw-redirect" title="6th of October
City">6th of October City</a>, west of Cairo, and <a href="/wiki/New_Cairo"
title="New Cairo">New Cairo</a>, east of Cairo, are major urban developments which
have been built to accommodate additional growth and development of the Cairo
area.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-
102">[101]</a></sup> New development includes several high-end residential
developments.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-
103">[102]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Planned_new_capital">Planned new
capital</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-
title="Edit section: Planned new capital">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-
href="/wiki/New_Administrative_Capital" title="New Administrative Capital">New
Administrative Capital</a></div>
<p>In March 2015, plans were announced for a yet-unnamed <a
href="/wiki/Planned_city" class="mw-redirect" title="Planned city">planned city</a>
to be built east of Cairo, in an undeveloped area of the Cairo Governorate, which
would serve as the administrative and financial capital of Egypt.<sup id="cite_ref-
BBC:_new_capital_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC:_new_capital-
85">[84]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Infrastructure">Infrastructure</span><span
Infrastructure">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
href="/wiki/File:Cairo_SPOT_1006.jpg" class="image"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Cairo_SPOT_1006.jpg/220px-
Cairo_SPOT_1006.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="thumbimage"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Cairo_SPOT_1006.jpg/330
px-Cairo_SPOT_1006.jpg 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Cairo_SPOT_1006.jpg/440px-
Cairo_SPOT_1006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a> <div
class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Cairo_SPOT_1006.jpg"
class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Cairo seen from <a
href="/wiki/SPOT_(satellite)" title="SPOT (satellite)">Spot
Satellite</a></div></div></div>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Health">Health</span><span class="mw-
Health">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
href="/wiki/List_of_hospitals_in_Egypt" title="List of hospitals in Egypt">List of
hospitals in Egypt</a></div>
<p>Cairo, as well as neighbouring Giza, has been established as Egypt's main centre
for medical treatment, and despite some exceptions, has the most advanced level of
<a href="/wiki/Health_care" title="Health care">medical care</a> in the country.
Cairo's hospitals include the <a href="/wiki/Joint_Commission" title="Joint
Commission">JCI</a>-accredited As-Salaam International Hospital—Corniche El Nile,
Maadi (Egypt's largest <a href="/wiki/Private_hospital" title="Private
hospital">private hospital</a> with 350 beds), <a href="/wiki/Ain_Shams_University"
title="Ain Shams University">Ain Shams University</a> Hospital, <a
href="/wiki/Dar_Al_Fouad" title="Dar Al Fouad">Dar Al Fouad</a>, <a
href="/wiki/Nile_Badrawi_Hospital" title="Nile Badrawi Hospital">Nile Badrawi
Hospital</a>, <a href="/wiki/57357_Hospital" class="mw-redirect" title="57357
Hospital">57357 Hospital</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Qasr_El_Eyni_Hospital"
title="Qasr El Eyni Hospital">Qasr El Eyni Hospital</a>.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Education">Education</span><span class="mw-
Education">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p><a href="/wiki/Greater_Cairo" title="Greater Cairo">Greater Cairo</a> has long
been the hub of education and educational services for Egypt and the region.
Today, Greater Cairo is the centre for many government offices governing the <a
href="/wiki/Education_in_Egypt" title="Education in Egypt">Egyptian educational
system</a>, has the largest number of educational schools, and <a
href="/wiki/Egyptian_universities" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian
universities">higher education institutes</a> among other cities and governorates
of Egypt.
</p><p><b>Some of the International Schools found in Cairo:</b>
</p>
href="/wiki/List_of_schools_in_Egypt" title="List of schools in Egypt">List of
schools in Egypt</a></div>
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direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-
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self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti
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.tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-
align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-
parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}</style><div
class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:392px;max-
width:392px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:183px;max-
width:183px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:135px;overflow:hidden"><a
href="/wiki/File:Eng_asu_main_bldng.JPG" class="image"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Eng_asu_main_bldng.JPG/181
px-Eng_asu_main_bldng.JPG" decoding="async" width="181" height="136"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Eng_asu_main_bldng.JPG/
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Eng_asu_main_bldng.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448"
/></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Faculty of Engineering, <a
href="/wiki/Ain_Shams_University" title="Ain Shams University">Ain Shams
University</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:205px;max-
href="/wiki/File:ASU_Faculty_of_Pharmacy.JPG" class="image"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/ASU_Faculty_of_Pharmacy.JP
G/203px-ASU_Faculty_of_Pharmacy.JPG" decoding="async" width="203" height="136"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/ASU_Faculty_of_Pharmacy
.JPG/305px-ASU_Faculty_of_Pharmacy.JPG 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/ASU_Faculty_of_Pharmacy.JPG/406
px-ASU_Faculty_of_Pharmacy.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-
height="1712" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Faculty of Pharmacy, <a
href="/wiki/Ain_Shams_University" title="Ain Shams University">Ain Shams
University</a></div></div></div></div></div>
href="/wiki/File:Cairo_UNI.jpg" class="image"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Cairo_UNI.jpg/220px-
Cairo_UNI.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="thumbimage"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Cairo_UNI.jpg/330px-
Cairo_UNI.jpg 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Cairo_UNI.jpg/440px-
Cairo_UNI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2160" data-file-height="1440" /></a> <div
class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Cairo_UNI.jpg"
class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/wiki/Cairo_University"
title="Cairo University">Cairo University</a> is the largest university in Egypt,
and is located in <a href="/wiki/Giza" title="Giza">Giza</a>.</div></div></div>
href="/wiki/File:AUC_New_Library_garden.jpg" class="image"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/AUC_New_Library_garden.jpg
/220px-AUC_New_Library_garden.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147"
class="thumbimage"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/AUC_New_Library_garden.
jpg/330px-AUC_New_Library_garden.jpg 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/AUC_New_Library_garden.jpg/440p
x-AUC_New_Library_garden.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1021" data-file-height="680"
/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a
href="/wiki/File:AUC_New_Library_garden.jpg" class="internal"
title="Enlarge"></a></div>Library building at the new campus of the <a
href="/wiki/American_University_of_Cairo" class="mw-redirect" title="American
University of Cairo">American University of Cairo</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_Cairo"
title="New Cairo">New Cairo</a></div></div></div>
<p><b>Universities in Greater Cairo:</b>
</p>
<table class="wikitable sortable">
<caption>
</caption>
<tbody><tr>
<th>University
</th>
<th>Date of Foundation
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/Al-Azhar_University" title="Al-Azhar University">Al Azhar
University</a>
</td>
<td>970–972
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/Cairo_University" title="Cairo University">Cairo University</a>
</td>
<td>1908
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/American_University_in_Cairo" class="mw-redirect"
title="American University in Cairo">American University in Cairo</a>
</td>
<td>1919
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/Ain_Shams_University" title="Ain Shams University">Ain Shams
University</a>
</td>
<td>1950
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/Arab_Academy_for_Science_and_Technology_and_Maritime_Transport"
class="mw-redirect" title="Arab Academy for Science and Technology and Maritime
Transport">Arab Academy for Science & Technology and Maritime Transport</a>
</td>
<td>1972
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/Helwan_University" title="Helwan University">Helwan
University</a>
</td>
<td>1975
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/Sadat_Academy_for_Management_Sciences" title="Sadat Academy for
Management Sciences">Sadat Academy for Management Sciences</a>
</td>
<td>1981
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/Higher_Technological_Institute" title="Higher Technological
Institute">Higher Technological Institute</a>
</td>
<td>1989
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/Modern_Academy_In_Maadi" title="Modern Academy In Maadi">Modern
Academy In Maadi</a>
</td>
<td>1993
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/Misr_International_University" title="Misr International
University">Misr International University</a>
</td>
<td>1996
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/Misr_University_for_Science_and_Technology" title="Misr
University for Science and Technology">Misr University for Science and
Technology</a>
</td>
<td>1996
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/Modern_Sciences_and_Arts_University" class="mw-redirect"
title="Modern Sciences and Arts University">Modern Sciences and Arts University</a>
</td>
<td>1996
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_Fran%C3%A7aise_d%27%C3%89gypte" class="mw-
redirect" title="Université Française d'Égypte">Université Française
d'Égypte</a>
</td>
<td>2002
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/German_University_in_Cairo" title="German University in
Cairo">German University in Cairo</a>
</td>
<td>2003
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/Arab_Open_University" title="Arab Open University">Arab Open
University</a>
</td>
<td>2003
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_University_for_Technology_
%26_Information&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Modern University
for Technology & Information (page does not exist)">Modern University for
Technology & Information</a>
</td>
<td>2004
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/Canadian_International_College" title="Canadian International
College">Canadian International College</a>
</td>
<td>2004
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/British_University_in_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="British
University in Egypt">British University in Egypt</a>
</td>
<td>2005
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/Ahram_Canadian_University" title="Ahram Canadian
University">Ahram Canadian University</a>
</td>
<td>2005
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/Nile_University" title="Nile University">Nile University</a>
</td>
<td>2006
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/Future_University_in_Egypt" title="Future University in
Egypt">Future University in Egypt</a>
</td>
<td>2006
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Russian_University" title="Egyptian Russian
University">Egyptian Russian University</a>
</td>
<td>2006
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/Heliopolis_University_for_Sustainable_Development" class="mw-
redirect" title="Heliopolis University for Sustainable Development">Heliopolis
University for Sustainable Development</a>
</td>
<td>2009
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/w/index.php?
title=University_of_Science_and_Technology_at_Zewail_City&action=edit&redli
nk=1" class="new" title="University of Science and Technology at Zewail City (page
does not exist)">University of Science and Technology at Zewail City</a>
</td>
<td>2013
</td></tr>
<tr>
title=Egyptian_Chinese_University&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new"
title="Egyptian Chinese University (page does not exist)">Egyptian Chinese
University</a>
</td>
<td>2013
</td></tr>
<tr>
title=Badr_University_in_Cairo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new"
title="Badr University in Cairo (page does not exist)">Badr University in Cairo</a>
</td>
<td>2013
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Transportation">Transportation</span><span
Transportation">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
href="/wiki/Transport_in_Cairo" title="Transport in Cairo">Transport in
Cairo</a></div>
href="/wiki/File:Nasr_road.jpg" class="image"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Nasr_road.jpg/220px-
Nasr_road.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Nasr_road.jpg/330px-
Nasr_road.jpg 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Nasr_road.jpg/440px-
Nasr_road.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a> <div
class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Nasr_road.jpg"
class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>The Autostrade in <a
href="/wiki/Nasr_City" title="Nasr City">Nasr City</a></div></div></div>
href="/wiki/File:Ramses-Station.jpg" class="image"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Ramses-Station.jpg/220px-
Ramses-Station.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="thumbimage"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Ramses-
Station.jpg/330px-Ramses-Station.jpg 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Ramses-Station.jpg/440px-
Ramses-Station.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2633" data-file-height="1489" /></a> <div
class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Ramses-Station.jpg"
class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>The interior of <a
href="/wiki/Ramses_Station" title="Ramses Station">Ramses
Station</a></div></div></div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-
data:TemplateStyles:r978413945/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"/><div class="thumb tmulti
tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div
class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:205px;max-width:205px"><div
class="thumbimage" style="height:135px;overflow:hidden"><a
href="/wiki/File:CairoIntlAirportTerminal3.jpg" class="image"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/CairoIntlAirportTerminal3.
jpg/203px-CairoIntlAirportTerminal3.jpg" decoding="async" width="203" height="135"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/CairoIntlAirportTermina
l3.jpg/305px-CairoIntlAirportTerminal3.jpg 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/CairoIntlAirportTerminal3.jpg/4
06px-CairoIntlAirportTerminal3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-
height="1200" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Façade of Terminal 3 at Cairo
International Airport</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:183px;max-
href="/wiki/File:CairoAirport-Terminal1.JPG" class="image"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/CairoAirport-
Terminal1.JPG/181px-CairoAirport-Terminal1.JPG" decoding="async" width="181"
height="136"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/CairoAirport-
Terminal1.JPG/272px-CairoAirport-Terminal1.JPG 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/CairoAirport-
Terminal1.JPG/362px-CairoAirport-Terminal1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-
file-height="960" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Departures area of Cairo
International Airport's Terminal 1</div></div></div></div></div>
<p>Cairo has an extensive road network, <a href="/wiki/Rail_system" class="mw-
redirect" title="Rail system">rail system</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rapid_transit"
title="Rapid transit">subway system</a> and maritime services. Road transport is
facilitated by personal vehicles, taxi cabs, privately owned public buses and <a
href="/wiki/Microbus#Van_conversions" class="mw-redirect" title="Microbus">Cairo
microbuses</a>. Cairo, specifically Ramses Square, is the centre of almost the
entire Egyptian <a href="/wiki/Transport_network" title="Transport
network">transportation network</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-TravelCairo_104-0"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TravelCairo-104">[103]</a></sup>
</p><p><a href="/wiki/Cairo_Metro" title="Cairo Metro">The subway system</a>,
officially called "Metro (‫")مترو‬, is a fast and efficient way of getting around
Cairo. Metro network covers <a href="/wiki/Helwan" title="Helwan">Helwan</a> and
other suburbs. It can get very crowded during <a href="/wiki/Rush_hour" title="Rush
hour">rush hour</a>. Two train cars (the fourth and fifth ones) are reserved for
women only, although women may ride in any car they want.
</p><p><a href="/wiki/Trams_in_Greater_Cairo" title="Trams in Greater Cairo">Trams
in Greater Cairo</a> and Cairo trolleybus are former modes of transportation but
were closed.
</p><p>An extensive road network connects Cairo with other Egyptian cities and
villages. There is a new <a href="/wiki/Ring_road" title="Ring road">Ring Road</a>
that surrounds the outskirts of the city, with exits that reach outer Cairo
districts. There are flyovers and bridges, such as the Sixth of October bridge
that, when the traffic is not heavy, allow fast<sup id="cite_ref-TravelCairo_104-1"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TravelCairo-104">[103]</a></sup> <a
href="/wiki/Mode_of_transport" title="Mode of transport">means of
transportation</a> from one side of the city to the other.
</p><p>Cairo traffic is known to be overwhelming and overcrowded.<sup id="cite_ref-
105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a></sup> Traffic
moves at a relatively fluid pace. Drivers tend to be aggressive, but are more
courteous at junctions, taking turns going, with police aiding in <a
href="/wiki/Road_traffic_control" title="Road traffic control">traffic control</a>
of some congested areas.<sup id="cite_ref-TravelCairo_104-2" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-TravelCairo-104">[103]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 2017 plans to construct two monorail systems were announced, one linking
October City to suburban Giza, a distance of 35 km (22 mi), and the other
linking Nasr City to New Cairo, a distance of 52 km (32 mi).<sup
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Other_forms_of_transport">Other forms of
transport</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-
title="Edit section: Other forms of transport">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cairo_International_Airport" title="Cairo International
Airport">Cairo International Airport</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ramses_Station" title="Ramses Station">Ramses Railway
Station</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Cairo" title="Transport in Cairo">Cairo
Transportation Authority</a> <a href="/wiki/Cairo_Transportation_Authority"
title="Cairo Transportation Authority">CTA</a></li>
<li>Cairo Taxi/Yellow Cab</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cairo_Metro" title="Cairo Metro">Cairo Metro</a></li>
<li>Cairo Nile Ferry</li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Sports">Sports</span><span class="mw-
Sports">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
href="/wiki/File:Cairo_International_Stadium.jpg" class="image"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Cairo_International_Stadiu
m.jpg/220px-Cairo_International_Stadium.jpg" decoding="async" width="220"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Cairo_International_Sta
dium.jpg/330px-Cairo_International_Stadium.jpg 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Cairo_International_Stadium.jpg
/440px-Cairo_International_Stadium.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-
href="/wiki/File:Cairo_International_Stadium.jpg" class="internal"
title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/wiki/Cairo_International_Stadium" title="Cairo
International Stadium">Cairo International Stadium</a> with 75,100
seats</div></div></div>
<p><a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">Football</a>
is the most popular sport in Egypt, and Cairo has a number of sporting teams that
compete in national and regional leagues. The best known teams are <a
href="/wiki/Al_Ahly_SC" title="Al Ahly SC">Al Ahly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zamalek_SC"
title="Zamalek SC">El Zamalek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Al-Ismaily" class="mw-
redirect" title="Al-Ismaily">Al-Ismaily</a>. <a href="/wiki/Al_Ahly_SC" title="Al
Ahly SC">Al Ahly</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zamalek_SC" title="Zamalek SC">El
Zamalek</a> annual <a href="/wiki/Cairo_derby" title="Cairo derby">football
tournament</a> is perhaps the most watched sports event in Egypt as well as the
African-Arab region. Both teams are known as the "rivals" of Egyptian football, and
are the first and the second champions in Africa and the <a href="/wiki/Arab_world"
title="Arab world">Arab world</a>. They play their home games at <a
href="/wiki/Cairo_International_Stadium" title="Cairo International Stadium">Cairo
International Stadium</a> or Naser Stadium, which is Egypt's 2nd largest stadium,
Cairo's largest one and one of the largest stadiums in the world.
</p><p>The Cairo International Stadium was built in 1960 and its multi-purpose
sports complex that houses the main football stadium, an indoor stadium, several
satellite fields that held several regional, continental and global games,
including the <a href="/wiki/All-Africa_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="All-
Africa Games">African Games</a>, U17 Football World Championship and was one of the
stadiums scheduled that hosted the <a href="/wiki/2006_Africa_Cup_of_Nations"
title="2006 Africa Cup of Nations">2006 Africa Cup of Nations</a> which was played
in January 2006. Egypt later won the competition and went on to win the next
edition In Ghana (2008) making the Egyptian and Ghanaian national teams the only
teams to win the African Nations Cup Back to back which resulted in Egypt winning
the title for a record number of six times in the history of African Continental
Competition. This was followed by a third consecutive win in Angola 2010, making
Egypt the only country with a record 3-consecutive and 7-total Continental Football
Competition winner. This achievement had also placed the Egyptian football team as
the #9 best team in the world's FIFA rankings.
</p><p>Cairo failed at the applicant stage when bidding for the <a
href="/wiki/2008_Summer_Olympics" title="2008 Summer Olympics">2008 Summer
Olympics</a>, which was hosted in Beijing, China. However, Cairo did host the <a
href="/wiki/2007_Pan_Arab_Games" title="2007 Pan Arab Games">2007 Pan Arab
Games</a>.
</p><p>There are several other sports teams in the city that participate in several
sports including el Gezira <a href="/wiki/Sports_club" title="Sports club">Sporting
Club</a>, el Shams Club, el Seid Club, Heliopolis Club and several smaller clubs,
but the biggest clubs in Egypt (not in area but in sports) are <a
href="/wiki/Al_Ahly_SC" title="Al Ahly SC">Al Ahly</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zamalek"
title="Zamalek">Al Zamalek</a>. They have the two biggest football teams in Egypt.
There are new sports clubs in the area of New Cairo (one hour far from Cairo's down
town), these are Al Zohour sporting club, Wadi Degla sporting club and Platinum
Club.
</p><p>Most of the sports federations of the country are also located in the city
suburbs, including the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Football_Association"
title="Egyptian Football Association">Egyptian Football Association</a>. The
headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_African_Football"
title="Confederation of African Football">Confederation of African Football</a>
(CAF) was previously located in Cairo, before relocating to its new headquarters in
<a href="/wiki/6th_of_October_City" class="mw-redirect" title="6th of October
City">6 October City</a>, a small city away from Cairo's crowded districts.
</p><p>In October 2008, the Egyptian Rugby Federation was officially formed and
granted membership into the <a href="/wiki/International_Rugby_Board" class="mw-
redirect" title="International Rugby Board">International Rugby Board</a>.
