The University of Dodoma: School of Mines and Petroleum Engineering

THE UNIVERSITY OF DODOMA
SCHOOL OF MINES AND PETROLEUM ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF MINING AND MINERAL PROCESSING
MP 211: FLUID MECHANICS TEST NO. 2 TIME: 2 hours
DATE: 1/2/ 2019 TIME: 17-19 HRS PLACE: FL 1
Instructions:
Answer all questions

This is a close book test
Calculators are allowed
QUESTION 1 (25 marks)

a) The Bernoulli’s equation has been widely used in fluid mechanics. Briefly
describe five (5) limitations of this widely used equation. [5 marks]
b) With the aid of sketch, briefly describe what is meant by Hydraulic grade line
(HGL) and Energy grade line (EGL). Give four (4) physical implications of
HGL and EGL. [8 marks]
c) what is the physical significance of the Reynolds number? How is it defined
for a flow in a rectangular duct of cross section area of a x b [3 marks]
d) Someone claims that the shear stress at the center of a circular pipe during
fully developed laminar flow is zero. Do you agree with this claim? With the
aid of an appropriate relationship explain your answer. What will be your
response for the case of turbulent flow?
[6 marks]
e) What is the meaning of the terms “major energy loss” and “minor energy
loss” in pipes? [3
marks]?
QUESTION 2 (30 Marks)

a) A horizontal pipe has a 180° U- bend with a uniform inside diameter of 200
mm and carries a liquid petroleum fraction of density 900 kg/m 3 at a flow rate
of 150 m3/h (Figure 1.1). Determine the force exerted by the liquid on the
bend if the gauge pressure upstream and downstream of the bend are 100
kN/m2 and 80 kN/m2 respectively.
[15 marks]
Figure 1.1: For question 1a
1
b) An open tank of water has a pipeline of uniform diameter leading from it as
shown in Figure 2.1. Neglecting all frictional effects, determine:
i. The velocity of water in the pipe [6 marks]
ii. The pressure at points A, B, and C [9 marks]
Figure 2.1: For question 2(b)
QUESTION 3 (15 MARKS)

The velocity profile in fully developed laminar flow in a circular pipe of inner
radius R= 2 cm, in m/s is given by:
If the viscosity of the fluid is 0.001 Ns/m2; Determine:

i. The average and maximum velocities in the pipe [4 marks]
ii. The volumetric flow rate [8 marks]
iii. The shear stress at 0.7 cm from the wall [3 marks]
QUESTION 4 (15 Marks)

For the water flow set up shown in Figure 4.1, the discharge Q = 0.125 m3/s and
that the entrance and exit values of K are 0.5 and 1.0 respectively and ε = 0.046
mm. The properties of water are: ρ = 998 kg/m3 and ν = 1.16 x 10-6 m2/s.
Calculate:
a) The frictional head loss along the pipe, hL [12 marks]
b) The value of H [3 marks]
Figure 4.1: For question 4
2
QUESTION 5 (15 marks)
A certain part of iron casting piping of a water distribution system involves a
parallel section (Figure 5.1). Both parallel pipes have a diameter of 30 cm and the
flow is fully turbulent and the surface roughness ε = 0.046 mm. One of the
branches (pipe A) is 1000 m long while the other branch (pipe B) is 3000 m long. If
the flow rate through pipe A is 0.4 m 3/s. Neglecting minor losses and that the
Moody frictional factors for pipe A and B are equal, calculate:
a) The flow rate through pipe B [8 marks]
b) The frictional head loss in pipe A [7 marks]
3 -6 2
properties of water are: ρ= 998 kg/m , ν= 1.16 x 10 m /s
Figure 5.1: For question 5
Good luck
Prof. J.W. Ntalikwa/ January Danstan
3
Some important formula:
du
γ = ρg ; Q= Av ; τ =−μ
dr
Momentum Equation
F=Qρ ( U 2 −U 1 )=ṁ ( U 2−U 1)
Flow through a bend

F T = ρQ ( U 2 cos θ2 −U 1 cos θ 1 )
x
F T =ρQ ( U 2 sin θ2 −U 1 sin θ1 )

y
F P , x =P1 A 1 cos θ1−P2 A 2 cos θ 2

F P , y =P1 A 1 sin θ1−P2 A2 sin θ2
F T , x =F R , x + F P , x + F B , x ∨F R , x =F T , x −F P , x −F B , x
F T , y =F R , y + F P , y + F B , y ∨F R , y =FT , y −F P , y −F B , y
2 2
F R =√ F R , x + F R , y
−1 F R , y
∅=tan ( )
FR ,x
Force on the Bend = R= -FR
Bernoulli’s equation
p v2
+ + z=constant ;
γ 2g
Energy Equation with a pump:

P1 u21 P2 u 22
+ + z +h = + + z + h + h
ρg 2 g 1 p ρg 2 g 2 f m
Power requirement of the Pump
ρQg h p
P= .
η
Head loss in turbulent Regime

L u2 (
h f =f . . Moody )
d 2g
0.25
f= 2
ε 5.74
[ (
log + 0.9
3.7 D ℜ )]
4
ε
Valid for 10−6 <
D
<10−2∧5000< ℜ<108

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THE UNIVERSITY OF DODOMA

SCHOOL OF MINES AND PETROLEUM ENGINEERING

Answer all questions

QUESTION 1 (25 marks)

QUESTION 2 (30 Marks)

Figure 1.1: For question 1a

Figure 2.1: For question 2(b)

QUESTION 3 (15 MARKS)

If the viscosity of the fluid is 0.001 Ns/m2; Determine:

QUESTION 4 (15 Marks)

Figure 4.1: For question 4

Figure 5.1: For question 5

Flow through a bend

F T =ρQ ( U 2 sin θ2 −U 1 sin θ1 )

F P , x =P1 A 1 cos θ1−P2 A 2 cos θ 2

Energy Equation with a pump:

Head loss in turbulent Regime

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