PYRAMID ROOF

SHRADDHA G. 15SA04 OMKAR S. 15SA20

SHWETA G. 15SA07 SHAMBHAVI S. 15SA21
RAJASHRE J. 15SA08 URVESH S. 15SA23
ROSHAN K. 15SA09 RUSHIKESH S. 15SA28
AKSHAR K. 15SA10
SOHAM M. 15SA11
THE LOUVRE PYRAMID

BY ARCHITECT
I.M. PEI
LOUVRE PYRAMID
 The Louvre Pyramid was built in the 1980s as the
main entrance to the Louvre Museum.

 The modern glass structure, which forms a nice

contrast with the historic facades of the Louvre, has
become a landmark in its own right.

 The Louvre Pyramid was built as part of a project

known as the Grand Louvre to expand and
modernize the Louvre Museum.
INTODUCTION…..
 The Louvre Pyramid, designed by Ieoh Ming Pei is
an iconic landmark and represents the insertion of
modernity in a historic setting.

 Controversial, hated and loved, the Louvre Pyramid

has become a place where contemporary
architectural landscape of Paris in the collective
memory of Paris and even in literature, especially in
the also controversial Da Vinci Code .
DAY VIEW OF THE LOUVRE PYRAMID
NIGHT VIEW OF THE LOUVRE PYRAMID
I.M.PEI STYLES AND METHOD
 I. M. Pei, is a Chinese American architect often
called the master of modern architecture.
 Pei's style is described as thoroughly modernist, with
significant cubist themes.
 He is known for combining traditional architectural
elements with progressive designs based on simple
geometric patterns.
 As one critic writes: Pei has been aptly described
as combining a classical sense of form with a
contemporary mastery of method.
I.M.PEI’S VIEWS…. ON LOUVRE
 "I think the transparency of the pyramid is very important
here. Not only to bring light into the reception room, but
also to see the entire complex of the Louvre through it.“

WHY PYRAMID…???

 "Formally, the pyramid is the more compatible figure with

the Louvre's architecture. Also, it is one of the most
stable forms, ensuring its transparency ... and it is
constructed of steel and metal, symbolizing a break with
past traditions, it is work of our time. "
AERIAL VIEW
THE DESIGN
 The pyramid is rather modest in size compared to the
surrounding palace wings of the Louvre.

 It has a height of about 22 meters (72ft) and at its base

measures just over 35 meters (116ft).

 It is flanked by three smaller pyramids and reflecting

pools with modern fountains.
 Much effort was made to make the pyramid as
transparent as possible.

 The 675 diamond-shaped and 118 triangular panes were

specifically fabricated to make them completely clear.
 Attention was also paid to the 128 steel girders and 16
steel cables that hold the panes together.

 Technology from high tech yachts was used to make

them as small and unobtrusive as possible.
COMPARISION OF PYRAMIDS
SITE PLAN
PLAN AND ELEVATION
SECTION
COSTRUCTION DETAILS
THE PYRAMID - GEOMETRIC SHAPE
 For the entrance to the subterranean level, Pei wanted to
avoid it looking like a mere subway station and he needed the
right kind of building to draw visitors to the museum's
entrance.

 After studying the works of André Le Nôtre - France's great

landscape designer - who strictly followed geometric patterns,
Pei came up with the shape of a pyramid, which would form a
beacon at the center of the courtyard.

 He opted for a glass cladding since this would be the least

intrusive and it would also allow light to enter the foyer below.
SECTION
INTERIOR VIEW
THE INVERTED PYRAMID
 In 1993 the underground area expanded with the
opening of a modern shopping mall, the Carrousel du
Louvre.

 It is anchored by an inverted glass pyramid, known as

the Pyramide Inversée (Inverted Pyramid), which nicely
complements the Louvre Pyramid.

 The pyramid was designed by the American architecture

firm of Pei Cobb Freed & Partners, who created a smaller
version of Pei's pyramid, turned it upside down right and
suspended it right above a small stone pyramid.
CONCEPT AND IDEA

He had the idea of digging up the yard Napoleon

nine meters underground and there provide enough

space for the storage of the works of art and loading

equipment, an auditorium for 400 people, information

areas, conference centers, a friendly cafe, book stores

and souvenir shops.
THE LOUVRE MUSEUM BEFORE THE INSERTION OF THE PYRAMID
THE CRITICS AND CONTROVERSIES….
 The pyramid was a very controversial subject, back
in 1984-85, as people tend to confuse the form of the
pyramid of the Louvre with that in Egypt.