</p><p>Egypt is internationally known for the excellence of its squash players who
excel in both professional and junior divisions. Egypt has seven players in the top
ten of the PSA men's world rankings, and three in the women's top ten. Mohamed El
Shorbagy held the world number one position for more than a year before being
overtaken by compatriot Karim Abdel Gawad, who is number two behind Gregory
Gaultier of France. Ramy Ashour and Amr Shabana are regarded as two of the most
talented squash players in history. Shabana won the World Open title four times and
Ashour twice, although his recent form has been hampered by injury. Egypt's Nour El
Sherbini has won the Women's World Championship twice and has been women's world
number one for 16 consecutive months. On 30 April 2016, she became the youngest
woman to win the Women's World Championship which was held in Malaysia. On April
2017 she retained her title by winning the Women's World Championship which was
held in the Egyptian resort of El Gouna.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Culture">Culture</span><span class="mw-
Culture">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
href="/wiki/File:Cairo_opera_house.jpg" class="image"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Cairo_opera_house.jpg/220p
x-Cairo_opera_house.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165"
class="thumbimage"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Cairo_opera_house.jpg/3
30px-Cairo_opera_house.jpg 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Cairo_opera_house.jpg/440px-
Cairo_opera_house.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a> <div
href="/wiki/File:Cairo_opera_house.jpg" class="internal"
title="Enlarge"></a></div>Cairo Opera House, at the National Cultural Center, <a
href="/wiki/Zamalek" title="Zamalek">Zamalek</a> district.</div></div></div>
href="/wiki/File:ModernEgypt,_Khedivial_Opera_House,_BAP_25178.jpg"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/ModernEgypt
%2C_Khedivial_Opera_House%2C_BAP_25178.jpg/220px-ModernEgypt
%2C_Khedivial_Opera_House%2C_BAP_25178.jpg" decoding="async" width="220"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/ModernEgypt
%2C_Khedivial_Opera_House%2C_BAP_25178.jpg 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/ModernEgypt
%2C_Khedivial_Opera_House%2C_BAP_25178.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2477" data-file-
href="/wiki/File:ModernEgypt,_Khedivial_Opera_House,_BAP_25178.jpg"
class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Khedivial Opera House,
1869.</div></div></div>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Cultural_tourism_in_Egypt">Cultural tourism in
Egypt</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-
title="Edit section: Cultural tourism in Egypt">edit</a><span class="mw-
href="/wiki/Cultural_tourism_in_Egypt" title="Cultural tourism in Egypt">Cultural
tourism in Egypt</a></div>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Cairo_Opera_House">Cairo Opera House</span><span
Cairo Opera House">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-
href="/wiki/Cairo_Opera_House" title="Cairo Opera House">Cairo Opera
House</a></div><p>President Mubarak inaugurated the new Cairo Opera House of the
Egyptian National Cultural Centres on 10 October 1988, 17 years after the Royal
Opera House had been destroyed by fire. The National Cultural Centre was built with
the help of JICA, the Japan International Co-operation Agency and stands as a
prominent feature for the Japanese-Egyptian co-operation and the friendship between
the two nations.
</p><h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Khedivial_Opera_House">Khedivial Opera
House</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-
title="Edit section: Khedivial Opera House">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-
href="/wiki/Khedivial_Opera_House" title="Khedivial Opera House">Khedivial Opera
House</a></div>
<p>The <a href="/wiki/Khedivial_Opera_House" title="Khedivial Opera
House">Khedivial Opera House</a>, or Royal Opera House, was the original opera
house in Cairo. It was dedicated on 1 November 1869 and burned down on 28 October
1971. After the original opera house was destroyed, Cairo was without an opera
house for nearly two decades until the opening of the new Cairo Opera House in
1988.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Cairo_International_Film_Festival">Cairo
International Film Festival</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-
editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?
title=Cairo&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Cairo
International Film Festival">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-
href="/wiki/Cairo_International_Film_Festival" title="Cairo International Film
Festival">Cairo International Film Festival</a></div>
<p>Cairo held its first international <a href="/wiki/Film_festival" title="Film
festival">film festival</a> 16 August 1976, when the first <a
href="/wiki/Cairo_International_Film_Festival" title="Cairo International Film
Festival">Cairo International Film Festival</a> was launched by the Egyptian
Association of Film Writers and Critics, headed by Kamal El-Mallakh. The
Association ran the festival for seven years until 1983.
</p><p>This achievement lead to the President of the Festival again contacting the
<a href="/wiki/FIAPF" title="FIAPF">FIAPF</a> with the request that a competition
should be included at the 1991 Festival. The request was granted.
</p><p>In 1998, the Festival took place under the presidency of one of Egypt's
leading actors, <a href="/wiki/Hussein_Fahmy" title="Hussein Fahmy">Hussein
Fahmy</a>, who was appointed by the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Culture_(Egypt)"
title="Ministry of Culture (Egypt)">Minister of Culture</a>, <a
href="/wiki/Farouk_Hosny" title="Farouk Hosny">Farouk Hosni</a>, after the death of
Saad El-Din Wahba. Four years later, the journalist and writer Cherif El-Shoubashy
became president.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Cairo_Geniza">Cairo Geniza</span><span class="mw-
Geniza">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
href="/wiki/File:Solomon_Schechter.jpg" class="image"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Solomon_Schechter.jpg/170p
x-Solomon_Schechter.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="238"
class="thumbimage"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Solomon_Schechter.jpg/2
55px-Solomon_Schechter.jpg 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Solomon_Schechter.jpg/340px-
Solomon_Schechter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="464" data-file-height="650" /></a> <div
href="/wiki/File:Solomon_Schechter.jpg" class="internal"
title="Enlarge"></a></div>Solomon Schechter studying documents from the Cairo
Geniza, c. 1895.</div></div></div>
href="/wiki/Cairo_Geniza" title="Cairo Geniza">Cairo Geniza</a></div>
<p>The <a href="/wiki/Cairo_Geniza" title="Cairo Geniza">Cairo Geniza</a> is an
accumulation of almost 200,000 Jewish manuscripts that were found in the genizah of
the <a href="/wiki/Abraham_ibn_Ezra" title="Abraham ibn Ezra">Ben Ezra</a>
synagogue (built 882) of Fustat, Egypt (now Old Cairo), the Basatin cemetery east
of Old Cairo, and a number of old documents that were bought in Cairo in the later
19th century. These documents were written from about 870 to 1880 AD and have been
archived in various American and European libraries. The Taylor-Schechter
collection in the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of
Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a> runs to 140,000 manuscripts, a further
40,000 manuscripts are at the <a
href="/wiki/Jewish_Theological_Seminary_of_America" title="Jewish Theological
Seminary of America">Jewish Theological Seminary of America</a>.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Food">Food</span><span class="mw-
Food">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>The majority of Cairenes make food for themselves and make use of local produce
markets.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-
108">[107]</a></sup> The restaurant scene includes traditional <a
href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_cuisine" title="Middle Eastern cuisine">Middle Eastern
cuisine</a> as well as local staples such as <i><a href="/wiki/Kushari" class="mw-
redirect" title="Kushari">kushari</a></i>. The city's most exclusive restaurants
are typically concentrated in <a href="/wiki/Zamalek" title="Zamalek">Zamalek</a>
and around the luxury hotels lining the shore of the Nile near the <a
href="/wiki/Garden_City,_Cairo" title="Garden City, Cairo">Garden City</a>
district. Influence from modern <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western
world">western</a> society is also evident, with American chains such as <a
href="/wiki/McDonald%27s" title="McDonald's">McDonald's</a>, <a
href="/wiki/Arby%27s" title="Arby's">Arby's</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pizza_Hut"
title="Pizza Hut">Pizza Hut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Subway_(restaurant)" title="Subway
(restaurant)">Subway</a>, and <a href="/wiki/KFC" title="KFC">Kentucky Fried
Chicken</a> being easy to find in central areas.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_108-1"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-108">[107]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Places_of_worship">Places of worship</span><span
Places of worship">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-
href="/wiki/List_of_mosques_in_Cairo" title="List of mosques in Cairo">List of
mosques in Cairo</a></div>
<p>Among the <a href="/wiki/Places_of_worship" class="mw-redirect" title="Places of
worship">places of worship</a>, they are predominantly <a href="/wiki/Islam"
title="Islam">Muslim</a> mosques.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-109">[108]</a></sup> There are also <a
href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> churches and temples:
<a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic Orthodox
Church">Coptic Orthodox Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Catholic_Church"
title="Coptic Catholic Church">Coptic Catholic Church</a> (<a
href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>), <a
href="/wiki/Evangelical_Church_of_Egypt_(Synod_of_the_Nile)" title="Evangelical
Church of Egypt (Synod of the Nile)">Evangelical Church of Egypt (Synod of the
Nile)</a> (<a href="/wiki/World_Communion_of_Reformed_Churches" title="World
Communion of Reformed Churches">World Communion of Reformed Churches</a>).
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Economy">Economy</span><span class="mw-
Economy">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
href="/wiki/File:Talat_Harb_Square_-_Wist_Al-Balad.jpg" class="image"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Talat_Harb_Square_-
_Wist_Al-Balad.jpg/220px-Talat_Harb_Square_-_Wist_Al-Balad.jpg" decoding="async"
width="220" height="62" class="thumbimage"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Talat_Harb_Square_-
_Wist_Al-Balad.jpg/330px-Talat_Harb_Square_-_Wist_Al-Balad.jpg 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Talat_Harb_Square_-_Wist_Al-
Balad.jpg/440px-Talat_Harb_Square_-_Wist_Al-Balad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="10710"
data-file-height="3037" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a
href="/wiki/File:Talat_Harb_Square_-_Wist_Al-Balad.jpg" class="internal"
title="Enlarge"></a></div>The statue of <a href="/wiki/Talaat_Harb" title="Talaat
Harb">Talaat Pasha Harb</a> in <a href="/wiki/Downtown_Cairo" title="Downtown
Cairo">Downtown Cairo</a>, the father of the modern <a
href="/wiki/Egyptian_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian economy">Egyptian
economy</a>.</div></div></div>
href="/wiki/File:National_Bank_of_Egypt.JPG" class="image"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/National_Bank_of_Egypt.JPG
/220px-National_Bank_of_Egypt.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="114"
class="thumbimage"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/National_Bank_of_Egypt.
JPG/330px-National_Bank_of_Egypt.JPG 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/National_Bank_of_Egypt.JPG/440p
x-National_Bank_of_Egypt.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3650" data-file-height="1894"
/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a
href="/wiki/File:National_Bank_of_Egypt.JPG" class="internal"
title="Enlarge"></a></div>The <a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_Egypt"
title="National Bank of Egypt">NBE</a> towers as viewed from the
Nile.</div></div></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><div
id="mwe_player_0" class="PopUpMediaTransform" style="width:220px;"
videopayload="<div class="mediaContainer"
style="width:854px"><video id="mwe_player_1"
poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Street_Vendors_of_
Cairo_%28Full%29.webm/854px--Street_Vendors_of_Cairo_%28Full%29.webm.jpg"
controls="" preload="none" autoplay=""
style="width:854px;height:480px" class="kskin" data-
durationhint="630.921" data-startoffset="0" data-
mwtitle="Street_Vendors_of_Cairo_(Full).webm" data-
mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/95/Street_Vendors_o
f_Cairo_%28Full%29.webm/Street_Vendors_of_Cairo_%28Full%29.webm.480p.webm"
type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-
title="SD WebM (480P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 480P" data-
transcodekey="480p.webm" data-width="854" data-
height="480" data-bandwidth="1112456" data-
framerate="29.97"/><source
f_Cairo_%28Full%29.webm/Street_Vendors_of_Cairo_%28Full%29.webm.480p.vp9.webm"
type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-
title="SD VP9 (480P)" data-shorttitle="VP9 480P" data-
transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-
title="HD WebM (720P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 720P" data-
title="HD VP9 (720P)" data-shorttitle="VP9 720P" data-
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/95/Street_Vendors_of_Cairo_
%28Full%29.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9,
opus"" data-title="Original WebM file, 1,920 × 1,080 (2.6
Mbps)" data-shorttitle="WebM source" data-width="1920"
data-height="1080" data-bandwidth="2597639" data-
f_Cairo_%28Full%29.webm/Street_Vendors_of_Cairo_%28Full
%29.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9,
opus"" data-title="Full HD VP9 (1080P)" data-
shorttitle="VP9 1080P" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-
width="1920" data-height="1080" data-
bandwidth="4155608" data-framerate="29.97"/><source
title="Full HD WebM (1080P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 1080P" data-
title="Lowest bandwidth VP9 (120P)" data-shorttitle="VP9 120P"
data-transcodekey="120p.vp9.webm" data-width="214" data-
title="Low bandwidth WebM (160P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 160P"
data-transcodekey="160p.webm" data-width="284" data-
title="Low bandwidth VP9 (180P)" data-shorttitle="VP9 180P"
data-transcodekey="180p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-
title="Small WebM (240P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 240P" data-
title="Small VP9 (240P)" data-shorttitle="VP9 240P" data-
title="WebM (360P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 360P" data-
title="VP9 (360P)" data-shorttitle="VP9 360P" data-
framerate="29.97"/></video></div>"><img alt="File:Street
Vendors of Cairo (Full).webm" style="width:220px;height:124px"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Street_Vendors_of_Cairo_
%28Full%29.webm/220px--Street_Vendors_of_Cairo_%28Full%29.webm.jpg" /><a
href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/95/Street_Vendors_of_Cairo_%28Full
%29.webm" title="Play media" target="new"><span class="play-btn-large"><span
class="mw-tmh-playtext">Play media</span></span></a></div> <div
href="/wiki/File:Street_Vendors_of_Cairo_(Full).webm" class="internal"
title="Enlarge"></a></div>Informal economy in Cairo</div></div></div>
<table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-
content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-
image"><div style="width:52px"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-
Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-
Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-
Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399"
/></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section
<b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability"
title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-
compact"> Please help <a class="external text"
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cairo&action=edit">improve
this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners"
title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>.
Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <small class="date-
container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2020</span>)</i></small><small class="hide-
when-compact"><i> (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal"
title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this
template message</a>)</i></small></div></td></tr></tbody></table><p>Cairo accounts
for 11% of Egypt's population and 22% of its economy (PPP). The majority of the
nation's commerce is generated there, or passes through the city. The great
majority of <a href="/wiki/Publishing" title="Publishing">publishing houses</a> and
media outlets and nearly all <a href="/wiki/Movie_studio" class="mw-redirect"
title="Movie studio">film studios</a> are there, as are half of the nation's
hospital beds and universities. This has fuelled rapid construction in the city—one
building in five is less than 15 years old.
</p><p>This growth until recently surged well ahead of <a
href="/wiki/Municipal_services" title="Municipal services">city services</a>.
Homes, roads, electricity, telephone and sewer services were all in short supply.
Analysts trying to grasp the magnitude of the change coined terms like "hyper-
urbanization".
</p>
<h3><span id="Cairo.27s_automobile_assembler_and_manufacturer"></span><span
class="mw-headline" id="Cairo's_automobile_assembler_and_manufacturer">Cairo's
automobile assembler and manufacturer</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span
class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?
title=Cairo&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Cairo's
automobile assembler and manufacturer">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_American_Vehicles" title="Arab American Vehicles">Arab
American Vehicles Company</a><sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-110">[109]</a></sup></li>
<li>Egyptian Light Transport Manufacturing Company (Egyptian NSU pedant)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ghabbour_Group" title="Ghabbour Group">Ghabbour Group</a><sup
111">[110]</a></sup> (Fuso, Hyundai and Volvo)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_Commercial_Vehicles" title="Manufacturing
Commercial Vehicles">MCV Corporate Group</a><sup id="cite_ref-112"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112">[111]</a></sup> (a part of the
<a href="/wiki/Daimler_AG" title="Daimler AG">Daimler AG</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mod_Car&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new"
title="Mod Car (page does not exist)">Mod Car</a><sup id="cite_ref-113"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113">[112]</a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Seoudi_Group" title="Seoudi Group">Seoudi Group</a><sup
114">[113]</a></sup> (Modern Motors: Nissan, BMW (formerly); El-Mashreq:
Alfa Romeo and Fiat)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Speranza_Motors" title="Speranza Motors">Speranza</a><sup
href="#cite_note-116">[115]</a></sup> (former Daewoo Motors Egypt; <a
href="/wiki/Chery_Automobile" class="mw-redirect" title="Chery
Automobile">Chery</a>, <a href="/wiki/GM_Korea" title="GM Korea">Daewoo</a>)</li>
<li>General Motors Egypt</li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Cityscape_and_landmarks">Cityscape and
landmarks</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-
title="Edit section: Cityscape and landmarks">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-
href="/wiki/File:El_Cairo_-_panoramio.jpg" class="image"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/El_Cairo_-
_panoramio.jpg/220px-El_Cairo_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/El_Cairo_-
_panoramio.jpg/330px-El_Cairo_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/El_Cairo_-_panoramio.jpg/440px-
El_Cairo_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a>
<div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:El_Cairo_-
_panoramio.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>View of <a
href="/wiki/Tahrir_Square" title="Tahrir Square">Tahrir Square</a> (in
2008).</div></div></div>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Tahrir_Square">Tahrir Square</span><span
Tahrir Square">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
href="/wiki/Tahrir_Square" title="Tahrir Square">Tahrir Square</a></div>
<p><a href="/wiki/Tahrir_Square" title="Tahrir Square">Tahrir Square</a> was
founded during the mid 19th century with the establishment of modern downtown
Cairo. It was first named Ismailia Square, after the 19th-century ruler <a
href="/wiki/Khedive_Ismail" class="mw-redirect" title="Khedive Ismail">Khedive
Ismail</a>, who commissioned the new downtown district's 'Paris on the Nile'
design. After the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Revolution_of_1919" title="Egyptian
Revolution of 1919">Egyptian Revolution of 1919</a> the square became widely known
as Tahrir (Liberation) Square, though it was not officially renamed as such until
after the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Revolution_of_1952" class="mw-redirect"
title="Egyptian Revolution of 1952">1952 Revolution</a> which eliminated the
monarchy. Several notable buildings surround the square including, the <a
href="/wiki/American_University_in_Cairo" class="mw-redirect" title="American
University in Cairo">American University in Cairo</a>'s downtown campus, the <a
href="/wiki/Mogamma" class="mw-redirect" title="Mogamma">Mogamma</a> governmental
administrative Building, the headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/Arab_League"
title="Arab League">Arab League</a>, the Nile Ritz Carlton Hotel, and the <a
href="/wiki/Egyptian_Museum" title="Egyptian Museum">Egyptian Museum</a>. Being at
the heart of Cairo, the square witnessed several major protests over the years.
However, the most notable event in the square was being the focal point of the <a
href="/wiki/2011_Egyptian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 Egyptian
Revolution">2011 Egyptian Revolution</a> against former president <a
href="/wiki/Hosni_Mubarak" title="Hosni Mubarak">Hosni Mubarak</a>.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Egyptian_Museum">Egyptian Museum</span><span
Egyptian Museum">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
href="/wiki/File:Kairo_%C3%84gyptisches_Museum_04.jpg" class="image"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Kairo_
%C3%84gyptisches_Museum_04.jpg/220px-Kairo_%C3%84gyptisches_Museum_04.jpg"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Kairo_
%C3%84gyptisches_Museum_04.jpg/330px-Kairo_%C3%84gyptisches_Museum_04.jpg 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Kairo_
%C3%84gyptisches_Museum_04.jpg/440px-Kairo_%C3%84gyptisches_Museum_04.jpg 2x" data-
file-width="4561" data-file-height="3421" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div
class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Kairo_%C3%84gyptisches_Museum_04.jpg"
class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Main entrance of the <a
href="/wiki/Egyptian_Museum" title="Egyptian Museum">Egyptian Museum</a>, located
at Tahrir Square.</div></div></div>
<p>The <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Museum" title="Egyptian Museum">Museum of Egyptian
Antiquities</a>, known commonly as the Egyptian Museum, is home to the most
extensive collection of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">ancient
Egyptian</a> antiquities in the world. It has 136,000 items on display, with many
more hundreds of thousands in its basement storerooms. Among its most famous
collections on display are the finds from the <a href="/wiki/KV62"
title="KV62">tomb of Tutankhamun</a>.
</p>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Grand_Egyptian_Museum">Grand Egyptian
Museum</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-
title="Edit section: Grand Egyptian Museum">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-
href="/wiki/Grand_Egyptian_Museum" title="Grand Egyptian Museum">Grand Egyptian
Museum</a></div>
<p>Much of the collection of the Museum of Egyptian Antiquities, including the
Tutankhamun collection, are slated to be moved to the new <a
href="/wiki/Grand_Egyptian_Museum" title="Grand Egyptian Museum">Grand Egyptian
Museum</a>, under construction in <a href="/wiki/Giza" title="Giza">Giza</a> and
due to open by the end of 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Cairo_Tower">Cairo Tower</span><span class="mw-
Tower">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
href="/wiki/File:Cairotower.jpg" class="image"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Cairotower.jpg/175px-
Cairotower.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="261" class="thumbimage"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Cairotower.jpg/262px-
Cairotower.jpg 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Cairotower.jpg/349px-
Cairotower.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3872" /></a> <div
class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Cairotower.jpg"
class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/wiki/Cairo_Tower" title="Cairo
Tower">Cairo Tower</a> at night.</div></div></div><div role="note" class="hatnote
navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cairo_Tower" title="Cairo
Tower">Cairo Tower</a></div>
<p>The Cairo Tower is a free-standing tower with a revolving restaurant at the top.
