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    Topic 3RD Human Settlements

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    Vanshika Bajaj
    Human settlements can be understood as a complex system with five elements - nature, man, society, infrastructure, and networks. Settlements vary in size from small hamlets to large cities and differ in their economic activities and social structures. Rural settlements specialize in primary activities like agriculture and derive their economic needs from land, while urban settlements engage in manufacturing and services. Cities act as economic hubs providing goods and services to their hinterlands in exchange for food and raw materials. Towns have evolved in India over different periods, from ancient towns that developed as religious centers, to medieval towns as headquarters of kingdoms, to modern towns established by European powers like the British.

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    Topic 3RD Human Settlements

    Uploaded by

    Vanshika Bajaj
    61 views4 pages
    Human settlements can be understood as a complex system with five elements - nature, man, society, infrastructure, and networks. Settlements vary in size from small hamlets to large cities and differ in their economic activities and social structures. Rural settlements specialize in primary activities like agriculture and derive their economic needs from land, while urban settlements engage in manufacturing and services. Cities act as economic hubs providing goods and services to their hinterlands in exchange for food and raw materials. Towns have evolved in India over different periods, from ancient towns that developed as religious centers, to medieval towns as headquarters of kingdoms, to modern towns established by European powers like the British.

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    TOPIC 3RD HUMAN SETTLEMENTS

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    Human settlements can be understood as a complex system with five elements - nature, man, society, infrastructure, and networks. Settlements vary in size from small hamlets to large cities and differ in their economic activities and social structures. Rural settlements specialize in primary activities like agriculture and derive their economic needs from land, while urban settlements engage in manufacturing and services. Cities act as economic hubs providing goods and services to their hinterlands in exchange for food and raw materials. Towns have evolved in India over different periods, from ancient towns that developed as religious centers, to medieval towns as headquarters of kingdoms, to modern towns established by European powers like the British.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    61 views4 pages

    Topic 3RD Human Settlements

    Uploaded by

    Vanshika Bajaj
    Human settlements can be understood as a complex system with five elements - nature, man, society, infrastructure, and networks. Settlements vary in size from small hamlets to large cities and differ in their economic activities and social structures. Rural settlements specialize in primary activities like agriculture and derive their economic needs from land, while urban settlements engage in manufacturing and services. Cities act as economic hubs providing goods and services to their hinterlands in exchange for food and raw materials. Towns have evolved in India over different periods, from ancient towns that developed as religious centers, to medieval towns as headquarters of kingdoms, to modern towns established by European powers like the British.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
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    HUMAN SETTLEMENTS

     Human settlements, is a very complex system of


    five elements - nature, man, society, shells (that is, buildings),
    and networks.
     It is a system of natural, social, and man-made elements which
    can be seen in many ways - economic, social, political,
    technological, and cultural.

    Human Settlement means cluster of dwellings of any type or size


    where human beings live. For this purpose, people may build houses
    and other structures and command some area or territory as their
    economic support-base. Thus, the process of settlement inherently
    involves grouping of people and apportioning of territory
    as their resource base.

     Settlements vary in size and type. They range from a hamlet to


    metropolitan cities.
     With size, the economic character and social structure of
    settlements changes and so do its ecology and technology.
     Settlements could be small and sparsely (few and scattered)
    spaced; they may also be large and closely spaced.
     The sparsely located small settlements are called villages,
    specialising in agriculture or other primary activities.
     On the other hand, there are fewer but larger settlements which
    are termed as urban settlements specialising in secondary and
    tertiary activities.
    The basic differences between rural and urban settlements are as
    follows :

    • The rural settlements derive their life support or basic economic


    needs from land based primary economic activities, whereas, urban
    settlements, depend on processing of raw materials and
    manufacturing of finished goods on the one hand and a variety of
    services on the other.

    • Cities act as nodes of economic growth, provide goods and services


    not only to urban dwellers but also to the people of the rural
    settlements in their hinterlands (remote areas) in return for food and
    raw materials. This functional relationship between the urban and
    rural settlements takes place through transport and communication
    network.

    • Rural and urban settlements differ in terms of social relationship,


    attitude and outlook. Rural people are less mobile and therefore,
    social relations among them are intimate. In urban areas, on the other
    hand, way of life is complex and fast, and social relations are formal.
    EVOLUTION OF TOWNS IN INDIA

    Towns flourished since prehistoric times in India. Even at the time of


    Indus valley civilisation, towns like Harappa and Mohanjodaro were
    in existence.
    The following period has witnessed evolution of towns. It continued
    with periodic ups and downs until the arrival of Europeans in India in
    the eighteenth century. On the basis of their evolution in different
    periods, Indian towns may be classified as:
    • Ancient towns,
    • Medieval towns,
    • Modern towns.

    Ancient Towns
    There are number of towns in India having historical background
    spanning over 2000 years. Most of them developed as religious and
    cultural centres. Varanasi is one of the important towns among these.
    Prayag (Allahabad), Pataliputra (Patna), Madurai are some other
    examples of ancient towns in the country.

    Medieval Towns
    About 100 of the existing towns have their roots in the medieval
    period. Most of them developed as headquarters of principalities and
    kingdoms. These are fort towns which came up on the ruins of
    ancient towns. Important among them are Delhi, Hyderabad, Jaipur,
    Lucknow, Agra and Nagpur.
    Modern Towns
    The British and other Europeans have developed a number of towns
    in India.
    Starting their foothold on coastal locations, they first developed some
    trading ports such as Surat, Daman, Goa, Pondicherry, etc.
    The British later consolidated their hold around three principal nodes
    – Mumbai (Bombay), Chennai (Madras), and Kolkata (Calcutta) –
    and built them in the British style. Rapidly extending their
    domination either directly or through control over the princely states,
    they established their administrative centres, hilltowns as summer
    resorts, and added new civil.

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