 “I think it is not accurate: the Egyptian pyramid is

huge, it is made of solid stone, and it is a place for
the dead.

The pyramid at the Louvre is the opposite, it is

made of glass, it is transparent, and it is

for the living "
ARCHITECTURE BUILDING CONSTRUCTION AND MATERIALS
INTRODUCTION :

• BRIDGE TYPE –CABLE STAYEDBRIDGE.

• A CABLE-STAYED BRIDGE HAS ONE OR MORETOWERS (OR PYLONS), FROMWHICHCABLES SUPPORT THE
BRIDGE DECK. A DISTINCTIVE FEATURE ARE THE CABLES OR STAYS, WHICHRUN DIRECTLY FROMTHE TOWER
TO THE DECK, NORMALLYFORMINGA FAN-LIKE PATTERN OR A SERIES OF PARALLEL LINES.
• THE CABLE-STAYED BRIDGE IS OPTIMAL FOR SPANS LONGER THAN CANTILEVER BRIDGES AND SHORTER
THAN SUSPENSION BRIDGES. THIS IS THE RANGE WITHIN WHICH CANTILEVER BRIDGES WOULD RAPIDLY
GROWHEAVIER,ANDSUSPENSIONBRIDGECABLINGWOULDBEMORECOSTLY.

• CABLE-STAYED BRIDGES DIFFER

FROMTHEIR SUSPENSION
PREDECESSORS IN THAT THEY DON'T
REQUIRE ANCHORAGES, NOR DO
THEY NEED TWO TOWERS. INSTEAD,
THE CABLES RUNFROMTHE
ROADWAYUP TO A SINGLE TOWER
THAT ALONE BEARS THEWEIGHT.
• THE CABLES ARE ANCHORED IN THE
TOWER RATHER THAN AT THEEND.
LOAD TRANSMISSION
slab Tension

Cables

pylons

Compression
Pile cap
• UNLIKE SUSPENSION BRIDGES, CABLE STAY BRIDGES DO NOT NEED ANCHOR BLOCKS.
THE CABLES ARE FIXED TO EITHER SIDE OF EACH TOWER - THIS MEANS THAT THE
piles WEIGHT OF EACH SIDE OF THE BRIDGE COUNTER BALANCES THEOPPOSITE SIDE.
• THE ABSENCE OF ANCHOR BLOCKS SUBSTANTIALLY REDUCES THE AMOUNT OF
MATERIALS NEEDED AND THE COST OF BUILDING THE BRIDGE.
ALSO, THE TOWERS TEND TO BE POSITIONED DOWN THE CENTRE OF THE ROADWAY
soil AND HALF AS MANY TOWERS ARE NEEDED COMPARED TO SUSPENSION BRIDGES.
CLASSIFICATIONS RADIAL : CABLES CONNECT EVENLY
THROUGHOUT THE DECK, BUT ALL CONVERGE
• BASEDON ARRANGEMENTS OF THE CABLES ON THE TOP OF THE PIER
• RADIATING
• HARP
HARP : CABLES ARE PARALLEL, AND EVENLY
• FAN SPACED ALONG THE DECK AND THE PIER
• STAR
• BASED ON THE SHAPE OF PYLON
FAN : A COMBINATION OF RADIAL AND HARP
• A-TYPE TYPES
• H-TYPE
• Y-TYPE
STAR-SHAPED : CABLES ARE CONNECTED TO
TWO OPPOSITE POINTS ON THE PIER.

THE TOWER SHAPE IS MAINLY SELECTED FOR AESTHETIC REASONS, AND IS

REFINED BASED ON PROPORTIONS, MATERIALS, AND RESTRICTIONS
ASSOCIATED WITH THE TOWER DESIGN. A CONSIDERABLE VARIETY OF
TOWER SHAPES EXIST. IN GENERAL, THE SHAPE OF THE TOWER IS GOVERNED
BY THE REQUIRED HEIGHT AND THE ENVIRONMENTAL LOADING
CONDITIONS, SUCH AS SEISMIC ZONES AND WIND CRITERIA. THE TOWERS
ARE CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO THE BASIC FORMS SHOWN IN FIGURE
ADVANTAGES OF CABLE STAYED BRIDGES
• MUCH GREATER STIFFNESS THAN THE SUSPENSION BRIDGE, SO
THAT DEFORMATIONS OF THE DECK UNDER LIVE LOADS ARE
REDUCED.
• CAN BE CONSTRUCTED BY CANTILEVERING OUT FROM THE TOWER
- THE CABLES ACT BOTH AS TEMPORARY AND PERMANENT
SUPPORTS TO THE BRIDGE DECK.
• FOR A SYMMETRICAL BRIDGE (I.E. SPANS ON EITHER SIDE OF THE
TOWER ARE THE SAME), THE HORIZONTAL FORCES BALANCE AND
LARGE GROUNDANCHORAGES ARE NOTREQUIRED.