It provides a bird's eye view of Cairo to the restaurant patrons. It stands in the
Zamalek district on Gezira Island in the Nile River, in the city centre. At 187
metres (614 feet), it is 44 metres (144 feet) higher than the Great Pyramid of
Giza, which stands some 15 kilometres (9 miles) to the southwest.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Old_Cairo">Old Cairo</span><span class="mw-
title=Cairo&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Old
Cairo">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
href="/wiki/Old_Cairo" title="Old Cairo">Old Cairo</a></div>
href="/wiki/File:Cairo_-_Coptic_area_-_Roman_Tower.JPG" class="image"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Cairo_-_Coptic_area_-
_Roman_Tower.JPG/220px-Cairo_-_Coptic_area_-_Roman_Tower.JPG" decoding="async"
width="220" height="212" class="thumbimage"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Cairo_-_Coptic_area_-
_Roman_Tower.JPG/330px-Cairo_-_Coptic_area_-_Roman_Tower.JPG 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Cairo_-_Coptic_area_-
_Roman_Tower.JPG/440px-Cairo_-_Coptic_area_-_Roman_Tower.JPG 2x" data-file-
class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Cairo_-_Coptic_area_-_Roman_Tower.JPG"
class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Remains of the <a
href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> fortress of Babylon, in <a
href="/wiki/Old_Cairo" title="Old Cairo">Old Cairo</a>.</div></div></div>
<p>This area of Cairo is so-named as it contains the remains of the ancient Roman
<a href="/wiki/Babylon_Fortress" title="Babylon Fortress">fortress of Babylon</a>
and also overlaps the original site of <a href="/wiki/Fustat"
title="Fustat">Fustat</a>, the first Arab settlement in Egypt (7th century AD) and
the predecessor of later Cairo. The area includes the <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Cairo"
title="Coptic Cairo">Coptic Cairo</a>, which holds a high concentration of old
Christian churches such as the <a href="/wiki/Hanging_Church" title="Hanging
Church">Hanging Church</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_St._George_(Cairo)"
title="Church of St. George (Cairo)">Greek Orthodox Church of St. George</a>, and
other Christian or Coptic buildings, most of which are located over the site of the
ancient Roman fortress. It is also the location of the <a
href="/wiki/Coptic_Museum" title="Coptic Museum">Coptic Museum</a>, which showcases
the history of <a href="/wiki/Coptic_art" title="Coptic art">Coptic art</a> from <a
href="/wiki/Egypt_history#Ptolemaic_and_Roman_Egypt" class="mw-redirect"
title="Egypt history">Greco-Roman</a> to <a href="/wiki/History_of_Muslim_Egypt"
class="mw-redirect" title="History of Muslim Egypt">Islamic</a> times, and of the
<a href="/wiki/Ben_Ezra_Synagogue" title="Ben Ezra Synagogue">Ben Ezra
Synagogue</a>, the oldest and best-known <a href="/wiki/Synagogue"
title="Synagogue">synagogue</a> in Cairo, where the important collection of <a
href="/wiki/Cairo_Geniza" title="Cairo Geniza">Geniza documents</a> were discovered
in the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-
119">[118]</a></sup> To the north of this Coptic enclave is the <a
href="/wiki/Mosque_of_Amr_ibn_al-As" title="Mosque of Amr ibn al-As">Amr ibn al-'As
Mosque</a>, the first mosque in Egypt and the most important religious centre of
what was formerly <a href="/wiki/Fustat" title="Fustat">Fustat</a>, founded in 642
AD right after the <a href="/wiki/Arab_conquest_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect"
title="Arab conquest of Egypt">Arab conquest</a> but rebuilt many times since.<sup
120">[119]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Islamic_Cairo">Islamic Cairo</span><span
Islamic Cairo">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
href="/wiki/Islamic_Cairo" title="Islamic Cairo">Islamic Cairo</a></div>
href="/wiki/File:El-Moez_Street-Old_Cairo-Egypt.jpg" class="image"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/El-Moez_Street-Old_Cairo-
Egypt.jpg/220px-El-Moez_Street-Old_Cairo-Egypt.jpg" decoding="async" width="220"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/El-Moez_Street-
Old_Cairo-Egypt.jpg/330px-El-Moez_Street-Old_Cairo-Egypt.jpg 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/El-Moez_Street-Old_Cairo-
Egypt.jpg/440px-El-Moez_Street-Old_Cairo-Egypt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-
href="/wiki/File:El-Moez_Street-Old_Cairo-Egypt.jpg" class="internal"
title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/wiki/Muizz_Street" title="Muizz Street">Al-
Muizz Street</a> in <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Cairo" title="Islamic Cairo">Islamic
Cairo</a>.</div></div></div>
href="/wiki/File:Al-Azhar_(inside)_2006.jpg" class="image"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Al-Azhar_%28inside
%29_2006.jpg/175px-Al-Azhar_%28inside%29_2006.jpg" decoding="async" width="175"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Al-Azhar_%28inside
%29_2006.jpg/262px-Al-Azhar_%28inside%29_2006.jpg 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Al-Azhar_%28inside
%29_2006.jpg/349px-Al-Azhar_%28inside%29_2006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-
href="/wiki/File:Al-Azhar_(inside)_2006.jpg" class="internal"
title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/wiki/Al-Azhar_Mosque" title="Al-Azhar
Mosque">Al-Azhar Mosque</a>, view of <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate"
title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid</a>-era courtyard and <a
href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate_(Cairo)" title="Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)">Mamluk</a>
minarets.</div></div></div>
href="/wiki/File:%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%87_..
%D8%AD%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%83%D9%87.jpg" class="image"><img
alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1_
%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%87_..%D8%AD%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE
%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%83%D9%87.jpg/220px-%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%AF
%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%87_..%D8%AD%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%83%D9%87.jpg"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1_
%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%87_..%D8%AD%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%83%D9%87.jpg
1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1_
%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%87_..%D8%AD%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%83%D9%87.jpg
2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a> <div
class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1_
%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%83%D9%87.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a
href="/wiki/Mosque-Madrassa_of_Sultan_Hassan" title="Mosque-Madrassa of Sultan
Hassan">Sultan Hassan Mosque-Madrasa</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Al-Rifa%27i_Mosque"
title="Al-Rifa'i Mosque">al-Rifa'i Mosque</a>, seen from the <a
href="/wiki/Cairo_Citadel" title="Cairo Citadel">Citadel</a>.</div></div></div>
href="/wiki/File:GD-EG-Caire-Suhaymi008.JPG" class="image"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/GD-EG-Caire-
Suhaymi008.JPG/220px-GD-EG-Caire-Suhaymi008.JPG" decoding="async" width="220"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/GD-EG-Caire-
Suhaymi008.JPG/330px-GD-EG-Caire-Suhaymi008.JPG 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/GD-EG-Caire-
Suhaymi008.JPG/440px-GD-EG-Caire-Suhaymi008.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-
href="/wiki/File:GD-EG-Caire-Suhaymi008.JPG" class="internal"
title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/wiki/Bayt_Al-Suhaymi" title="Bayt Al-
Suhaymi">Bayt Al-Suhaymi</a>, a historic house and mansion off al-Muizz
street.</div></div></div>
<p>Cairo holds one of the greatest concentrations of historical monuments of <a
href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture" title="Islamic architecture">Islamic
architecture</a> in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_121-0"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-121">[120]</a></sup> The
areas around the old <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_architecture#Cairo_fortifications"
title="Fatimid architecture">walled</a> city and around the <a
href="/wiki/Citadel_of_Cairo" class="mw-redirect" title="Citadel of
Cairo">Citadel</a> are characterized by hundreds of <a href="/wiki/Mosques"
class="mw-redirect" title="Mosques">mosques</a>, tombs, <a href="/wiki/Madrasas"
class="mw-redirect" title="Madrasas">madrasas</a>, mansions, <a
href="/wiki/Caravanserais" class="mw-redirect"
title="Caravanserais">caravanserais</a>, and fortifications dating from the Islamic
era and are often referred to as "<a href="/wiki/Islamic_Cairo" title="Islamic
Cairo">Islamic Cairo</a>", especially in English travel literature.<sup
122">[121]</a></sup> It is also the location of several important religious
shrines such as the <a href="/wiki/Al-Hussein_Mosque" title="Al-Hussein Mosque">al-
Hussein Mosque</a> (whose shrine is believed to hold the head of <a
href="/wiki/Husayn_ibn_Ali" title="Husayn ibn Ali">Husayn ibn Ali</a>), the
Mausoleum of Imam <a href="/wiki/Al-Shafi%27i" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-
Shafi'i">al-Shafi'i</a> (founder of the <a href="/wiki/Shafi%27i" class="mw-
redirect" title="Shafi'i">Shafi'i</a> <a href="/wiki/Madhhab"
title="Madhhab">madhhab</a>, one of the primary schools of thought in <a
href="/wiki/Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni">Sunni</a> Islamic <a
href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">jurisprudence</a>), the <a
href="/wiki/Mashhad_of_Sayyida_Ruqayya" title="Mashhad of Sayyida Ruqayya">Tomb of
Sayyida Ruqayya</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Al-Sayeda_Nafeesah_Mosque" title="Al-Sayeda
Nafeesah Mosque">Mosque of Sayyida Nafisa</a>, and others.<sup id="cite_ref-
ReferenceA_121-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-
121">[120]</a></sup>
</p><p>The first mosque in Egypt was the <a href="/wiki/Mosque_of_Amr_ibn_al-As"
title="Mosque of Amr ibn al-As">Mosque of Amr ibn al-As</a> in what was formerly <a
href="/wiki/Fustat" title="Fustat">Fustat</a>, the first Arab-Muslim settlement in
the area. However, the <a href="/wiki/Mosque_of_Ibn_Tulun" title="Mosque of Ibn
Tulun">Mosque of Ibn Tulun</a> is the oldest mosque that still retains its original
form and is a rare example of <a href="/wiki/Abbasid" class="mw-redirect"
title="Abbasid">Abbasid</a> architecture from the <a
href="/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">classical period of
Islamic civilization</a>. It was built in 876–879 AD in a style inspired by the
Abbasid capital of <a href="/wiki/Samarra" title="Samarra">Samarra</a> in <a
href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-123">[122]</a></sup> It is one of the largest mosques in
Cairo and is often cited as one of the most beautiful.<sup id="cite_ref-124"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124">[123]</a></sup><sup
125">[124]</a></sup> Another Abbasid construction, the <a
href="/wiki/Nilometer" title="Nilometer">Nilometer</a> on <a
href="/wiki/Rhoda_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhoda Island">Rhoda
Island</a>, is the oldest original structure in Cairo, built in 862 AD. It was
designed to measure the level of the <a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile</a>,
which was important for agricultural and administrative purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-
126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126">[125]</a></sup>
</p><p>The settlement that was formally named Cairo (Arabic: <i>al-Qahira</i>) was
founded to the northeast of Fustat in 959 AD by the victorious <a
href="/wiki/Fatimid" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatimid">Fatimid</a> army. The
Fatimids built it as a separate palatial city which contained <a
href="/wiki/Fatimid_Great_Palaces" title="Fatimid Great Palaces">their palaces</a>
and institutions of government. It was enclosed by a circuit of walls, which were
rebuilt in stone in the late 11th century AD by the <a href="/wiki/Vizir"
class="mw-redirect" title="Vizir">vizir</a> <a href="/wiki/Badr_al-Jamali"
title="Badr al-Jamali">Badr al-Gamali</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-127"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127">[126]</a></sup> parts of which
survive today at <a href="/wiki/Bab_Zuwayla" class="mw-redirect" title="Bab
Zuwayla">Bab Zuwayla</a> in the south and <a href="/wiki/Bab_al-Futuh" title="Bab
al-Futuh">Bab al-Futuh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bab_al-Nasr_(Cairo)" title="Bab al-
Nasr (Cairo)">Bab al-Nasr</a> in the north.
</p><p>One of the most important and lasting institutions founded in the Fatimid
period was the <a href="/wiki/Al-Azhar_Mosque" title="Al-Azhar Mosque">Mosque of
al-Azhar</a>, founded in 970 AD, which competes with the <a href="/wiki/Qarawiyyin"
class="mw-redirect" title="Qarawiyyin">Qarawiyyin</a> in <a href="/wiki/Fes"
class="mw-redirect" title="Fes">Fes</a> for the title of oldest university in the
world.<sup id="cite_ref-Williams,_Caroline_p._169_128-0" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-Williams,_Caroline_p._169-128">[127]</a></sup> Today, <a
href="/wiki/Al-Azhar_University" title="Al-Azhar University">al-Azhar
University</a> is the foremost Center of Islamic learning in the world and one of
Egypt's largest universities with campuses across the country.<sup id="cite_ref-
Williams,_Caroline_p._169_128-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-
Williams,_Caroline_p._169-128">[127]</a></sup> The mosque itself retains
significant Fatimid elements but has been added to and expanded in subsequent
centuries, notably by the <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate_(Cairo)" title="Mamluk
Sultanate (Cairo)">Mamluk</a> sultans <a href="/wiki/Qaitbay"
title="Qaitbay">Qaitbay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Al-Ashraf_Qansuh_al-Ghawri"
class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Ashraf Qansuh al-Ghawri">al-Ghuri</a> and by Abd al-
Rahman Katkhuda in the 18th century.
</p><p>Other extant monuments from the Fatimid era include the large <a
href="/wiki/Al-Hakim_Mosque" title="Al-Hakim Mosque">Mosque of al-Hakim</a>, the <a
href="/wiki/Aqmar_Mosque" title="Aqmar Mosque">Aqmar Mosque</a>, <a
href="/wiki/Juyushi_Mosque" title="Juyushi Mosque">Juyushi Mosque</a>, <a
href="/wiki/Lulua_Mosque" title="Lulua Mosque">Lulua Mosque</a>, and the <a
href="/wiki/Al-Salih_Tala%27i_Mosque" title="Al-Salih Tala'i Mosque">Mosque of
Al-Salih Tala'i</a>.
</p><p>The most prominent architectural heritage of medieval Cairo, however, dates
from the <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate_(Cairo)" title="Mamluk Sultanate
(Cairo)">Mamluk period</a>, from 1250 to 1517 AD. The Mamluk sultans and elites
were eager patrons of religious and scholarly life, commonly building religious or
funerary complexes whose functions could include a mosque, <a href="/wiki/Madrasa"
title="Madrasa">madrasa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khanqah" title="Khanqah">khanqah</a>
(for <a href="/wiki/Sufis" class="mw-redirect" title="Sufis">Sufis</a>), a <a
href="/wiki/Sebil_(fountain)" title="Sebil (fountain)">sabil</a> (water
dispensary), and a mausoleum for themselves and their families.<sup id="cite_ref-
Among the best-known examples of Mamluk monuments in Cairo are the huge <a
href="/wiki/Mosque-Madrassa_of_Sultan_Hassan" title="Mosque-Madrassa of Sultan
Hassan">Mosque-Madrasa of Sultan Hasan</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mosque_of_Amir_al-
Maridani" title="Mosque of Amir al-Maridani">Mosque of Amir al-Maridani</a>, the <a
href="/wiki/Mosque_of_Sultan_al-Muayyad" title="Mosque of Sultan al-Muayyad">Mosque
of Sultan al-Mu'ayyad</a> (whose twin minarets were built above the gate of <a
href="/wiki/Bab_Zuwayla" class="mw-redirect" title="Bab Zuwayla">Bab Zuwayla</a>),
the <a href="/wiki/Sultan_Al-Ghuri_Complex" title="Sultan Al-Ghuri Complex">Sultan
Al-Ghuri complex</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Complex_of_Sultan_al-Ashraf_Qaytbay"
title="Complex of Sultan al-Ashraf Qaytbay">funerary complex of Sultan Qaytbay</a>
in the <a href="/wiki/City_of_the_Dead_(Cairo)" title="City of the Dead
(Cairo)">Northern Cemetery</a>, and the trio of monuments in the <a
href="/wiki/Bayn_al-Qasrayn" title="Bayn al-Qasrayn">Bayn al-Qasrayn</a> area
comprising the <a href="/wiki/Qalawun_complex" title="Qalawun complex">complex of
Sultan al-Mansur Qalawun</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Madrassa_of_Al-Nasir_Muhammad"
title="Madrassa of Al-Nasir Muhammad">Madrasa of al-Nasir Muhammad</a>, and the <a
href="/wiki/Madrasa_of_Sultan_Barquq" class="mw-redirect" title="Madrasa of Sultan
Barquq">Madrasa of Sultan Barquq</a>. Some mosques include <a href="/wiki/Spolia"
title="Spolia">spolia</a> (often columns or <a href="/wiki/Capital_(architecture)"
title="Capital (architecture)">capitals</a>) from earlier buildings built by the <a
href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Romans</a>, <a
href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantines</a>, or <a
href="/wiki/Copts" title="Copts">Copts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_121-2"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-121">[120]</a></sup>
</p><p>The Mamluks, and the later <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman
Empire">Ottomans</a>, also built <i>wikala</i>s or <a href="/wiki/Caravanserais"
class="mw-redirect" title="Caravanserais">caravanserais</a> to house merchants and
goods due to the important role of trade and commerce in Cairo's economy.<sup
id="cite_ref-Raymond,_André_1993._pp._90-97_130-0" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-Raymond,_André_1993._pp._90-97-130">[129]</a></sup> The
most famous example still intact today is the <a href="/wiki/Wikala_of_Al-Ghuri"
title="Wikala of Al-Ghuri">Wikala al-Ghuri</a>, which nowadays also hosts regular
performances by the Al-<a href="/wiki/Tannoura" class="mw-redirect"
title="Tannoura">Tannoura</a> Egyptian Heritage Dance Troupe.<sup id="cite_ref-131"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131">[130]</a></sup> The famous <a
href="/wiki/Khan_el-Khalili" title="Khan el-Khalili">Khan al-Khalili</a> is a
commercial hub which also integrated caravanserais (also known as <i>khan</i>s).
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Citadel_of_Cairo">Citadel of Cairo</span><span
Citadel of Cairo">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
href="/wiki/File:Flickr_-_HuTect_ShOts_-
_Citadel_of_Salah_El.Din_and_Masjid_Muhammad_Ali_%D9%82%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A9_
%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A_%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF_%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_
%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A_-_Cairo_-_Egypt_-_17_04_2010_(4).jpg" class="image"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Flickr_-_HuTect_ShOts_-
%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A_-_Cairo_-_Egypt_-_17_04_2010_%284%29.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Flickr_-_HuTect_ShOts_-
%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A_-_Cairo_-_Egypt_-_17_04_2010_%284%29.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg
1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Flickr_-_HuTect_ShOts_-
%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A_-_Cairo_-_Egypt_-_17_04_2010_%284%29.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x"
class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Flickr_-
_HuTect_ShOts_-_Citadel_of_Salah_El.Din_and_Masjid_Muhammad_Ali_
%D9%82%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%B5%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AD_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86_
%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A_%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF_
%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A_-_Cairo_-_Egypt_-_17_04_2010_(4).jpg"
class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>The <a href="/wiki/Citadel_of_Cairo"
class="mw-redirect" title="Citadel of Cairo">Citadel of Cairo</a>, with the <a
href="/wiki/Mosque_of_Muhammad_Ali" title="Mosque of Muhammad Ali">Mosque of
Muhammad Ali</a>.</div></div></div>
href="/wiki/Cairo_Citadel" title="Cairo Citadel">Cairo Citadel</a></div>
<p>The Citadel is a fortified enclosure begun by <a href="/wiki/Saladin"
title="Saladin">Salah al-Din</a> in 1176 AD on an outcrop of the <a
href="/wiki/Muqatam" class="mw-redirect" title="Muqatam">Muqattam Hills</a> as part
of a large defensive system to protect both Cairo to the north and <a
href="/wiki/Fustat" title="Fustat">Fustat</a> to the southwest.<sup id="cite_ref-
Raymond,_André_1993._pp._90-97_130-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-
Raymond,_André_1993._pp._90-97-130">[129]</a></sup> It was the centre of
Egyptian government and residence of its rulers until 1874, when <a
href="/wiki/Isma%27il_Pasha" title="Isma'il Pasha">Khedive Isma'il</a> moved to
<a href="/wiki/Abdeen_Palace" title="Abdeen Palace">'Abdin Palace</a>.<sup
132">[131]</a></sup> It is still occupied by the military today, but is now
open as a tourist attraction comprising, notably, the <a
href="/wiki/Egyptian_National_Military_Museum" title="Egyptian National Military
Museum">National Military Museum</a>, the 14th century <a href="/wiki/Al-
Nasir_Muhammad_Mosque" title="Al-Nasir Muhammad Mosque">Mosque of al-Nasir
Muhammad</a>, and the 19th century <a href="/wiki/Mosque_of_Muhammad_Ali"
title="Mosque of Muhammad Ali">Mosque of Muhammad Ali</a> which commands a dominant
position on Cairo's skyline.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Khan_el-Khalili">Khan el-Khalili</span><span
Khan el-Khalili">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
href="/wiki/Khan_el-Khalili" title="Khan el-Khalili">Khan el-Khalili</a></div>
href="/wiki/File:Khan_el-Khalili,_Old_Cairo,_al-Q
%C4%81hirah,_CG,_EGY_(40944894033).jpg" class="image"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Khan_el-Khalili
%2C_Old_Cairo%2C_al-Q%C4%81hirah%2C_CG%2C_EGY_%2840944894033%29.jpg/220px-Khan_el-
Khalili%2C_Old_Cairo%2C_al-Q%C4%81hirah%2C_CG%2C_EGY_%2840944894033%29.jpg"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Khan_el-Khalili
Khalili%2C_Old_Cairo%2C_al-Q%C4%81hirah%2C_CG%2C_EGY_%2840944894033%29.jpg
1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Khan_el-Khalili
Khalili%2C_Old_Cairo%2C_al-Q%C4%81hirah%2C_CG%2C_EGY_%2840944894033%29.jpg 2x"
class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Khan_el-
Khalili,_Old_Cairo,_al-Q%C4%81hirah,_CG,_EGY_(40944894033).jpg" class="internal"
title="Enlarge"></a></div>A medieval gateway in <a href="/wiki/Khan_el-Khalili"
title="Khan el-Khalili">Khan al-Khalili</a>.</div></div></div>
<p><a href="/wiki/Khan_el-Khalili" title="Khan el-Khalili">Khan el-Khalili</a> is
an ancient <a href="/wiki/Bazaar" title="Bazaar">bazaar</a>, or marketplace
adjacent to the <a href="/wiki/Al-Hussein_Mosque" title="Al-Hussein Mosque">Al-
Hussein Mosque</a>. It dates back to 1385, when Amir Jarkas el-Khalili built a
large caravanserai, or khan. (A caravanserai is a hotel for traders, and usually
the focal point for any surrounding area.) This original carvanserai building was
demolished by <a href="/wiki/Qansuh_al-Ghuri" class="mw-redirect" title="Qansuh al-
Ghuri">Sultan al-Ghuri</a>, who rebuilt it as a new commercial complex in the early
16th century, forming the basis for the network of <a href="/wiki/Souqs" class="mw-
redirect" title="Souqs">souqs</a> existing today.<sup id="cite_ref-133"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133">[132]</a></sup> Many medieval
elements remain today, including the ornate <a href="/wiki/Mamluk"
title="Mamluk">Mamluk</a>-style gateways.<sup id="cite_ref-134"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134">[133]</a></sup> Today, the Khan
el-Khalili is a major tourist attraction and popular stop for tour groups.<sup
135">[134]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Society">Society</span><span class="mw-
Society">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>Today, Cairo is heavily urbanized and most Cairenes now live in apartment
buildings. Because of the influx of people into the city, lone standing houses are
rare to find, and apartment buildings accommodate for the limited space and
abundance of people. Single detached houses are symbolic of the wealthy.<sup
class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-
space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"
title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="The information up to here is fairly
self-evident for anyone who knows Cairo, but there should still be a reliable
reference to back it up. (March 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
Formal education has also become very important. There are twelve years of formal
education, and Cairenes also take an apprehension test similar to the SAT to help
them further their education and become accepted to a higher institution. However,
most children do not finish school and opt to pick up a trade to enter the work
force.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-
136">[135]</a></sup> Egypt still struggles with poverty, with almost half
the population living on $2 or less a day<sup id="cite_ref-137"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137">[136]</a></sup> From the income
the country does make, most of it does come from Cairo, as the majority of the
countries manufacturing headquarters are located there.<sup class="noprint Inline-
Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a
href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span
title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2020)">citation
needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-
left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"
title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="by what measure? does this take into
account revenues from other resources which are being processed in Cairo? (March
2020)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p>
<h3><span id="Women.27s_rights"></span><span class="mw-headline"
id="Women's_rights">Women's rights</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span
class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?
title=Cairo&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Women's
rights">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>The civil rights movement for women in Cairo and Egypt has been a long battle
for years. Women are reported to face constant discrimination, harassment, and
abuse throughout Cairo. A 2013 <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United
Nations">UN</a> study found that over 99% of <a href="/wiki/Women_in_Egypt"
title="Women in Egypt">Egyptian women</a> reported experiencing sexual harassment
at some point in their lives.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-138">[137]</a></sup> The problem has persisted in spite of
new national laws since 2014 defining and criminalizing sexual harassment.<sup
139">[138]</a></sup> The situation is so severe that in 2017 Cairo was
named by one poll as the most dangerous <a href="/wiki/Megacity"
title="Megacity">megacity</a> for women in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-140"
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Pollution">Pollution</span><span class="mw-
Pollution">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>Cairo is an expanding city, which has led to many environmental problems. The <a
href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">air pollution</a> in Cairo is a
matter of serious concern. Greater Cairo's volatile <a
href="/wiki/Aromatic_hydrocarbon" title="Aromatic hydrocarbon">aromatic
hydrocarbon</a> levels are higher than many other similar cities.<sup id="cite_ref-
141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141">[140]</a></sup> Air quality
measurements in Cairo have also been recording dangerous levels of <a
href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide"
title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide"
title="Sulfur dioxide">sulphur dioxide</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Suspended_solids"
title="Suspended solids">suspended particulate matter</a> concentrations due to
decades of unregulated <a href="/wiki/Vehicle_emissions_control" title="Vehicle
emissions control">vehicle emissions</a>, urban industrial operations, and chaff
and trash burning. There are over 4,500,000 cars on the streets of Cairo, 60% of
which are over 10 years old, and therefore lack modern emission cutting features.
Cairo has a very poor dispersion factor because of its lack of rain and its layout
of tall buildings and narrow streets, which create a bowl effect.<sup id="cite_ref-
</p>
href="/wiki/File:0021_Cairo_in_smog,_2010.JPG" class="image"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/0021_Cairo_in_smog
%2C_2010.JPG/220px-0021_Cairo_in_smog%2C_2010.JPG" decoding="async" width="220"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/0021_Cairo_in_smog
%2C_2010.JPG/330px-0021_Cairo_in_smog%2C_2010.JPG 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/0021_Cairo_in_smog
%2C_2010.JPG/440px-0021_Cairo_in_smog%2C_2010.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-
href="/wiki/File:0021_Cairo_in_smog,_2010.JPG" class="internal"
title="Enlarge"></a></div>Smog in Cairo</div></div></div>
<p>In recent years, a mysterious <a href="/wiki/Smog" title="Smog">black cloud</a>
(as Egyptians refer to it) <a href="/wiki/Inversion_(meteorology)" title="Inversion
(meteorology)">appeared over Cairo every autumn</a> and causes serious respiratory
diseases and eye irritations for the city's citizens. Tourists who are not familiar
with such high levels of pollution must take extra care.<sup id="cite_ref-143"
</p><p>Cairo also has many unregistered lead and <a href="/wiki/Copper"
title="Copper">copper</a> <a href="/wiki/Smelter" class="mw-redirect"
title="Smelter">smelters</a> which heavily pollute the city. The results of this
has been a permanent haze over the city with particulate matter in the air reaching
over three times normal levels. It is estimated that 10,000 to 25,000 people a year
in Cairo die due to air pollution-related diseases. Lead has been shown to cause
harm to the <a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system" title="Central nervous
system">central nervous system</a> and neurotoxicity particularly in children.<sup
144">[143]</a></sup> In 1995, the first environmental acts were introduced
and the situation has seen some improvement with 36 air monitoring stations and <a
href="/wiki/Emissions_testing" class="mw-redirect" title="Emissions
testing">emissions tests</a> on cars. Twenty thousand buses have also been
commissioned to the city to improve congestion levels, which are very high.<sup
class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-
space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"
title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to
reliable sources. (January 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p>
href="/wiki/File:Street_in_Cairo_-_panoramio_(1).jpg" class="image"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Street_in_Cairo_-
_panoramio_%281%29.jpg/220px-Street_in_Cairo_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Street_in_Cairo_-
_panoramio_%281%29.jpg/330px-Street_in_Cairo_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Street_in_Cairo_-_panoramio_
%281%29.jpg/440px-Street_in_Cairo_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-
class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Street_in_Cairo_-_panoramio_(1).jpg"
class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Traffic in Cairo</div></div></div>
<p>The city also suffers from a high level of <a href="/wiki/Pollution"
title="Pollution">land pollution</a>. Cairo produces 10,000 tons of waste material
each day, 4,000 tons of which is not <a href="/wiki/Waste_collection" title="Waste
collection">collected</a> or <a href="/wiki/Waste_management" title="Waste
management">managed</a>. This once again is a huge <a href="/wiki/Health"
title="Health">health hazard</a> and the Egyptian Government is looking for ways to
combat this. The Cairo Cleaning and Beautification Agency was founded to collect
and recycle the waste; however, they also work with the <a href="/wiki/Zabbaleen"
title="Zabbaleen">Zabbaleen</a> (or Zabaleen), a community that has been collecting
and recycling Cairo's waste since the turn of the 20th century and live in an area
known locally as <a href="/wiki/Manshiyat_naser" class="mw-redirect"
title="Manshiyat naser">Manshiyat naser</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-145"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145">[144]</a></sup> Both are working
together to pick up as much waste as possible within the city limits, though it
remains a pressing problem.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact"
style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"
title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to
reliable sources. (January 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p><p><a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">Water pollution</a>
is also a serious problem in the city as the <a href="/wiki/Sanitary_sewer"
title="Sanitary sewer">sewer system</a> tends to fail and overflow. On occasion, <a
href="/wiki/Sewage" title="Sewage">sewage</a> has escaped onto the streets to
create a health hazard. This problem is hoped to be solved by a new sewer system
funded by the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European
Union</a>, which could cope with the demand of the city. The dangerously high
levels of <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a>
in the city's water system has <a href="/wiki/Global_health" title="Global
health">global health</a> officials concerned over related health risks.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="International_relations">International
relations</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-
title="Edit section: International relations">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-
<p>The <a href="/wiki/Headquarters_of_the_Arab_League" title="Headquarters of the
Arab League">Headquarters of the Arab League</a> is located in <a
href="/wiki/Tahrir_Square" title="Tahrir Square">Tahrir Square</a>, near the <a
href="/wiki/Downtown_Cairo" title="Downtown Cairo">downtown business district</a>
of Cairo.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Twin_towns_and_sister_cities">Twin towns and
sister cities</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-
title="Edit section: Twin towns and sister cities">edit</a><span class="mw-
href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Egypt" title="List of twin
towns and sister cities in Egypt">List of twin towns and sister cities in
Egypt</a></div>
<p>Cairo has <a href="/wiki/Sister_city" title="Sister city">sister city</a>
agreements with nine cities in seven different countries:
</p>
<ul><li><span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United
States"><img alt="United States"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/2
3px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12"
class="thumbborder"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.sv
g/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-
Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650"
/></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Baton_Rouge,_Louisiana" title="Baton Rouge,
Louisiana">Baton Rouge</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United
States">United States</a> (1951)<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-146">[145]</a></sup></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img
alt="Germany"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-
Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14"
class="thumbborder"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-
Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-
Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"
/></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Stuttgart" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a>, <a
href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> (1979)<sup id="cite_ref-
Stuttgart_twinnings_147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-
Stuttgart_twinnings-147">[146]</a></sup></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img
alt="United States"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/2
3px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12"
class="thumbborder"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.sv
g/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-
Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650"
/></a></span> <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>, <a
href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> (1982)<sup
id="cite_ref-New_York_sisters_148-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-
New_York_sisters-148">[147]</a></sup></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada"><img alt="Canada"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone
%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23"
height="12" class="thumbborder"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_
%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone
%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-
file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</a>,
<a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> (1989)</li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People
%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png"
decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People
%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png
1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People
2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a
href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>, <a href="/wiki/China"
title="China">China</a> (1990)</li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan"><img alt="Japan"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-
Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-
Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-
Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"
/></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan"
title="Japan">Japan</a> (1990)</li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People
%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png"
decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People
1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People
2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Xi
%27an" title="Xi'an">Xi'an</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>
(1997)</li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus"><img
alt="Belarus"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/23px-
Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12"
class="thumbborder"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/35p
x-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/46px-
Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="450"
/></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk">Minsk</a>, <a
href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a> (1998)</li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia
(country)"><img alt="Georgia (country)"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/23px-
Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15"
class="thumbborder"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/35p
x-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/45px-
Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"
/></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi">Tbilisi</a>, <a
href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>
(2012)</li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Notable_people">Notable people</span><span
Notable people">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gamal_Aziz" title="Gamal Aziz">Gamal Aziz</a>, also known as
Gamal Mohammed Abdelaziz, former President and Chief Operating Officer of <a
href="/wiki/Wynn_Resorts" title="Wynn Resorts">Wynn Resorts</a>, and former CEO of
<a href="/wiki/MGM_Resorts_International" title="MGM Resorts International">MGM
Resorts International</a>, indicted as part of the <a
href="/wiki/2019_college_admissions_bribery_scandal" title="2019 college admissions
bribery scandal">2019 college admissions bribery scandal</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Sa%27id_al-Afif" title="Abu Sa'id al-Afif">Abu Sa'id al-
Afif</a>, 15th century Samaritan</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Boutros_Boutros-Ghali" title="Boutros Boutros-Ghali">Boutros
Boutros-Ghali</a> (1922–2016), former <a href="/wiki/Secretary-
General_of_the_United_Nations" title="Secretary-General of the United
Nations">Secretary-General of the United Nations</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Avi_Cohen" title="Avi Cohen">Avi Cohen</a> (1956–2010), Israeli
international footballer</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dalida" title="Dalida">Dalida</a> (1933–1987), Italian-Egyptian
singer who lived most of her life in France, received 55 golden records and was the
first singer to receive a <a href="/wiki/Music_recording_sales_certification"
class="mw-redirect" title="Music recording sales certification">diamond
disc</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_ElBaradei" title="Mohamed ElBaradei">Mohamed
ElBaradei</a> (born 1942), former <a href="/wiki/Director-general" class="mw-
redirect" title="Director-general">Director General</a> of the <a
href="/wiki/International_Atomic_Energy_Agency" title="International Atomic Energy
Agency">International Atomic Energy Agency</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize"
title="Nobel Peace Prize">2005 Nobel Peace Prize laureate</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Hodgkin" title="Dorothy Hodgkin">Dorothy Hodgkin</a>
(1910–1994), British chemist, credited with the development of <a
href="/wiki/Protein_crystallography" class="mw-redirect" title="Protein
crystallography">protein crystallography</a>, <a
href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Nobel Prize
in Chemistry</a> in 1964</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Yakub_Kadri_Karaosmano%C4%9Flu" class="mw-redirect" title="Yakub
Kadri Karaosmanoğlu">Yakub Kadri Karaosmanoğlu</a> (1889–1974), Turkish
novelist</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Naguib_Mahfouz" title="Naguib Mahfouz">Naguib Mahfouz</a> (1911–
2006), novelist, <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in
Literature">Nobel Prize in Literature</a> in 1988</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Roland_Moreno" title="Roland Moreno">Roland Moreno</a> (1945–
2012), French inventor, engineer, humorist and author who invented the <a
href="/wiki/Smart_card" title="Smart card">smart card</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gaafar_Nimeiry" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaafar
Nimeiry">Gaafar Nimeiry</a> (1930–2009), President of Sudan</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Sabri" title="Ahmed Sabri">Ahmed Sabri</a> (1889–1955),
painter</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Taco_Hemingway" title="Taco Hemingway">Taco Hemingway</a> (born
1990), polish hip-hop artist</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Naguib_Sawiris" title="Naguib Sawiris">Naguib Sawiris</a> (born
1954), 62nd richest person on Earth in 2007 <a href="/wiki/Billionaire"
title="Billionaire">list of billionaires</a>, reaching US$10.0 billion with his
company <a href="/wiki/Orascom_Telecom_Holding" class="mw-redirect" title="Orascom
Telecom Holding">Orascom Telecom Holding</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Beatification" title="Beatification">Blessed</a> <a
href="/wiki/Maria_Caterina_Troiani" title="Maria Caterina Troiani">Maria Caterina
Troiani</a> (1813–1887), a <a href="/wiki/Mercy" title="Mercy">charitable
activist</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Magdi_Yacoub" title="Magdi Yacoub">Magdi Yacoub</a> (born 1935),
British-Egyptian cardiothoracic surgeon</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Zewail" title="Ahmed Zewail">Ahmed Zewail</a> (1946–2016),
American-Egyptian scientist in chemistry, won noble prize in 1999</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Farouk_El-Baz" title="Farouk El-Baz">Farouk El-Baz</a> (born
1938), an <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian
American">Egyptian American</a> <a href="/wiki/Space_scientist" class="mw-redirect"
title="Space scientist">space scientist</a> who worked with <a href="/wiki/NASA"
title="NASA">NASA</a> to assist in the planning of scientific exploration of the
Moon, including the selection of landing sites for the Apollo missions and the
training of astronauts in lunar observations and photography.</li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-
title=Cairo&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: See
also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/C40_Cities_Climate_Leadership_Group" title="C40 Cities
Climate Leadership Group">C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Ayrout" title="Charles Ayrout">Charles Ayrout</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_tourism_in_Egypt" title="Cultural tourism in
Egypt">Cultural tourism in Egypt</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_buildings_in_Cairo" title="List of buildings in
Cairo">List of buildings in Cairo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Egypt" title="List of cities and
towns in Egypt">List of cities and towns in Egypt</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Cairo" title="Outline of Cairo">Outline of
Cairo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Egypt" title="Outline of Egypt">Outline of
Egypt</a></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span><span class="mw-
Notes">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;">
<div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-Area-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-
Area_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cairo Metropolitan is
enlarged to cover all the area within the Governorate limits. Government statistics
consider that the whole governorate is urban and the whole governorate is treated
like as the metropolitan-city of Cairo. Governorate Cairo is considered a city-
proper and functions as a municipality. The city of Alexandria is on the same
principle as the city of Cairo, being a governorate-city. Because of this, it is
difficult to divide Cairo into urban, rural, subdivisions, or to eliminate certain
parts of the metropolitan administrative territory on various theme (unofficial
statistics and data).</span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-
References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047268">.mw-parser-output
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30em; column-width: 30em;">
<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFAbu-Lughod1965" class="citation journal cs1">Abu-Lughod,
Janet (July 1965). "Tale of Two Cities: The Origins of Modern Cairo".
<i>Comparative Studies in Society and History</i>. <b>7</b> (4): 429–457. <a
href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi
(identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0010417500003819">10.1017/S0010417500003819</a>.
<a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN
(identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0010-4175">0010-4175</a>.</cite><span
title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comparative+Studies+in+Society+and+
History&rft.atitle=Tale+of+Two+Cities
%3A+The+Origins+of+Modern+Cairo&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=429-
457&rft.date=1965-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi
%2F10.1017%2FS0010417500003819&rft.issn=0010-4175&rft.aulast=Abu-
Lughod&rft.aufirst=Janet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACairo"
class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 maint: ref=harv
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selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFAfaf_Lutfi_Sayyid-Marsot1984" class="citation book cs1"><a
href="/wiki/Afaf_Lufti_al-Sayyid-Marsot" class="mw-redirect" title="Afaf Lufti al-
Sayyid-Marsot">Afaf Lutfi Sayyid-Marsot</a> (1984). <i>Egypt in the Reign of
Muhammad Ali</i> (illustrated, reprint ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University
Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN
(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-28968-9"
title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-28968-9"><bdi>978-0-521-28968-
9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi
%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Egypt+in+the+Reign+of+Muhammad+Ali&rf
t.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.edition=illustrated
%2C+reprint&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=9
78-0-521-28968-9&rft.au=Afaf+Lutfi+Sayyid-Marsot&rfr_id=info%3Asid
%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACairo" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-
comment">CS1 maint: ref=harv (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_ref%3Dharv"
title="Category:CS1 maint: ref=harv">link</a>)</span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-
inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFBeattie2005" class="citation book cs1">Beattie, Andrew (2005).