• CABLE-STAYED BRIDGES TAKE LESS TIME TO COMPLETE THAN

OTHER OPTIONS.
• THE STRENGTH OF A CABLE-STAYED BRIDGE IS UNQUESTIONABLE]
• IT CAN BE SIGNIFICANTLY CHEAPER TO BUILD A CABLE-STAYED
BRIDGE.
• CABLE-STAYED BRIDGES CAN BE CONSTRUCTED TO ALMOST ANY
LENGTH.
• THERE ARE MULTIPLE DESIGN OPTIONS FROM WHICH TO CHOOSE
WITH A CABLE-STAYED BRIDGE.
CABLE
• A CABLE MAY BE COMPOSED OF ONE OR MORE STRUCTURAL ROPES, STRUCTURAL STRANDS, LOCKED COIL STRANDS OR
PARALLELWIRE STRANDS.
• A STRAND IS AN ASSEMBLY OF WIRES FORMED HELICALLY AROUND CENTRE WIRE IN ONE OR MORE SYMMETRICAL
LAYERS.
• A STRAND CAN BE USED EITHER AS AN INDIVIDUAL LOAD-CARRYING MEMBER, WHERE RADIUS OR CURVATURE IS NOT A
MAJORREQUIREMENT,ORASA COMPONENTINTHEMANUFACTUREOFTHESTRUCTURALROPE.
• A ROPE IS COMPOSED OF A PLURALITY OF STRANDS HELICALLY LAID AROUND A CORE. IN CONTRAST TO THE STRAND, A
ROPE PROVIDES INCREASED CURVATURE CAPABILITY AND IS USED WHERE CURVATURE OF THE CABLE BECOMES AN
IMPORTANTCONSIDERATION.

TYPES OF CABLE
• CABLES ARE MADE OF HIGH-STRENGTHSTEEL, USUALLYENCASEDIN A
PLASTIC OR STEEL COVERING THAT IS FILLED WITH GROUT , A FINE GRAINED
FORMOF CONCRETE, FOR PROTECTION AGAINST CORROSION.

SELECTION OF CABLE CONFIGURATION

• THE SELECTIONOF CABLE CONFIGURATIONAND NUMBEROF CABLES IS
DEPENDENT MAINLY ON LENGTH OF THE SPAN, TYPE OF LOADINGS,
NUMBER OF ROADWAY LANES, HEIGHT OF TOWERS, AND THE
DESIGNER’SINDIVIDUALSENSEOFPROPORTIONAND AESTHETICS.
• COSTALSOPLAYSIMPORTANTROLEINDECIDINGTHESELECTION.
• USINGLESSNUMBEROFCABLES INCREASESCONCENTRATED LOADAT A
SINGLE POINT THEREBY REQUIRING ADDITIONAL REINFORCEMENT
FORTHEDECKSLAB ASWELL ASPYLON.
 TWO VERTICAL PLANES TWO INCLINED PLANES SYSTEM
SYSTEM
• IN THIS TYPE OF SYSTEM THERE ARE TWO PARALLEL • INTHIS SYSTEMTHECABLES RUNFROMTHEEDGES OF
SETS OF CABLES AND THE TOWER ON THE EITHER THE BRIDGE DECK TO A POINT ABOVE THE
SIDES OF THE BRIDGE, WHICHLIE IN THE SAME CENTRELINE OF THE BRIDGE ON AN A-SHAPED
VERTICALPLANE. TOWERORΛ- SHAPED ORDIAMOND SHAPEDPYLON.
• THE CABLE ANCHORAGES MAY BE SITUATED • THIS ARRANGEMENT CAN BE RECOMMENDED FOR
OUTSIDE THE DECK STRUCTURE, WHICH IS BETTER VERY LONG SPANS WHERE THE TOWER HAS TO BE
THAN THE OTHER IN TERMS OF SPACE AS NO DECK VERY HIGH AND NEEDS THE LATERAL STIFFNESS
AREA OF THE DECK SURFACE IS OBSTRUCTED BY GIVEN BY THE TRIANGLE ANDTHE FRAME JUNCTION.
THE PRESENCE OF THE CABLES AND THE TOWERS.
• BUT THIS REQUIRES SUBSTANTIAL CANTILEVERS TO
BE CONSTRUCTED IN ORDER TO TRANSFER THE
SHEAR AND THE BENDING MOMENT INTO THE DECK
STRUCTURE.
• WHEN THE CABLES AND TOWER LIE WITHIN THE
CROSS-SECTION OF THE BRIDGE, THE AREA TAKEN
UP CANNOT BE UTILIZED AS A PART OF THE
ROADWAY AND MAY BE ONLY PARTLY USED FOR THE
SIDEWALK. THUS AS AREA OF THE DECK SURFACE IS
MADE NON-EFFECTIVE AND HAS TO BE
COMPENSATED FOR BY INCREASING OVERALL
WIDTH OF THEDECK.
 STRUCTURAL FEATURES OF STEEL ANCHOR BOXES THE
ANCHORAGE ATSTEEL
ANCHOR BOX TYPE CONNECTION IS TO SET THE ANCHOR
BEAM (BLOCK), AND THE ANCHOR BEAM (BLOCK) IS
CONNECTED OR WELDED WITH THE MAIN BEAM WITH
HIGH-STRENGTH BOLTS, AND THE OBLIQUE CABLE IS
ANCHORED ON THE ANCHOR BEAM (BLOCK). THE
ANCHOR BOX TYPE (PRESSURE-BEARING TYPE) IS THE
MOST WIDELY USED AND MATURE ONE, WITH MANY
APPLICATION EXAMPLES AND MATURE TECHNOLOGY.
THE DISADVANTAGE IS THAT THE ANCHORING
STRUCTURE IS ARRANGED IN THE BOX, THE STRUCTURE
IS RELATIVELY COMPLICATED, THE NUMBER OF PLATES
IS LARGE, THE OPERATING SPACE IS SMALL, THE
WELDING IS DIFFICULT, AND THE INSPECTION AND
MAINTENANCE ARE NOT EASY IN THE FUTURE [3~4].
Usually the cable has a
pin type joint
to theeither
Have Pylonswaged or filled
sockets
The deck-to- connection
cable usually is 'free'
accommodate
of the adjustment type to
cable Anchorages in Pylon
are usually expensive
Bottom Anchorage Upper
Anchorage
 PYLON