<i>Cairo: A Cultural History</i> (illustrated ed.). New York: Oxford University
Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN
%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cairo
%3A+A+Cultural+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.p
ub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-517893-
7&rft.aulast=Beattie&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid
%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACairo" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-
<li><cite id="CITEREFBehrens-Abouseif1992" class="citation book cs1">Behrens-
Abouseif, Doris (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://books.google.com/books?id=INsmT6zjAl8C"><i>Islamic Architecture in
Cairo</i></a> (2nd ed.). Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-
redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a
href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09626-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-
90-04-09626-4"><bdi>978-90-04-09626-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-
2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+Architecture+in+Cairo&rft.edi
tion=2nd&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-90-04-09626-
4&rft.aulast=Behrens-Abouseif&rft.aufirst=Doris&rft_id=https%3A%2F
%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DINsmT6zjAl8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid
<li><cite id="CITEREFButler2008" class="citation book cs1">Butler, Alfred J.
(2008). <i>The Arab Conquest of Egypt – And the Last Thirty Years of the Roman
Dominion</i>. Portland, Ore: Butler Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"
class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a
%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Arab+Conquest+of+Egypt+
%E2%80%93+And+the+Last+Thirty+Years+of+the+Roman+Dominion&rft.place=Portland
%2C+Ore&rft.pub=Butler+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4437-2783-
9&rft.aulast=Butler&rft.aufirst=Alfred+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid
<li><cite id="CITEREFByrne2004" class="citation book cs1">Byrne, Joseph Patrick
(2004). <i>The Black Death</i> (illustrated, annotated ed.). Westport, Conn.:
Greenwood Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect"
title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-
313-32492-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32492-5"><bdi>978-0-313-32492-
%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Black+Death&rft.place=Westport
%2C+Conn.&rft.edition=illustrated
%2C+annotated&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn
=978-0-313-32492-
5&rft.aulast=Byrne&rft.aufirst=Joseph+Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid
<li><cite id="CITEREFCollins2002" class="citation book cs1">Collins, Robert O.
(2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://archive.org/details/nile00robe"><i>The Nile</i></a> (illustrated
ed.). New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"
%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nile&rft.place=New+Haven
%2C+Conn.&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.dat
e=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-300-09764-
1&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=Robert+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F
%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnile00robe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org
%3ACairo" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 maint:
ref=harv (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_ref%3Dharv" title="Category:CS1 maint:
ref=harv">link</a>)</span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-
data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFDalyPetry1998" class="citation book cs1">Daly, M. W.; Petry,
Carl F. (1998). <i>The Cambridge History of Egypt: Islamic Egypt, 640–1517</i>.
Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"
%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Egypt
%3A+Islamic+Egypt%2C+640%E2%80%931517&rft.place=Cambridge
%2C+UK&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-
521-47137-4&rft.aulast=Daly&rft.aufirst=M.+W.&rft.au=Petry
%2C+Carl+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACairo"
<li><cite id="CITEREFGlasséSmith2003" class="citation book cs1">Glassé, Cyril;
Smith, Huston (2003). <span class="cs1-lock-registration" title="Free registration
required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://archive.org/details/newencyclopediao0000glas"><i>The New Encyclopedia
of Islam</i></a></span> (2nd revised ed.). Singapore: Tien Wah Press. <a
href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN
%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Encyclopedia+of+Islam&rft.pla
ce=Singapore&rft.edition=2nd+revised&rft.pub=Tien+Wah+Press&rft.date=20
03&rft.isbn=978-0-7591-0190-6&rft.aulast=Glass
%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Cyril&rft.au=Smith%2C+Huston&rft_id=https%3A%2F
%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnewencyclopediao0000glas&rfr_id=info%3Asid
<li><cite id="CITEREFGolia2004" class="citation book cs1">Golia, Maria (2004). <a
rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?
id=ZFRRkvmtSOIC"><i>Cairo: city of sand</i></a>. Reaktion Books. <a
%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cairo
%3A+city+of+sand&rft.pub=Reaktion+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-
86189-187-7&rft.aulast=Golia&rft.aufirst=Maria&rft_id=https%3A%2F
%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZFRRkvmtSOIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid
<li><cite id="CITEREFHawassBrock2003" class="citation book cs1">Hawass, Zahi A.;
Brock, Lyla Pinch (2003). <i>Egyptology at the Dawn of the Twenty-First Century:
Archaeology</i> (2nd ed.). Cairo: American University in Cairo. <a
%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Egyptology+at+the+Dawn+of+the+Twenty-
First+Century
%3A+Archaeology&rft.place=Cairo&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=American+Univer
sity+in+Cairo&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-977-424-674-
6&rft.aulast=Hawass&rft.aufirst=Zahi+A.&rft.au=Brock
%2C+Lyla+Pinch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACairo"
<li><cite id="CITEREFHouraniKhouryWilson2004" class="citation book cs1">Hourani,
Albert Habib; Khoury, Philip Shukry; Wilson, Mary Christina (2004). <i>The Modern
Middle East: A Reader</i> (2nd ed.). London: I.B. Tauris. <a
%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Modern+Middle+East
%3A+A+Reader&rft.place=London&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=I.B.
+Tauris&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-86064-963-
9&rft.aulast=Hourani&rft.aufirst=Albert+Habib&rft.au=Khoury
%2C+Philip+Shukry&rft.au=Wilson%2C+Mary+Christina&rfr_id=info%3Asid
<li><cite id="CITEREFİnalcıkFaroqhiQuataertMcGowan1997" class="citation book
cs1">İnalcık, Halil; Faroqhi, Suraiya; Quataert, Donald; McGowan, Bruce; Pamuk,
Sevket (1997). <i>An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire</i>
(illustrated, reprinted ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. <a
%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Economic+and+Social+History+of+the+Ott
oman+Empire&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.edition=illustrated
%2C+reprinted&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn
=978-0-521-57455-6&rft.aulast=%C4%B0nalc
%C4%B1k&rft.aufirst=Halil&rft.au=Faroqhi%2C+Suraiya&rft.au=Quataert
%2C+Donald&rft.au=McGowan%2C+Bruce&rft.au=Pamuk%2C+Sevket&rfr_id=info
%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACairo" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint
citation-comment">CS1 maint: ref=harv (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_ref
%3Dharv" title="Category:CS1 maint: ref=harv">link</a>)</span><link rel="mw-
deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFMcGregor2006" class="citation book cs1">McGregor, Andrew James
href="https://archive.org/details/militaryhistoryo00andr"><i>A Military History of
Modern Egypt: From the Ottoman Conquest to the Ramadan War</i></a>. Westport,
Conn.: Greenwood Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-
%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Military+History+of+Modern+Egypt
%3A+From+the+Ottoman+Conquest+to+the+Ramadan+War&rft.place=Westport
%2C+Conn.&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978
-0-275-98601-
8&rft.aulast=McGregor&rft.aufirst=Andrew+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F
%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmilitaryhistoryo00andr&rfr_id=info%3Asid
<li><cite id="CITEREFMeriBacharach2006" class="citation book cs1">Meri, Josef W.;
Bacharach, Jere L. (2006). <i>Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia</i>.
New York: Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-
%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Islamic+Civilization
%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Taylor+
%26+Francis&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-415-96692-
4&rft.aulast=Meri&rft.aufirst=Josef+W.&rft.au=Bacharach
%2C+Jere+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACairo"
<li><cite id="CITEREFO'Neill_et_al2012" class="citation book cs1">O'Neill,
Zora; Benanav, Michael; Lee, Jessica; Sattin, Anthony (2012). <i>Lonely Planet
Egypt</i> (11ition ed.). Lonely Planet. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"
%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lonely+Planet+Egypt&rft.edition=11iti
on&rft.pub=Lonely+Planet&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-74179-959-
0&rft.aulast=O%27Neill&rft.aufirst=Zora&rft.au=Benanav
%2C+Michael&rft.au=Lee%2C+Jessica&rft.au=Sattin%2C+Anthony&rfr_id=info
%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACairo" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-
<li><cite id="CITEREFRaymond1993" class="citation book cs1">Raymond, André (1993).
<i>Le Caire</i> (in French). Fayard. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-
%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+Caire&rft.pub=Fayard&rft.date=
1993&rft.isbn=978-2-213-02983-2&rft.aulast=Raymond&rft.aufirst=Andr
%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACairo" class="Z3988"></span><span
class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 maint: ref=harv (<a
href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_ref%3Dharv" title="Category:CS1 maint:
data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/> <b>English translation:</b> <cite
id="CITEREFRaymond2000" class="citation book cs1">Raymond, André (2000). <span
class="cs1-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow"
class="external text"
href="https://archive.org/details/cairo0000raym"><i>Cairo</i></a></span>.
Translated by Wood, Willard. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. <a
%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cairo&rft.place=Cambridge
%2C+Mass.&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-
0-674-00316-3&rft.aulast=Raymond&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A
%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcairo0000raym&rfr_id=info%3Asid
<li><cite id="CITEREFSanders2008" class="citation book cs1">Sanders, Paula (2008).
<i>Creating Medieval Cairo: Empire, Religion, and Architectural Preservation in
Nineteenth-Century Egypt</i>. Cairo: American University in Cairo. <a
%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Creating+Medieval+Cairo
%3A+Empire%2C+Religion%2C+and+Architectural+Preservation+in+Nineteenth-
Century+Egypt&rft.place=Cairo&rft.pub=American+University+in+Cairo&rft.
date=2008&rft.isbn=978-977-416-095-
0&rft.aulast=Sanders&rft.aufirst=Paula&rfr_id=info%3Asid
<li><cite id="CITEREFShillington2005" class="citation book cs1">Shillington, Kevin
(2005). <i>Encyclopedia of African History</i>. New York: Taylor & Francis. <a
%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+African+History&rft.p
lace=New+York&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-
57958-453-5&rft.aulast=Shillington&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rfr_id=info%3Asid
<li><cite id="CITEREFShoshan2002" class="citation book cs1">Shoshan, Boaz (2002).
David Morgan (ed.). <i>Popular Culture in Medieval Cairo</i>. Cambridge, UK:
Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect"
title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-
521-89429-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-89429-6"><bdi>978-0-521-89429-
%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Popular+Culture+in+Medieval+Cairo&rft
.place=Cambridge
%2C+UK&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-
521-89429-6&rft.aulast=Shoshan&rft.aufirst=Boaz&rfr_id=info%3Asid
<li><cite id="CITEREFSicker2001" class="citation book cs1">Sicker, Martin (2001).
<i>The Islamic World in Decline: From the Treaty of Karlowitz to the Disintegration
of the Ottoman Empire</i> (illustrated ed.). Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Publishing
Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN
%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Islamic+World+in+Decline
%3A+From+the+Treaty+of+Karlowitz+to+the+Disintegration+of+the+Ottoman+Empire&rf
t.place=Westport
%2C+Conn.&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rf
t.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-275-96891-
5&rft.aulast=Sicker&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid
<li><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2008" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Caroline
(2008). <i>Islamic Monuments in Cairo: The Practical Guide</i> (6th, Revised ed.).
The American University in Cairo Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"
%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+Monuments+in+Cairo
%3A+The+Practical+Guide&rft.edition=6th
%2C+Revised&rft.pub=The+American+University+in+Cairo+Press&rft.date=2008&am
p;rft.isbn=978-977-416-205-
3&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Caroline&rfr_id=info%3Asid
<li><cite id="CITEREFWinter1992" class="citation book cs1">Winter, Michael (1992).
<i>Egyptian Society Under Ottoman Rule, 1517–1798</i>. London: Routledge. <a
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amp;rft.isbn=978-0-415-02403-
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<li><cite id="CITEREFWinter2004" class="citation book cs1">Winter, Michael (2004).
<i>Egyptian Society Under Ottoman Rule, 1517–1798</i>. London: Routledge. <a
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%2C+1517%E2%80%931798&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&
amp;rft.isbn=978-0-203-16923-
0&rft.aulast=Winter&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid
inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></li></ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</span><span
Further reading">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Cairo#Bibliography" title="Timeline of Cairo">Bibliography
of the history of Cairo</a></div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-
data:TemplateStyles:r886047268"/><div class="refbegin reflist columns references-
column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-
width: 30em;">
<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFAlsayyad2011" class="citation book cs1">Alsayyad, Nezar
(2011). <i>Cairo</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect"
title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://doi.org/10.4159%2Fharvard.9780674060791">10.4159/harvard.978067406079
1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN
(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674060791"
title="Special:BookSources/9780674060791"><bdi>9780674060791</bdi></a>.</cite><span
%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cairo&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info
%3Adoi
%2F10.4159%2Fharvard.9780674060791&rft.isbn=9780674060791&rft.aulast=Alsayy
ad&rft.aufirst=Nezar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACairo"
class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-
<li>Artemis Cooper, <i>Cairo in the War, 1939–1945</i>, <a
href="/wiki/Hamish_Hamilton" title="Hamish Hamilton">Hamish Hamilton</a>, 1989 /
Penguin Book, 1995. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-
data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-
href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-024781-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-
024781-5">0-14-024781-5</a> (Pbk)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Max_Rodenbeck" title="Max Rodenbeck">Max Rodenbeck</a>,
<i>Cairo– the City Victorious</i>, Picador, 1998. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-
inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/><a
(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-330-33709-2"
title="Special:BookSources/0-330-33709-2">0-330-33709-2</a> (Hbk) <link rel="mw-
deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/><a
(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-330-33710-6"
title="Special:BookSources/0-330-33710-6">0-330-33710-6</a> (Pbk)</li>
<li>Wahba, Magdi (1990). <i>Cairo Memories" in Studies in Arab History: The
Antonius Lectures, 1978–87</i>. Edited by Derek Hopwood. London: Macmillan
Press.</li>
<li><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070402113109/http://www.islamicamagazine.com/is
sue-15/rescuing-cairos-lost-heritage.html">"Rescuing Cairo's Lost Heritage"</a>.
<i><a href="/wiki/Islamica_Magazine" title="Islamica Magazine">Islamica
Magazine</a></i> (15). 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="http://www.islamicamagazine.com/issue-15/rescuing-cairos-lost-
heritage.html">the original</a> on 2 April 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">.
Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 December</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Islamica+Magazine&rft.atitle=Re
scuing+Cairo%27s+Lost+Heritage&rft.issue=15&rft.date=2006&rft_id=http
%3A%2F%2Fwww.islamicamagazine.com%2Fissue-15%2Frescuing-cairos-lost-
heritage.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACairo"
<li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Theroux" title="Peter Theroux">Peter Theroux</a>,
<i>Cairo: Clamorous heart of Egypt</i> <a
href="/wiki/National_Geographic_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="National
Geographic (magazine)">National Geographic Magazine</a> April 1993</li>
<li>Cynthia Myntti, <i>Paris Along the Nile: Architecture in Cairo from the Belle
Epoque</i>, American University in Cairo Press, 2003.</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101004190448/http://www.egy.com/people/98-10-
01.shtml">Cairo's belle époque architects 1900–1950</a>, by Samir Raafat.</li>
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160109161128/http://antoinenahas.com/">Antonine
Selim Nahas</a>, one of city's major belle époque (1900–1950) architects.</li>
<li>Nagib Mahfooz novels, all tell great stories about Cairo's deep conflicts.</li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFLewicka2011" class="citation book cs1">Lewicka, Paulina
(2011). <i>Food and Foodways of Medieval Cairenes</i>. <a
href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi
href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2Fej.9789004194724.i-626">10.1163/ej.9789004194724.i-
626</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN
(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004206465"
title="Special:BookSources/9789004206465"><bdi>9789004206465</bdi></a>.</cite><span
%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Food+and+Foodways+of+Medieval+Cairenes&am
p;rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2Fej.9789004194724.i-
626&rft.isbn=9789004206465&rft.aulast=Lewicka&rft.aufirst=Paulina&r
fr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACairo" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-
deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></li>
<li>Jörg Armbruster, Suleman Taufiq (Eds.) <i>‫( مدينتي القاهرة‬MYCAI – My Cairo Mein
Kairo)</i>, text by different authors, photos by Barbara Armbruster and Hala
Elkoussy, edition esefeld & traub, Stuttgart 2014, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-
inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/><a
title="Special:BookSources/978-3-9809887-8-0">978-3-9809887-8-0</a>.</li></ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span
External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="metadata plainlinks
sistersitebox plainlist mbox-small" style="border:1px solid #aaa; padding:0;
background:#f9f9f9;"><div style="padding: 0.75em 0; text-align: center;"><b
style="display:block;">Cairo</b>at Wikipedia's <a
href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister
projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div><ul
style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; padding: 0.75em 0; width:217px; margin:0
auto;"><li style="min-height: 31px;"><span style="display: inline-block; width:
31px; line-height: 31px; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-
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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-
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Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391"
/></span><span style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 4px; width: 182px;
vertical-align: middle;"><a
href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Cairo" class="extiw"
title="wikt:Special:Search/Cairo">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span>
</li><li style="min-height: 31px;"><span style="display: inline-block;
width: 31px; line-height: 31px; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"><img
alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-
Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" style="vertical-
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logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span><span
style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 4px; width: 182px; vertical-align:
middle;"><a
href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A9
" class="extiw" title="commons:‫>"القاهرة‬Media</a> from Wikimedia Commons</span>
alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-
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title="n:Special:Search/Cairo">News</a> from Wikinews</span>
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href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Cairo" class="extiw"
title="q:Special:Search/Cairo">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span>
alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-
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href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Cairo" class="extiw"
title="s:Special:Search/Cairo">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span>
alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-
logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-
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href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Cairo" class="extiw"
title="b:Special:Search/Cairo">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</span>
alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-
icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27"
height="27" style="vertical-align: middle"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-
icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x,
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icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-
height="193" /></span><span style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 4px; width:
182px; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Cairo"
class="extiw" title="voy:Cairo">Travel guide</a> from Wikivoyage</span>
alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Wikiversity-logo-
en.svg/27px-Wikiversity-logo-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="24"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Wikiversity-logo-
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href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Cairo" class="extiw"
title="v:Special:Search/Cairo">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</span>
alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-
logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-
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vertical-align: middle;"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q85" class="extiw"
title="d:Q85">Data</a> from Wikidata</span>
</li></ul>
</div>
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="http://www.cairo.gov.eg/">Cairo City Government</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://st-takla.org/Links/Coptic-
Links-02-Churches-a-Egypt.html#Cairo%20&%20Giza:">Coptic Churches of
Cairo</a></li>
<li><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/16p
x-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/
24px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/32px-
Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256" />
Geographic data related to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/5466227">Cairo</a> at <a
href="/wiki/OpenStreetMap" title="OpenStreetMap">OpenStreetMap</a></li>
href="http://beta.nli.org.il/en/maps/NNL_ALEPH002370085/NLI">Map of Cairo,
1914.</a> Eran Laor Cartographic Collection, The National Library of Israel.</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://historic-
cities.huji.ac.il/egypt/cairo/cairo.html">Maps of Cairo.</a> <a rel="nofollow"
class="external text" href="http://historic-
cities.huji.ac.il/historic_cities.html">Historic Cities Research
Project.</a></li></ul>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Photos_and_videos">Photos and videos</span><span
Photos and videos">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="http://www.cairo360.com/">Cairo 360-degree full-screen images</a></li>
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141009050058/http://egypt.travel-
photo.org/cairo/">Cairo Travel Photos</a> Pictures of Cairo published under <a
href="/wiki/Creative_Commons" title="Creative Commons">Creative Commons</a>
License</li>
href="https://www.vimeo.com/1524704">Call to Cairo</a> <a href="/wiki/Time-lapse"
class="mw-redirect" title="Time-lapse">Time-lapse</a> film of Cairo cityscapes</li>
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305073047/http://www.globalpost.com/video/gl
obal/100824/cairo-travel-egypt">Cairo, Egypt</a> – video by <i><a
href="/wiki/Global_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Global Post">Global
Post</a></i></li>
href="http://travel.nationalgeographic.com/travel/countries/egypt-photos//">Photos
of Cairo / Travel</a></li></ul>
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title="BNF (identifier)">BNF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow"
href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13181517r">cb13181517r</a> <a
rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13181517r">(data)</a></span></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/GND_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect"
title="GND (identifier)">GND</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow"
class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4029236-8">4029236-
8</a></span></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect"
title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow"
href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n79055723">n79055723</a></span></span></
li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/MusicBrainz"
title="MusicBrainz">MusicBrainz</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow"
class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/1e77791f-41ce-4872-9eaa-
bf8da389e490">1e77791f-41ce-4872-9eaa-bf8da389e490</a></span></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a
href="/wiki/National_Archives_and_Records_Administration" title="National Archives
and Records Administration">NARA</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow"
href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10044595">10044595</a></span></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Diet_Library" title="National Diet
Library">NDL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00628340">00628340</a></span></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_the_Czech_Republic"
title="National Library of the Czech Republic">NKC</a>: <span class="uid"><a
rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-
c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge129733&CON_LNG=ENG">ge129733</a></span>
</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/VIAF_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect"
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href="https://viaf.org/viaf/125715126">125715126</a></span></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/WorldCat_Identities_(identifier)"
class="mw-redirect" title="WorldCat Identities (identifier)">WorldCat
Identities</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n79055723">lccn-
n79055723</a></span></li></ul>
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<p><b><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate
system">Lat. <small>and</small> Long.</a> <span class="plainlinks
nourlexpansion"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?
pagename=Cairo&params=30_3_29_N_31_13_44_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span
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class="latitude">30°3′29″N</span> <span
class="longitude">31°13′44″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-
31.22889</span></span></span></a></span></b>
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group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cairo_Governorate" title="Cairo
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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbassia" title="Abbassia">Abbassia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ain_Shams" title="Ain Shams">Ain Shams</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Azbakeya" title="Azbakeya">Azbakeya</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bulaq" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulaq">Bulaq</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Daher,_Egypt" title="Daher, Egypt">Daher</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Al-Darb_al-Ahmar" title="Al-Darb al-Ahmar">Al-Darb al-
Ahmar</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/El_Marg" title="El Marg">El Marg</a></li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Helwan" title="Helwan">Helwan</a></b>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/15th_of_May_(city)" title="15th of May (city)">15th of
May</a></li></ul></li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Mokattam" title="Mokattam">Mokattam</a></b>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/City_of_the_Dead_(Cairo)" title="City of the Dead
(Cairo)">City of the Dead (al-Qarafa)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Manshiyat_Naser" title="Manshiyat Naser">Manshiyat
Naser</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nasr_City" title="Nasr City">Nasr City</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/El_Qobbah" title="El Qobbah">El Qobbah</a></li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Roda_Island" title="Roda Island">Rhoda Island</a></b>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/El_Manial" title="El Manial">El Manial</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/El_Sakkakini" title="El Sakkakini">El Sakkakini</a></li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Shubra" title="Shubra">Shubra</a></b>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shubra_(administrative_region)" title="Shubra
(administrative region)">Shubra</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/El_Sahel" title="El Sahel">El Sahel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rod_El_Farag" title="Rod El Farag">Rod El
Farag</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zeitoun,_Cairo" title="Zeitoun, Cairo">Zeitoun</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group"
style="width:6em"><i>Historical</i></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"
style:solid;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Cairo" title="Coptic Cairo">Coptic Cairo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Downtown_Cairo" title="Downtown Cairo">Downtown Cairo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Faggala" title="Faggala">Faggala</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fustat" title="Fustat">Fustat</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Cairo" title="Islamic Cairo">Islamic Cairo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/El_Matareya,_Cairo" title="El Matareya, Cairo">El
Matareya</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Old_Cairo" title="Old Cairo">Old Cairo</a></li></ul>
style="width:6em"><i>Affluent</i></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garden_City,_Cairo" title="Garden City, Cairo">Garden
City</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Heliopolis,_Cairo" title="Heliopolis, Cairo">Heliopolis</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Maadi" title="Maadi">Maadi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zamalek" title="Zamalek">Zamalek</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><i>Newly
planned</i></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-
left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em
0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Badr,_Egypt" title="Badr, Egypt">Badr</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Madinaty" title="Madinaty">Madinaty</a></li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/New_Cairo" title="New Cairo">New Cairo</a></b>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/El_Rehab" title="El Rehab">El Rehab</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Settlement" title="Fifth Settlement">Fifth
Settlement</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/New_Heliopolis" title="New Heliopolis">New Heliopolis</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/El_Shorouk" title="El Shorouk">El Shorouk</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image"
rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><a
href="/wiki/File:Beauty_Of_Egypt.JPG" class="image"><img alt="Beauty Of Egypt.JPG"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Beauty_Of_Egypt.JPG/150px-
Beauty_Of_Egypt.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="94"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Beauty_Of_Egypt.JPG/225
px-Beauty_Of_Egypt.JPG 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Beauty_Of_Egypt.JPG/300px-
Beauty_Of_Egypt.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4555" data-file-height="2860" /></a><div
style="clear:both;"></div><a href="/wiki/File:Giza-Nile.JPG" class="image"><img
alt="Giza-Nile.JPG" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Giza-
Nile.JPG/150px-Giza-Nile.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="99"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Giza-Nile.JPG/225px-
Giza-Nile.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Giza-
Nile.JPG/300px-Giza-Nile.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264"
/></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a
href="/wiki/Giza_Governorate" title="Giza Governorate">Giza Governorate</a></th><td
class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-
width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em
0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-
spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"
style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agouza" title="Agouza">Agouza</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mit_Okba" title="Mit Okba">Mit Okba</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Imbaba" title="Imbaba">Imbaba</a></li></ul>
style="width:6em"><i>Historical</i></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kerdasa" title="Kerdasa">Kerdasa</a></li></ul>
style="width:6em"><i>Affluent</i></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dokki" title="Dokki">Dokki</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mohandessin" title="Mohandessin">Mohandessin</a></li></ul>
0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/6th_of_October_(city)" title="6th of October (city)">6th of
October</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Zayed_City" title="Sheikh Zayed City">Sheikh
Zayed</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row"
class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Qalyubia_Governorate"
class="mw-redirect" title="Qalyubia Governorate">Qalyubia Governorate</a></th><td
0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-
spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"
style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shubra_El_Kheima" title="Shubra El Kheima">Shubra El
Kheima</a></li></ul>
0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Obour_(city)" title="Obour (city)">Obour</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Governorates_of_Egypt"
style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-
scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar
mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Governorates_of_Egypt"
title="Template:Governorates of Egypt"><abbr title="View this template"
href="/wiki/Template_talk:Governorates_of_Egypt" title="Template talk:Governorates
of Egypt"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none
title=Template:Governorates_of_Egypt&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this
template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-
webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;
padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Governorates_of_Egypt"
style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Governorates_of_Egypt"
title="Governorates of Egypt">Governorates of Egypt</a></div></th></tr><tr><th
scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Urban</th><td class="navbox-list
navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cairo_Governorate" title="Cairo Governorate">Cairo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria_Governorate" title="Alexandria
Governorate">Alexandria</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Port_Said_Governorate" title="Port Said Governorate">Port
Said</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Suez_Governorate" title="Suez Governorate">Suez</a></li></ul>
</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4"
style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><a
href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Egypt.svg" class="image" title="Flag of Egypt"><img
alt="Flag of Egypt"
/></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group"
style="width:1%">Lower Egypt</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist"
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ismailia_Governorate" title="Ismailia
Governorate">Ismailia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kafr_El_Sheikh_Governorate" title="Kafr El Sheikh
Governorate">Kafr El Sheikh</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gharbia_Governorate" title="Gharbia
Governorate">Gharbia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dakahlia_Governorate" title="Dakahlia
Governorate">Dakahlia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sharqia_Governorate" title="Sharqia
Governorate">Sharqia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Monufia_Governorate" title="Monufia
Governorate">Monufia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Qalyubia_Governorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Qalyubia
Governorate">Qalyubia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Damietta_Governorate" title="Damietta
Governorate">Damietta</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Beheira_Governorate" title="Beheira
Governorate">Beheira</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Upper
Egypt</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-
left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giza_Governorate" title="Giza Governorate">Giza</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Faiyum_Governorate" title="Faiyum Governorate">Faiyum</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Beni_Suef_Governorate" title="Beni Suef Governorate">Beni
Suef</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Minya_Governorate" title="Minya Governorate">Minya</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Asyut_Governorate" title="Asyut Governorate">Asyut</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sohag_Governorate" title="Sohag Governorate">Sohag</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Qena_Governorate" title="Qena Governorate">Qena</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Aswan_Governorate" title="Aswan Governorate">Aswan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Luxor_Governorate" title="Luxor Governorate">Luxor</a></li></ul>
style="width:1%">Frontier</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist"
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_Sea_Governorate" title="Red Sea Governorate">Red
Sea</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/New_Valley_Governorate" title="New Valley Governorate">New
Valley</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Matrouh_Governorate" title="Matrouh
Governorate">Matrouh</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/North_Sinai_Governorate" title="North Sinai Governorate">North
Sinai</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/South_Sinai_Governorate" title="South Sinai Governorate">South
Sinai</a></li></ul>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-
labelledby="23x15px|border_|alt=Egypt|link=Egypt_Egyptia
n_cities_and_towns_by_population" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-
collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-
class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Egyptian_cities" title="Template:Egyptian
cities"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none
shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a
href="/wiki/Template_talk:Egyptian_cities" title="Template talk:Egyptian
cities"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none
title=Template:Egyptian_cities&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template"
id="23x15px|border_|alt=Egypt|link=Egypt_Egyptian_cities
_and_towns_by_population" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span
class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt"><img alt="Egypt"
/></a></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Egypt" title="List of
cities and towns in Egypt">Egyptian cities and towns</a> by
population</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group"
style="width:1%">1,000,000 and more</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist"
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cairo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Giza" title="Giza">Giza</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Shubra_El_Kheima" title="Shubra El Kheima">Shubra El
Kheima</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">300,000–
999,999</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-
align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asyut" title="Asyut">Asyut</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bilbeis" title="Bilbeis">Bilbeis</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Damietta" title="Damietta">Damietta</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Faiyum" title="Faiyum">Faiyum</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Imbaba" title="Imbaba">Imbaba</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ismailia" title="Ismailia">Ismailia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/El_Mahalla_El_Kubra" title="El Mahalla El Kubra">El Mahalla El
Kubra</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kom_Ombo" title="Kom Ombo">Kom Ombo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mansoura" class="mw-redirect" title="Mansoura">Mansoura</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Luxor" title="Luxor">Luxor</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Port_Said" title="Port Said">Port Said</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Suez" title="Suez">Suez</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tanta" title="Tanta">Tanta</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zagazig" title="Zagazig">Zagazig</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">100,000–
299,999</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-
left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/6th_of_October_(city)" title="6th of October (city)">6th of
October</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Arish" title="Arish">Arish</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Aswan" title="Aswan">Aswan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Benha" title="Benha">Benha</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Beni_Suef" title="Beni Suef">Beni Suef</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Damanhur" title="Damanhur">Damanhur</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Desouk" title="Desouk">Desouk</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Edfu" title="Edfu">Edfu</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hurghada" title="Hurghada">Hurghada</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kafr_El_Dawwar" title="Kafr El Dawwar">Kafr El Dawwar</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kafr_El_Sheikh" title="Kafr El Sheikh">Kafr El Sheikh</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mallawi" title="Mallawi">Mallawi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Minya,_Egypt" title="Minya, Egypt">Minya</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/New_Borg_El_Arab" title="New Borg El Arab">New Borg El
Arab</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/New_Cairo" title="New Cairo">New Cairo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Obour_(city)" title="Obour (city)">Obour</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Qena" title="Qena">Qena</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Shibin_El_Kom" title="Shibin El Kom">Shibin El Kom</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sohag" title="Sohag">Sohag</a></li></ul>
style="width:1%"><99,999</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist"
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abydos,_Egypt" title="Abydos, Egypt">Abydos</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ain_Sokhna" title="Ain Sokhna">Ain Sokhna</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Akhmim" title="Akhmim">Akhmim</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dahab" title="Dahab">Dahab</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dakhla_Oasis" title="Dakhla Oasis">Dakhla</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dendera" title="Dendera">Dendera</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dekernes" title="Dekernes">Dekernes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/El_Alamein" title="El Alamein">El Alamein</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/El_Gouna" title="El Gouna">El Gouna</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Esna" title="Esna">Esna</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Port_Fuad" title="Port Fuad">Port Fuad</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hamrah_Dom" title="Hamrah Dom">Hamrah Dom</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hala%27ib" class="mw-redirect"
title="Hala'ib">Hala'ib</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kharga" class="mw-redirect" title="Kharga">Kharga</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Marsa_Alam" title="Marsa Alam">Marsa Alam</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Marsa_Matruh" class="mw-redirect" title="Marsa Matruh">Marsa
Matruh</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nag_Hammadi" title="Nag Hammadi">Nag Hammadi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/New_Nubariya" title="New Nubariya">New Nubariya</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nuweiba" title="Nuweiba">Nuweiba</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rosetta" title="Rosetta">Rosetta</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sadat_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sadat
(city)">Sadat</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Safaga" title="Safaga">Safaga</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Catherine,_Egypt" title="Saint Catherine, Egypt">Saint
Catherine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Siwa_Oasis" title="Siwa Oasis">Siwa</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sharm_El_Sheikh" title="Sharm El Sheikh">Sharm El
Sheikh</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Taba,_Egypt" title="Taba, Egypt">Taba</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Talkha" title="Talkha">Talkha</a></li></ul>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Landmarks_of_Cairo"
mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Landmarks_of_Cairo"
title="Template:Landmarks of Cairo"><abbr title="View this template"
href="/wiki/Template_talk:Landmarks_of_Cairo" title="Template talk:Landmarks of
Cairo"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none
title=Template:Landmarks_of_Cairo&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template"
id="Landmarks_of_Cairo" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a
href="/wiki/Landmark" title="Landmark">Landmarks</a> of
Cairo</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a
href="/wiki/Islamic_Cairo" title="Islamic Cairo">Islamic Cairo</a></th><td
0.25em">
<ul><li>See <a href="/wiki/Template:Islamic_Cairo" title="Template:Islamic
Cairo">Template:Islamic Cairo</a></li></ul>
</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6"
style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><a
href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Cairo.svg" class="image" title="Flag of Cairo"><img
alt="Flag of Cairo"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Cairo.svg/56px-
Flag_of_Cairo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="56" height="37" class="thumbborder"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Cairo.svg/84px-
Flag_of_Cairo.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Cairo.svg/112px-
Flag_of_Cairo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="218"
/></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a
href="/wiki/Coptic_Cairo" title="Coptic Cairo">Coptic Cairo</a></th><td
class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-
0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babylon_Fortress" title="Babylon Fortress">Babylon
Fortress</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Museum" title="Coptic Museum">Coptic Museum</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/The_Hanging_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="The Hanging
Church">The Hanging Church</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a
href="/wiki/Heliopolis,_Cairo" title="Heliopolis, Cairo">Heliopolis</a></th><td
0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdeen_Palace" title="Abdeen Palace">Abdeen Palace</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Heliopolis_Palace" title="Heliopolis Palace">Heliopolis
Palace</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Baron_Empain_Palace" title="Baron Empain Palace">Baron Empain
Palace</a></li></ul>
href="/wiki/Downtown_Cairo" title="Downtown Cairo">Downtown Cairo</a></th><td
0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boulak_Bridge" title="Boulak Bridge">Boulak Bridge</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cairo_Opera_House" title="Cairo Opera House">Cairo Opera
House</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cairo_Tower" title="Cairo Tower">Cairo Tower</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Museum" title="Egyptian Museum">Egyptian
Museum</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/6th_October_Bridge" title="6th October Bridge">6th October
Bridge</a></li></ul>
href="/wiki/Giza" title="Giza">Giza</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd
hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giza_Necropolis" class="mw-redirect" title="Giza
Necropolis">Giza Pyramids</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Giza_Zoo" title="Giza Zoo">Giza Zoo</a></li></ul>
href="/wiki/Nasr_City" title="Nasr City">Nasr City</a></th><td class="navbox-list
navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unknown_Soldier_Memorial_(Egypt)" title="Unknown Soldier
Memorial (Egypt)">Unknown Soldier Memorial</a></li></ul>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Capitals_of_Arab_countries"
mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Capitals_of_Arab_countries"
title="Template:Capitals of Arab countries"><abbr title="View this template"
href="/wiki/Template_talk:Capitals_of_Arab_countries" title="Template talk:Capitals
of Arab countries"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none
title=Template:Capitals_of_Arab_countries&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this
padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Capitals_of_Arab_countries"
style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Capitals of <a href="/wiki/Arab_world"
title="Arab world">Arab countries</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2"
class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist"
style="width:100%;padding:0px;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div
style="padding:0px;"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing:
0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow"
colspan="1" style="font-weight:bold;">Africa</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow"
colspan="1" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-
weight:bold;">Asia</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td class="navbox-list"
style="padding:0px;padding-left:0.3em;;;;width:50%;"><div>
<div class="div-col columns column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 18em; -webkit-
column-width: 18em; column-width: 18em;">
<ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Algiers" title="Algiers">Algiers</a></b>, <a
href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></li>
<li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cairo</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt"
title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Djibouti_(city)" title="Djibouti (city)">Djibouti</a></b>, <a
href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li>
<li><div class="hlist hlist-separated"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Laayoune"
title="Laayoune">Laayoune</a></b> <small>(proclaimed)</small><br
/></li><li> <b><a href="/wiki/Tifariti" title="Tifariti">Tifariti</a></b>
<small>(de facto)</small>, <i><a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic"
title="Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Sahrawi Arab Democratic
Republic</a></i><sup>1</sup></li></ul></div></li>
<li><div class="hlist hlist-separated"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Hargeisa"
title="Hargeisa">Hargeisa</a></b>, <i><a href="/wiki/Somaliland"
title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a></i><sup>1</sup></li></ul></div></li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Khartoum" title="Khartoum">Khartoum</a></b>, <a
href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Mogadishu" title="Mogadishu">Mogadishu</a></b>, <a
href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a></li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Moroni,_Comoros" title="Moroni, Comoros">Moroni</a></b>, <a
href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Nouakchott" title="Nouakchott">Nouakchott</a></b>, <a
href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Rabat" title="Rabat">Rabat</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Morocco"
title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Tripoli" title="Tripoli">Tripoli</a></b>, <a
href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a></li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis">Tunis</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Tunisia"
title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li></ul>
</div>
</div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid
#fdfdfd;padding:0px;padding-left:0.3em;;;;width:50%;"><div>
<div class="div-col columns column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 18em; -webkit-
column-width: 18em; column-width: 18em;">
<ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Abu_Dhabi" title="Abu Dhabi">Abu Dhabi</a></b>, <a
href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab
Emirates</a></li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Amman" title="Amman">Amman</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Jordan"
title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a></b>, <a
href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a></b>, <a
href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a></b>, <a
href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Doha" title="Doha">Doha</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Qatar"
title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li>
<li><div class="hlist hlist-separated"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem"
title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></b> <small>(proclaimed)</small><br
/></li><li> <b><a href="/wiki/Ramallah" title="Ramallah">Ramallah</a></b>
<small>(de facto)</small>, <a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of
Palestine">Palestine</a><sup>1</sup></li></ul></div></li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Kuwait_City" title="Kuwait City">Kuwait City</a></b>, <a
href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Manama" title="Manama">Manama</a></b>, <a
href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Muscat" title="Muscat">Muscat</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Oman"
title="Oman">Oman</a></li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Riyadh" title="Riyadh">Riyadh</a></b>, <a
href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Sanaa" title="Sanaa">Sanaa</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Yemen"
title="Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul>
</div>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow
hlist" colspan="2"><div>
<ul><li><sup>1</sup> <a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition"
title="List of states with limited recognition">An unrecognised or partially-
recognised nation</a></li></ul>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Capitals_of_African_states"
style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-
mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:List_of_African_capitals"
title="Template:List of African capitals"><abbr title="View this template"
href="/wiki/Template_talk:List_of_African_capitals" title="Template talk:List of
African capitals"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none
title=Template:List_of_African_capitals&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this
padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Capitals_of_African_states"
style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital
city">Capitals</a> of African states</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-
abovebelow" colspan="2"><div
id="Dependent_territories_and_states_with_limited_recognition_are_in_italics"><a
href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent
territories</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition"
title="List of states with limited recognition">states with limited recognition</a>
are in <i>italics</i></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-
odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px;text-align:left"><div
style="padding:0em 0.25em"><div class="div-col columns column-width" style="-moz-
column-width: 27em; -webkit-column-width: 27em; column-width: 27em;">
<ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Abuja" title="Abuja">Abuja</a></b>, <a
href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Accra" title="Accra">Accra</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Ghana"
title="Ghana">Ghana</a></li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Addis_Ababa" title="Addis Ababa">Addis Ababa</a></b>, <a
href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Algiers" title="Algiers">Algiers</a></b>, <a
href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Antananarivo" title="Antananarivo">Antananarivo</a></b>, <a
href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Asmara" title="Asmara">Asmara</a></b>, <a
href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Bamako" title="Bamako">Bamako</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Mali"
title="Mali">Mali</a></li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Bangui" title="Bangui">Bangui</a></b>, <a
href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central
African Republic</a></li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Banjul" title="Banjul">Banjul</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Gambia"
class="mw-redirect" title="Gambia">Gambia</a></li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Bissau" title="Bissau">Bissau</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Guinea-
Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Brazzaville" title="Brazzaville">Brazzaville</a></b>, <a
href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Republic of the Congo">Rep. of the
Congo</a></li>
<li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cairo</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt"
title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Conakry" title="Conakry">Conakry</a></b>, <a
href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a></li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Dakar" title="Dakar">Dakar</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Senegal"
title="Senegal">Senegal</a></li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Djibouti_(city)" title="Djibouti (city)">Djibouti</a></b>, <a
href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Dodoma" title="Dodoma">Dodoma</a></b>, <a
href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li>
<li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Laayoune" title="Laayoune">El Aaiún</a></b>
(claimed)/<b><a href="/wiki/Tifariti" title="Tifariti">Tifariti</a></b> (factual),
<a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Sahrawi Arab Democratic
Republic">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a></i><sup>1</sup></li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Freetown" title="Freetown">Freetown</a></b>, <a
href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li>
<li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Funchal" title="Funchal">Funchal</a></b>, <a
href="/wiki/Madeira" title="Madeira">Madeira</a></i><sup>4</sup></li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Gaborone" title="Gaborone">Gaborone</a></b>, <a
href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a></li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Gitega" title="Gitega">Gitega</a></b>, <a
href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a></li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Harare" title="Harare">Harare</a></b>, <a
href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li>
<li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Hargeisa" title="Hargeisa">Hargeisa</a></b>, <a
href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a></i><sup>1</sup></li>
<li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Jamestown,_Saint_Helena" title="Jamestown, Saint
Helena">Jamestown</a></b>, <a
href="/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Saint Helena,
Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da
Cunha</a></i><sup>2</sup></li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Juba" title="Juba">Juba</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/South_Sudan"
title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Kampala" title="Kampala">Kampala</a></b>, <a
href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a></li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Khartoum" title="Khartoum">Khartoum</a></b>, <a
href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Kigali" title="Kigali">Kigali</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Rwanda"
title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Kinshasa" title="Kinshasa">Kinshasa</a></b>, <a
href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the
Congo">D.R. Congo</a></li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Libreville" title="Libreville">Libreville</a></b>, <a
href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a></li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Lilongwe" title="Lilongwe">Lilongwe</a></b>, <a
href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a></li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Lom%C3%A9" title="Lomé">Lomé</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Togo"
title="Togo">Togo</a></li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Luanda" title="Luanda">Luanda</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Angola"
title="Angola">Angola</a></li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Lusaka" title="Lusaka">Lusaka</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Zambia"
title="Zambia">Zambia</a></li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Malabo" title="Malabo">Malabo</a></b>, <a
href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea" title="Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li>
<li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Mamoudzou" title="Mamoudzou">Mamoudzou</a></b>, <a
href="/wiki/Mayotte" title="Mayotte">Mayotte</a></i><sup>3</sup></li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Maputo" title="Maputo">Maputo</a></b>, <a
href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Maseru" title="Maseru">Maseru</a></b>, <a
href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li>
<li><div class="hlist hlist-separated"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Mbabane"
title="Mbabane">Mbabane</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/Ngwenyama"
title="Ngwenyama">executive</a>)<br /> </li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Lobamba"
title="Lobamba">Lobamba</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Eswatini"
title="Parliament of Eswatini">legislative</a>), <a href="/wiki/Eswatini"
title="Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li></ul></div></li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Mogadishu" title="Mogadishu">Mogadishu</a></b>, <a
href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a></li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Monrovia" title="Monrovia">Monrovia</a></b>, <a
href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a></li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Moroni,_Comoros" title="Moroni, Comoros">Moroni</a></b>, <a
href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Nairobi" title="Nairobi">Nairobi</a></b>, <a
href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a></li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/N%27Djamena" title="N'Djamena">N'Djamena</a></b>, <a
href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a></li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Niamey" title="Niamey">Niamey</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Niger"
title="Niger">Niger</a></li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Nouakchott" title="Nouakchott">Nouakchott</a></b>, <a
href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Ouagadougou" title="Ouagadougou">Ouagadougou</a></b>, <a
href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Port_Louis" title="Port Louis">Port Louis</a></b>, <a
href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Porto-Novo" title="Porto-Novo">Porto-Novo</a></b>, <a
href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a></li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Praia" title="Praia">Praia</a></b>, <a
href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li>
<li><div class="hlist hlist-separated"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Pretoria"
title="Pretoria">Pretoria</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/President_of_South_Africa"
title="President of South Africa">executive</a>)<br /> </li><li><b><a
href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a></b> (<a
href="/wiki/Parliament_of_South_Africa" title="Parliament of South
Africa">legislative</a>)<br /> </li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Bloemfontein"
title="Bloemfontein">Bloemfontein</a></b> (<a
href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Appeal_of_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect"
title="Supreme Court of Appeal of South Africa">judicial</a>), <a
href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South
Africa</a></li></ul></div></li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Rabat" title="Rabat">Rabat</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Morocco"
title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li>
<li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Saint-Denis,_R%C3%A9union" title="Saint-Denis,
Réunion">Saint-Denis</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union"
title="Réunion">Réunion</a></i><sup>3</sup></li>
<li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz_de_Tenerife" title="Santa Cruz de
Tenerife">Santa Cruz de Tenerife</a></b> and <b><a href="/wiki/Las_Palmas"
title="Las Palmas">Las Palmas</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary
Islands">Canary Islands</a></i><sup>5</sup></li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9" title="São Tomé">São Tomé</a></b>, <a
href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="São Tomé and Príncipe">São
Tomé and Príncipe</a></li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Tripoli" title="Tripoli">Tripoli</a></b>, <a
href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a></li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis">Tunis</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Tunisia"
title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Victoria,_Seychelles" title="Victoria,
Seychelles">Victoria</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Seychelles"
title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Windhoek" title="Windhoek">Windhoek</a></b>, <a
href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a></li>
<li><div class="hlist hlist-separated"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Yamoussoukro"
title="Yamoussoukro">Yamoussoukro</a></b> (political)<br /> </li><li><b><a
href="/wiki/Abidjan" title="Abidjan">Abidjan</a></b> (economic), <a
href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li></ul></div></li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Yaound%C3%A9" title="Yaoundé">Yaoundé</a></b>, <a
href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li></ul>
</div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div>
<ul><li><sup>1</sup> <a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition"
title="List of states with limited recognition">An unrecognised or partially-
recognised nation</a></li>
<li><sup>2</sup> <a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territory" class="mw-redirect"
title="British Overseas Territory">British Overseas Territory</a></li>
<li><sup>3</sup> <a href="/wiki/Overseas_region" class="mw-redirect"
title="Overseas region">Overseas region</a> of <a href="/wiki/France"
title="France">France</a></li>
<li><sup>4</sup> <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_regions_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect"
title="Autonomous regions of Portugal">Autonomous region of Portugal</a></li>
<li><sup>5</sup> <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_communities_of_Spain" title="Autonomous
communities of Spain">Autonomous community of Spain</a></li></ul>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="All-
Africa_Games_host_cities" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-
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style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/All-Africa_Games" class="mw-
redirect" title="All-Africa Games">All-Africa Games</a> host
cities</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist"
style="width:100%;padding:0px;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div
style="padding:0px;"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing:
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class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;;;;width:33.333%;"><div>
<ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/1965_All-Africa_Games" title="1965 All-Africa
Games">1965</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo"
title="Republic of the Congo"><img alt="Republic of the Congo"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_th
e_Congo.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png" decoding="async"
width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_the_Republic_of
_the_Congo.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Con
go.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900"
data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Brazzaville"
title="Brazzaville">Brazzaville</a></li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/1973_All-Africa_Games" title="1973 All-Africa
Games">1973</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/Nigeria"
title="Nigeria"><img alt="Nigeria"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/23px-
Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12"
class="thumbborder"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/35p
x-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/46px-
Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"
/></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Lagos" title="Lagos">Lagos</a></li>
Games">1978</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/Algeria"
title="Algeria"><img alt="Algeria"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/23px-
Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15"
class="thumbborder"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/35p
x-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/45px-
Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"
/></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Algiers" title="Algiers">Algiers</a></li>
Games">1987</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/Kenya"
title="Kenya"><img alt="Kenya"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/23px-
Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/35px-
Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/45px-
Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"
/></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Nairobi" title="Nairobi">Nairobi</a></li></ul>
#fdfdfd;padding:0px;;;;width:33.333%;"><div>
Games">1991</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/Egypt"
title="Egypt"><img alt="Egypt"
/></a></span> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cairo</a></li>
Games">1995</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe"
title="Zimbabwe"><img alt="Zimbabwe"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/23px-
Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12"
class="thumbborder"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/35
px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/46px-
Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1260" data-file-height="630"
/></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Harare" title="Harare">Harare</a></li>
Games">1999</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/South_Africa"
title="South Africa"><img alt="South Africa"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/2
3px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15"
class="thumbborder"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.sv
g/35px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/45px-
Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"
/></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Johannesburg"
title="Johannesburg">Johannesburg</a></li>
Games">2003</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/Nigeria"
title="Nigeria"><img alt="Nigeria"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/23px-
Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12"
class="thumbborder"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/35p
x-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/46px-
Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"
/></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Abuja" title="Abuja">Abuja</a></li></ul>
#fdfdfd;padding:0px;;;;width:33.333%;"><div>
Games">2007</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/Algeria"
title="Algeria"><img alt="Algeria"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/23px-
Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15"
class="thumbborder"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/35p
x-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/45px-
Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"
/></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Algiers" title="Algiers">Algiers</a></li>
Games">2011</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/Mozambique"
title="Mozambique"><img alt="Mozambique"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/23p
x-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15"
class="thumbborder"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/
35px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/45px-
Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"
/></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Maputo" title="Maputo">Maputo</a></li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/2015_All-Africa_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="2015 All-
Africa Games">2015</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><a
href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Republic of the Congo"><img alt="Republic
of the Congo"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_th
e_Congo.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png" decoding="async"
width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_the_Republic_of
_the_Congo.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Con
go.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900"
data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Brazzaville"
title="Brazzaville">Brazzaville</a></li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/2019_All-Africa_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="2019 All-
Africa Games">2019</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/Angola"
title="Angola"><img alt="Angola"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Angola.svg/23px-
Flag_of_Angola.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Angola.svg/35px
-Flag_of_Angola.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Angola.svg/45px-
Flag_of_Angola.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"
/></a></span> <i><a href="/wiki/Luanda" title="Luanda">Luanda</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Megacities"
mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Megacities"
title="Template:Megacities"><abbr title="View this template"
href="/wiki/Template_talk:Megacities" title="Template talk:Megacities"><abbr
title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-
moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;
padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text"
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?
title=Template:Megacities&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template"
id="Megacities" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Megacity"
title="Megacity">Megacities</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-
group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;"><a
href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a> (3)</th><td class="navbox-list
navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-
<ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cairo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kinshasa" title="Kinshasa">Kinshasa</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lagos" title="Lagos">Lagos</a></li></ul>
style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Asia"
title="Asia">Asia</a> (32)</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist"
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangalore" title="Bangalore">Bangalore</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Changzhou" title="Changzhou">Changzhou</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chengdu" title="Chengdu">Chengdu</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Chennai</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chongqing" title="Chongqing">Chongqing</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dhaka" title="Dhaka">Dhaka</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hangzhou" title="Hangzhou">Hangzhou</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Harbin" title="Harbin">Harbin</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jinan" title="Jinan">Jinan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi">Karachi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kyoto-Osaka-Kobe" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyoto-Osaka-
Kobe">Kyoto-Osaka-Kobe</a> (<a href="/wiki/Keihanshin"
title="Keihanshin">Keihanshin</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nagoya" title="Nagoya">Nagoya</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nanjing" title="Nanjing">Nanjing</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul">Seoul</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Shantou" title="Shantou">Shantou</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Shenzhen" title="Shenzhen">Shenzhen</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tianjin" title="Tianjin">Tianjin</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wuhan" title="Wuhan">Wuhan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Xi%27an" title="Xi'an">Xi'an</a></li></ul>
style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Europe"
title="Europe">Europe</a> (5)</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist"
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rhine-Ruhr" title="Rhine-Ruhr">Rhine-Ruhr</a></li></ul>
style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;"><a
href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a> (3)</th><td
0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a></li></ul>
style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;"><a
href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a> (5)</th><td
0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bogota" class="mw-redirect" title="Bogota">Bogota</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires" title="Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lima" title="Lima">Lima</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sao_Paulo" class="mw-redirect" title="Sao Paulo">Sao
Paulo</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-
1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a
href="http://www.capmas.gov.eg/Pages/StaticPages.aspx?page_id=5034">"Population
distribution by selected age groups, sex and governorate according to final results
of 2017 Pop.Census (201993091923pop.pdf)"</a>. Capmas.gov.eg<span class="reference-
accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span>
2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi
%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Population+distribution+by+selected+ag
e+groups%2C+sex+and+governorate+according+to+final+results+of+2017+Pop.Census+
%28201993091923pop.pdf%29&rft.pub=Capmas.gov.eg&rft_id=http%3A%2F
%2Fwww.capmas.gov.eg%2FPages%2FStaticPages.aspx%3Fpage_id%3D5034&rfr_id=info
inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external
free" href="http://www.cairo.gov.eg/en/Pages/Governor.aspx?
SubmID=106">http://www.cairo.gov.eg/en/Pages/Governor.aspx?SubmID=106</a></span>
</li>
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150321110107/http://capmas.gov.eg/pdf/EgyptinFi
gures2015/EgyptinFigures/Tables/PDF/1-
%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%86/pop.pdf">"Total area km<sup>2</sup>,
pg.15"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Capmas.gov.eg. Archived from <a
href="http://www.capmas.gov.eg/pdf/EgyptinFigures2015/EgyptinFigures/Tables/PDF/1-
%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%86/pop.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-
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<span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span
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_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACairo" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-
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</li>
href="http://www.capmas.gov.eg/Pages/StaticPages.aspx?page_id=5035">"Population
Estimates By Sex & Governorate 1/1/2020 (20204139534pop.pdf)"</a>.
Capmas.gov.eg<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25
August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-
%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Population+Estimates+By+Sex+
%26+Governorate+1%2F1%2F2020+%2820204139534pop.pdf
%29&rft.pub=Capmas.gov.eg&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.capmas.gov.eg%2FPages
%2FStaticPages.aspx%3Fpage_id%3D5035&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org
%3ACairo" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-
data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite
id="CITEREFUNESCO_World_Heritage_Centre" class="citation web cs1">UNESCO World
Heritage Centre. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/89">"Historic Cairo – UNESCO World Heritage
Centre"</a>. Whc.unesco.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170605171630/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/89"
>Archived</a> from the original on 5 June 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">.
Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span
%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Historic+Cairo+
%E2%80%93+UNESCO+World+Heritage+Centre&rft.pub=Whc.unesco.org&rft.au=UNESCO
+World+Heritage+Centre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist
%2F89&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACairo" class="Z3988"></span><link
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id="CITEREFSanta_Maria_Tours2009" class="citation web cs1">Santa Maria Tours (4
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href="http://www.prlog.org/10332580-cairo-alqahira-is-egypts-capital-and-the-
largest-city-in-the-middle-east-and-africa.html">"Cairo – "Al-Qahira" – is Egypt's
capital and the largest city in the Middle East and Africa"</a>. PRLog. <a
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cairo-alqahira-is-egypts-capital-and-the-largest-city-in-the-middle-east-and-
africa.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 November 2011<span
class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 December</span>
%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cairo+%E2%80%93+
%22Al-Qahira%22+%E2%80%93+is+Egypt
%27s+capital+and+the+largest+city+in+the+Middle+East+and+Africa.&rft.pub=PRLog&
amp;rft.date=2009-09-04&rft.au=Santa+Maria+Tours&rft_id=http%3A%2F
%2Fwww.prlog.org%2F10332580-cairo-alqahira-is-egypts-capital-and-the-largest-city-
in-the-middle-east-and-africa.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org
</li>
<li id="cite_note-forbes1-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-
forbes1_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation
magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://www.forbes.com/2006/12/20/worlds-most-congested-cities-biz-energy-
cx_rm_1221congested_slide.html">"World's Densest Cities"</a>. <i>Forbes</i>. 21
December 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100806143348/http://www.forbes.com/2006/12/20/w
orlds-most-congested-cities-biz-energy-cx_rm_1221congested_slide.html">Archived</a>
from the original on 6 August 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved
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%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=World
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cx_rm_1221congested_slide.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACairo"
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2016"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Globalization_and_World_Cities_Research_Network"
title="Globalization and World Cities Research Network">Globalization and World
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href="https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Talk:Wp/cop/%E2%B2%95%E2%B2%81%CF
%A3%E2%B2%A3%E2%B2%B1%E2%B2%99%E2%B2%93">"Talk:Wp/cop/ⲕⲁϣⲣⲱⲙⲓ – Wikimedia
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%E2%80%93+Wikimedia+Incubator&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fincubator.wikimedia.org
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22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><b>Good News for Me</b>: <a
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artId=3885468">‫<"بالل فضل يتفرغ لـ"أهل اسكندرية" بعد "أهل كايرو‬/a> <a rel="nofollow"
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305042411/http://www.gn4me.com/gn4me/details
.jsp?artId=3885468">Archived</a> 5 March 2016 at the <a
href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305042411/http://www.gn4me.com/gn4me/details
.jsp?artId=3885468">Archived</a> 5 March 2016 at the <a
href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>‏
<span class="languageicon">(in Arabic)</span> (Belal Fadl frees himself [to write]
<i>Ahl Eskendereyya</i> (the People of Alexandria) after <i>Ahl Kayro</i> (the
People of Cairo))</span>
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1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sh199_33-
2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sh199_33-
3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sh199_33-
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58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roman Adrian Cybriwsky,
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3922_q3_intro">http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1875-3922_q3_intro</a>> Supplement II -
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malay_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter G. Riddell, <a
id=Tq1v_V4haj4C&pg=PA164&dq=nafi
%27+al+madani&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=nafi'%20al
%20madani&f=false">Early Malay Qur'anic exegical activity</a>, p. 164. Taken
from <i>Islam and the Malay-Indonesian World: Transmission and Responses</i>.
London: <a href="/wiki/C._Hurst_%26_Co." title="C. Hurst & Co.">C. Hurst &
Co.</a>, 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-
href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781850653363"
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<li id="cite_note-rippin-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-
rippin_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite
id="CITEREFRippin,_Andrew2006" class="citation book cs1">Rippin, Andrew; et al.
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%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Blackwell+companion+to+the+Qur
%27an&rft.edition=%5B2a+reimpr.
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%2Fblackwellcompani00ripp_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACairo"
data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>
<ul><li>For the history of compilation see <i>Introduction</i> by <a
href="/wiki/Tamara_Sonn" title="Tamara Sonn">Tamara Sonn</a> pp. 5–6</li></ul>
</span></li>
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%3ACairo" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 maint:
ref=harv (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_ref%3Dharv" title="Category:CS1 maint:
</li>
145">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFEpstein2006"
class="citation news cs1">Epstein, Jack (3 June 2006). <a rel="nofollow"
class="external text" href="http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?
file=/c/a/2006/06/03/MNGKOJ82991.DTL">"From Cairo's trash, a model of recycling /
Old door-to-door method boasts 85% reuse rate"</a>. Sfgate.com. <a rel="nofollow"
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081010222736/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-
bin/article.cgi?file=%2Fc%2Fa%2F2006%2F06%2F03%2FMNGKOJ82991.DTL">Archived</a> from
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door+method+boasts+85%25+reuse+rate&rft.date=2006-06-
03&rft.aulast=Epstein&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft_id=http%3A%2F
%2Fwww.sfgate.com%2Fcgi-bin%2Farticle.cgi%3Ffile%3D%2Fc%2Fa
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href="http://infoweb.newsbank.com/resources/doc/nb/image/v2%3A138F0D9908AC8D5F
%40EANX-13AC171ED690176E%402434053-13AABDE71EDEAA6F%4022-13AABDE71EDEAA6F%40?
p=AMNEWS&hlterms=Kamel">"Educator From Egypt Will Pay Visit to City"</a>.
<i>Baton Rouge Morning Advocate (sec. B, p. 11)</i>. 10 February 1952.</cite><span
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Baton+Rouge+Morning+Advocate+
%28sec.+B%2C+p.