CABLE ANCHORAGE

WALKWAY

RAILING

SUSPENDERS

DETAILA’
 SUSPENDERS

ESCALATOR

RAILING

STEEL STAIRCASE

I-SECTION (COLUMN)

SUSPENDERS

BRACING
ETAIL OF STAIRCASEAND
SCALATOR
 1M

6M

SKYWALK 2M
ENTRANCE

6M
20.6 M

PLAN OF SKYWALK ENTRANCE

 I-SECTION

MID-LANDING BRACING

RAILING
M
RAMP

CABLE
ANCHORAGE
 RAILING

RAILING

SKYWALK
BRACING

RAMP

I-SECTION(COLUMN)
 PYLON

CABLE ANCHORAGE

RAILING
I-SECTION

BRACING

RAILING

MID-LANDING
GI SHEET

PYLON

SQUARE SECTION

SQUARE SECTION
(BEAM)

SUSPENDERS

RAILING

RAILING

FLOORING
GI SHEET
I SECTION
 SPIRE

MAINTENANCE DECK

CABLE JOINTS

PYLON MID SECTION

SQUARE BARS FOR SHEAR

SUPPORT TO PYLONS

SKYWALK ROOF

SUSPENDERS SQUARE BAR

PYLON LOWER SECTION

PYLON FOUNDATION
CONSTRUCTIONS :
SQUARE BARS

TRUSSES

SUSPENDERS

COLUMN PIER
 PYLON

CABLES
ANCHORAGE
 STEEL CABLE

• CABLE-STAYED BRIDGES CARRY

THE VERTICAL MAIN-
SPANLOADS BY NEARLY STRAIGHT
DIAGONAL CABLES IN TENSION.
THE TOWERS TRANSFER
THE CABLE FORCES TO THE
FOUNDATIONS THROUGH VERTICAL
COMPRESSION. ... AFTER THE
TOWER IS BUILT, ONE CABLE AND A
SECTION OF THE DECK ARE
CONSTRUCTED IN EACH DIRECTION.

COMPRESSION
BRACING DETAILS AT SKYWALK JUNCTIONS
‘C’ CHANEL

BASE PLATE

BRACINGS

GUSSET PLATE
JUNCTION HOLDING RAMP ROOF

TRUSS

SQUARE BARS
BEAM

‘L’ BRACKET

COLUMN

DECK PANEL
CONNECTION

PYLON WITH PRE-

FABRICATION METHOD