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02-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finfoweb.newsbank.com%2Fresources%2Fdoc%2Fnb%2Fimage
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text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="http://www.stuttgart.de/item/show/14673/1">"Stuttgart
Städtepartnerschaften"</a>. <i>Landeshauptstadt Stuttgart, Abteilung
Außenbeziehungen</i> (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130808023714/http://stuttgart.de/item/show/1467
3/1">Archived</a> from the original on 8 August 2013<span class="reference-
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%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
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href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130814165415/http://www.nyc.gov/html/ia/gp/html
/partner/partner.shtml">"NYC's Partner Cities"</a>. The City of New York. Archived
from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="http://www.nyc.gov/html/ia/gp/html/partner/partner.shtml">the original</a> on
14 August 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span
class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-
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<ul class="vector-menu-content-list"><li class="interlanguage-link
interwiki-ace"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qahirah" title="Al-
Qahirah – Achinese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" class="interlanguage-link-
target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady"><a
href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Каир –
Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" class="interlanguage-link-
target">Адыгабзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af"><a
href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka%C3%AFro" title="Kaïro – Afrikaans" lang="af"
hreflang="af" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ak"><a
href="https://ak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo – Akan" lang="ak"
hreflang="ak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Akan</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als"><a
href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kairo" title="Kairo – Alemannisch" lang="gsw"
hreflang="gsw" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am"><a
href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%AB%E1%8B%AD%E1%88%AE" title="ካይሮ –
Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" class="interlanguage-link-
target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796
badge-featuredarticle" title="featured article badge"><a
href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A9"
title="‫ – القاهرة‬Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" class="interlanguage-link-target">
‫<العربية‬/a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an"><a
href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/O_Caire" title="O Caire – Aragonese" lang="an"
hreflang="an" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw"><a
href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%A1%D5%B0%D5%AB%D6%80%D5%A7"
title="Գահիրէ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" class="interlanguage-
link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp"><a
href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lo_Cayiro" title="Lo Cayiro – Arpitan"
lang="frp" hreflang="frp" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast"><a
href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Cairu" title="El Cairu – Asturian"
lang="ast" hreflang="ast" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av"><a
href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8A%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%8C%D0%B8%D1%80"
title="Къагьир – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" class="interlanguage-link-
target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az"><a
href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qahir%C9%99" title="Qahirə – Azerbaijani"
lang="az" hreflang="az" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb"><a
href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%87" title="
‫ – قاهیره‬South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" class="interlanguage-link-
target">‫<تۆرکجه‬/a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn"><a
href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC
%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B" title="কায়রো – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn"
class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link
interwiki-zh-min-nan"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo"
title="Cairo – Chinese (Min Nan)" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" class="interlanguage-
link-target">Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba"><a
href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%A0%D0%B0%D2%BB%D0%B8%D1%80%D3%99"
title="Ҡаһирә – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" class="interlanguage-link-
target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be"><a
href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%96%D1%80" title="Каір –
Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" class="interlanguage-link-
target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old"><a
href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%96%D1%80" title="Каір –
Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask"
class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh"><a
href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF
%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE" title="काहिरा – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh"
class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link
interwiki-bcl"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo –
Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol
Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg"><a
href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%80%D0%BE" title="Кайро –
Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" class="interlanguage-link-
target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo"><a
href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%81%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A1%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B
%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%BC" title="ཁ་ཡི་རོ – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo"
class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link
interwiki-bs"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kairo" title="Kairo – Bosnian"
lang="bs" hreflang="bs" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br"><a
href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaero" title="Kaero – Breton" lang="br"
hreflang="br" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr"><a
href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Каир – Russia
Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" class="interlanguage-link-
target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca"><a
href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Caire" title="El Caire – Catalan" lang="ca"
hreflang="ca" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv"><a
href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Каир –
Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" class="interlanguage-link-
target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb"><a
href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo – Cebuano" lang="ceb"
hreflang="ceb" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/K
%C3%A1hira" title="Káhira – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" class="interlanguage-
link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny"><a
href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo – Nyanja" lang="ny"
hreflang="ny" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chi-Chewa</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn"><a
href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo – Shona" lang="sn"
hreflang="sn" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy"><a
href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo – Welsh" lang="cy"
hreflang="cy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da"><a
href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kairo" title="Kairo – Danish" lang="da"
hreflang="da" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se"><a
href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kairo" title="Kairo – Northern Sami" lang="se"
hreflang="se" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle"
title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kairo"
title="Kairo – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" class="interlanguage-link-
target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb"><a
href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kairo" title="Kairo – Lower Sorbian"
lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" class="interlanguage-link-
target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty"><a
href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B"
title="काइरो – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" class="interlanguage-link-
target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et"><a
href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kairo" title="Kairo – Estonian" lang="et"
hreflang="et" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE
%9A%CE%AC%CE%B9%CF%81%CE%BF" title="Κάιρο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el"
class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link
interwiki-myv"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B8%D1%80_
%D0%BE%D1%88" title="Каир ош – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv"
class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link
interwiki-es"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Cairo" title="El Cairo –
Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" class="interlanguage-link-
target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo"><a
href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kairo" title="Kairo – Esperanto" lang="eo"
hreflang="eo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext"><a
href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Cairu" title="El Cairu – Extremaduran"
lang="ext" hreflang="ext" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu"><a
href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kairo" title="Kairo – Basque" lang="eu"
hreflang="eu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa"><a
href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1%D9%87" title="‫– قاهره‬
Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" class="interlanguage-link-target">‫<فارسی‬/a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif"><a
href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif"
hreflang="hif" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji
Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo"><a
href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keiro" title="Keiro – Faroese" lang="fo"
hreflang="fo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr"><a
href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Caire" title="Le Caire – French" lang="fr"
hreflang="fr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy"><a
href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kairo" title="Kairo – Western Frisian"
lang="fy" hreflang="fy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga"><a
href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caireo" title="Caireo – Irish" lang="ga"
hreflang="ga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv"><a
href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo – Manx" lang="gv"
hreflang="gv" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd"><a
href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo – Scottish Gaelic"
lang="gd" hreflang="gd" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl"><a
href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/O_Cairo" title="O Cairo – Galician" lang="gl"
hreflang="gl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh"><a
href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Каир –
Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" class="interlanguage-link-
target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki"><a
href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo – Kikuyu" lang="ki"
hreflang="ki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu"><a
href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%88%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8B"
title="કૈરો – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" class="interlanguage-link-
target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak"><a
href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo – Hakka Chinese"
lang="hak" hreflang="hak" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語/Hak-kâ-
ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal"><a
href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B8%D1%80_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB
%D2%BB%D1%81%D0%BD" title="Каир балһсн – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal"
class="interlanguage-link-target">Хальмг</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link
interwiki-ko"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B9%B4%EC%9D%B4%EB%A1%9C"
title="카이로 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" class="interlanguage-link-target">
한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha"><a
href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kairo" title="Kairo – Hausa" lang="ha"
hreflang="ha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy"><a
href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%B0%D5%AB%D6%80%D5%A5"
title="Կահիրե – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" class="interlanguage-link-
target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi"><a
href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF
%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE" title="काहिरा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi"
class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link
interwiki-hsb"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kairo" title="Kairo – Upper
Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" class="interlanguage-link-
target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr"><a
href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kairo" title="Kairo – Croatian" lang="hr"
hreflang="hr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io"><a
href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kairo" title="Kairo – Ido" lang="io"
hreflang="io" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo"><a
href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo – Iloko" lang="ilo"
hreflang="ilo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id"><a
href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kairo" title="Kairo – Indonesian" lang="id"
hreflang="id" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia"><a
href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo – Interlingua" lang="ia"
hreflang="ia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie"><a
href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo – Interlingue" lang="ie"
hreflang="ie" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os"><a
href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Каир –
Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka
%C3%ADr%C3%B3" title="Kaíró – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is"
class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link
interwiki-it"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il_Cairo" title="Il Cairo –
Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" class="interlanguage-link-
target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he"><a
href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A8" title="‫ – קהיר‬Hebrew"
lang="he" hreflang="he" class="interlanguage-link-target">‫<עברית‬/a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv"><a
href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kairo" title="Kairo – Javanese" lang="jv"
hreflang="jv" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/K
%C9%9B%C9%9Br%C9%A9" title="Kɛɛrɩ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp"
class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link
interwiki-kn"><a
href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%88%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8B"
title="ಕೈರೋ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" class="interlanguage-link-
target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka"><a
href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D"
title="კაირო – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" class="interlanguage-link-
target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb"><a
href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kairo" title="Kairo – Kashubian" lang="csb"
hreflang="csb" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk"><a
href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Каир – Kazakh"
lang="kk" hreflang="kk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw"><a
href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo – Cornish" lang="kw"
hreflang="kw" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw"><a
href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kairo" title="Kairo – Swahili" lang="sw"
hreflang="sw" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv"><a
href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Каир – Komi"
lang="kv" hreflang="kv" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_K
%C3%A8" title="Li Kè – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht"
class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-
link interwiki-gcr"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A8ro" title="Kèro
– Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" class="interlanguage-link-
target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku"><a
href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qah%C3%AEre" title="Qahîre – Kurdish" lang="ku"
hreflang="ku" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky"><a
href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Каир – Kyrgyz"
lang="ky" hreflang="ky" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj"><a
href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Каир –
Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык
мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad"><a
href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Kairo" title="El Kairo – Ladino" lang="lad"
hreflang="lad" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe"><a
href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%8C
%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Кьагьира – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe"
class="interlanguage-link-target">Лакку</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link
interwiki-lrc"><a
href="https://lrc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1%D9%B1" title="‫– قاهرٱ‬
Northern Luri" lang="lrc" hreflang="lrc" class="interlanguage-link-target"> ‫لۊری‬
‫<شومالی‬/a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la"><a
href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairus" title="Cairus – Latin" lang="la"
hreflang="la" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv"><a
href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaira" title="Kaira – Latvian" lang="lv"
hreflang="lv" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb"><a
href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kairo" title="Kairo – Luxembourgish" lang="lb"
hreflang="lb" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez"><a
href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Каир –
Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" class="interlanguage-link-
target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt"><a
href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kairas" title="Kairas – Lithuanian" lang="lt"
hreflang="lt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij"><a
href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/O_Cairo" title="O Cairo – Ligurian" lang="lij"
hreflang="lij" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ca
%C3%AFro" title="Caïro – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" class="interlanguage-
link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln"><a
href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kairo" title="Kairo – Lingala" lang="ln"
hreflang="ln" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn"><a
href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qahira" title="Qahira – Lingua Franca Nova"
lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca
Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo"><a
href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kairo" title="Kairo – Livvi-Karelian"
lang="olo" hreflang="olo" class="interlanguage-link-
target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo"><a
href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Cairo" title="El Cairo – Lombard"
lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lumbaart</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kair
%C3%B3" title="Kairó – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" class="interlanguage-
link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai"><a
href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B"
title="काइरो – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" class="interlanguage-link-
target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk"><a
href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE" title="Каиро –
Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" class="interlanguage-link-
target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg"><a
href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kahira" title="Kahira – Malagasy" lang="mg"
hreflang="mg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml"><a
href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8D
%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8B" title="കെയ്റോ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml"
class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link
interwiki-mr"><a
href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B" title="कै रो
– Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" class="interlanguage-link-
target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf"><a
href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D"
title="კაირო – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" class="interlanguage-link-
target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz badge-
Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle" title="featured article badge"><a
href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1%D9%87"
title="‫ – القاهره‬Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" class="interlanguage-link-
target">‫<مصرى‬/a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn"><a
href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1%D9%87" title="‫– قاهره‬
Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" class="interlanguage-link-target">
‫<مازرونی‬/a></li><li
ِ class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms"><a
href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaherah" title="Kaherah – Malay" lang="ms"
hreflang="ms" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min"><a
href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kairo" title="Kairo – Minangkabau" lang="min"
hreflang="min" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo"><a
href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo – Min Dong Chinese"
lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mìng-dĕ̤ng-
ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl"><a
href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo – Mirandese" lang="mwl"
hreflang="mwl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf"><a
href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Каир –
Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" class="interlanguage-link-
target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn"><a
href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Каир –
Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" class="interlanguage-link-
target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my"><a
href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA
%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B7"
title="ကို င်ရို မြို့ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" class="interlanguage-link-
target">မြန်မာဘာသာ </a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah"><a
href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_Cairo" title="In Cairo – Nāhuatl"
lang="nah" hreflang="nah" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nāhuatl</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-na"><a
href="https://na.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo – Nauru" lang="na"
hreflang="na" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dorerin Naoero</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ca
%C3%AFro_(stad)" title="Caïro (stad) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl"
class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link
interwiki-ne"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF
%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B" title="कायरो – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne"
class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link
interwiki-new"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF
%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B" title="कायरो – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new"
class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link
interwiki-ja"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AD"
title="カイロ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" class="interlanguage-link-
target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap"><a
href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27O_Cairo" title="'O Cairo – Neapolitan"
lang="nap" hreflang="nap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce"><a
href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8A
%D0%B0%D1%85%D3%80%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0" title="КъахӀира – Chechen" lang="ce"
hreflang="ce" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr"><a
href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kairo" title="Kairo – Northern Frisian"
lang="frr" hreflang="frr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih"><a
href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo – Norfuk / Pitkern"
lang="pih" hreflang="pih" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norfuk /
Pitkern</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no"><a
href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kairo" title="Kairo – Norwegian Bokmål"
lang="nb" hreflang="nb" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn"><a
href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kairo" title="Kairo – Norwegian Nynorsk"
lang="nn" hreflang="nn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc"><a
href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lo_Caire" title="Lo Caire – Occitan" lang="oc"
hreflang="oc" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr"><a
href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Каир –
Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык
марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz"><a
href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qohira" title="Qohira – Uzbek" lang="uz"
hreflang="uz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha/ўзбекча</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa"><a
href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BF
%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE" title="ਕਾਹਿਰਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa"
class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link
interwiki-pnb"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%DB%81%D8%B1%DB
%81" title="‫ – قاہرہ‬Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" class="interlanguage-
link-target">‫<پنجابی‬/a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap"><a
href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kairo" title="Kairo – Papiamento" lang="pap"
hreflang="pap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps"><a
href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1%D9%87" title="‫– قاهره‬
Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" class="interlanguage-link-target">‫<پښتو‬/a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms"><a
href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Bl_C%C3%A0iro" title="Ël Càiro –
Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" class="interlanguage-link-
target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi"><a
href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kairo" title="Kairo – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi"
hreflang="tpi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds"><a
href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kairo" title="Kairo – Low German" lang="nds"
hreflang="nds" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl"><a
href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kair" title="Kair – Polish" lang="pl"
hreflang="pl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt"><a
href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%AC%CE%B9%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BD"
title="Κάιρον – Pontic" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" class="interlanguage-link-
target">Ποντιακά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt"><a
href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo
– Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" class="interlanguage-link-
target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa"><a
href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qahira" title="Al-Qahira – Kara-Kalpak"
lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" class="interlanguage-link-
target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh"><a
href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qaire" title="Qaire – Crimean Turkish"
lang="crh" hreflang="crh" class="interlanguage-link-
target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro"><a
href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo – Romanian" lang="ro"
hreflang="ro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm"><a
href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo – Romansh" lang="rm"
hreflang="rm" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu"><a
href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qahira" title="Qahira – Quechua" lang="qu"
hreflang="qu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue"><a
href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%80%D0%B0"
title="Кагіра – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" class="interlanguage-link-
target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru"><a
href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Каир –
Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" class="interlanguage-link-
target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah"><a
href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Каир – Sakha"
lang="sah" hreflang="sah" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat"><a
href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9A"
title="ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱚ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" class="interlanguage-link-
target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc"><a
href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo – Sardinian" lang="sc"
hreflang="sc" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco"><a
href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo – Scots" lang="sco"
hreflang="sco" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq"><a
href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kajro" title="Kajro – Albanian" lang="sq"
hreflang="sq" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn"><a
href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairu" title="Cairu – Sicilian" lang="scn"
hreflang="scn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple"><a
href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo – Simple English"
lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple
English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd"><a
href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%DA%BE%D8%B1%DB%81" title="‫– قاھرہ‬
Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" class="interlanguage-link-target">‫<سنڌي‬/a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss"><a
href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo – Swati" lang="ss"
hreflang="ss" class="interlanguage-link-target">SiSwati</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/K
%C3%A1hira" title="Káhira – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" class="interlanguage-
link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl"><a
href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kairo" title="Kairo – Slovenian" lang="sl"
hreflang="sl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl"><a
href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kajir" title="Kajir – Silesian" lang="szl"
hreflang="szl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so"><a
href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qaahiro" title="Qaahiro – Somali" lang="so"
hreflang="so" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb"><a
href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%DA%BE%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%95" title="
‫ – قاھیرە‬Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" class="interlanguage-link-
target">‫<کوردی‬/a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr"><a
href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE" title="Каиро –
Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски /
srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh"><a
href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kairo" title="Kairo – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh"
hreflang="sh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski /
српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su"><a
href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kairo" title="Kairo – Sundanese" lang="su"
hreflang="su" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi"><a
href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kairo" title="Kairo – Finnish" lang="fi"
hreflang="fi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv"><a
href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kairo" title="Kairo – Swedish" lang="sv"
hreflang="sv" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl"><a
href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo – Tagalog" lang="tl"
hreflang="tl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta"><a
href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE
%B0%E0%AF%8B" title="கெய்ரோ – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" class="interlanguage-
link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab"><a
href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taqahirt" title="Taqahirt – Kabyle" lang="kab"
hreflang="kab" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara"><a href="https://roa-
tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27U_Cairo" title="'U Cairo – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-
tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tarandíne</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt"><a
href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D2%BB%D0%B8%D1%80%D3%99"
title="Каһирә – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" class="interlanguage-link-
target">Татарча/tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te"><a
href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%88%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8B" title="కైరో
– Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" class="interlanguage-link-
target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th"><a
href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3"
title="ไคโร – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" class="interlanguage-link-
target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg"><a
href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D0%BE%D2%B3%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0"
title="Қоҳира – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" class="interlanguage-link-
target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr"><a
href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kahire" title="Kahire – Turkish" lang="tr"
hreflang="tr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk"><a
href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kair" title="Kair – Turkmen" lang="tk"
hreflang="tk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw"><a
href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kairo" title="Kairo – Twi" lang="tw"
hreflang="tw" class="interlanguage-link-target">Twi</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm"><a
href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Каир –
Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" class="interlanguage-link-
target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk"><a
href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%97%D1%80" title="Каїр –
Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" class="interlanguage-link-
target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur"><a
href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%DB%81%D8%B1%DB%81" title="‫– قاہرہ‬
Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" class="interlanguage-link-target">‫<اردو‬/a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug"><a
href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88" title="‫– كايرو‬
Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" class="interlanguage-link-target">‫ ئۇيغۇرچە‬/
Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec"><a
href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Cairo" title="El Cairo – Venetian"
lang="vec" hreflang="vec" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep"><a
href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kair" title="Kair – Veps" lang="vep"
hreflang="vep" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi"><a
href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo – Vietnamese" lang="vi"
hreflang="vi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo"><a
href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kahir%C3%A4" title="Kahirä – Volapük" lang="vo"
hreflang="vo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro"><a href="https://fiu-
vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kairo" title="Kairo – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro"
class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link
interwiki-wa"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Caire" title="El Caire –
Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" class="interlanguage-link-
target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls"><a
href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ca%C3%AFro" title="Caïro – West Flemish"
lang="vls" hreflang="vls" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war"><a
href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo"
title="Cairo – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" class="interlanguage-link-
target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo"><a
href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xayra" title="Xayra – Wolof" lang="wo"
hreflang="wo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu"><a
href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BC%80%E7%BD%97" title="开罗 – Wu Chinese"
lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi"><a
href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%90" title="‫– קיירא‬
Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" class="interlanguage-link-target">
‫<יִידיש‬/a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo"><a
href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A1%C3%ADr%C3%B2" title="Káírò – Yoruba"
lang="yo" hreflang="yo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue"><a href="https://zh-
yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%96%8B%E7%BE%85" title="開羅 – Cantonese" lang="yue"
hreflang="yue" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq"><a
href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qahira" title="Qahira – Zazaki" lang="diq"
hreflang="diq" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ca
%C3%AFro_(stad)" title="Caïro (stad) – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea"
class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link
interwiki-bat-smg"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kairs" title="Kairs
– Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" class="interlanguage-link-
target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh"><a
href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BC%80%E7%BD%97" title="开罗 – Chinese"
lang="zh" hreflang="zh" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk"><a
href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkaira" title="Alkaira – Kotava" lang="avk"
hreflang="avk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa"><a
href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B"
title="काइरो – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" class="interlanguage-link-
target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld"><a
href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/L_Cairo" title="L Cairo – Ladin" lang="lld"
hreflang="lld" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li></ul>
<div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-
langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a
href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q85#sitelinks-wikipedia"
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Understanding Cairo

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