CN TCP Ip PDF

Lecture -5
The TCP/IP Reference Model

TCP/ IP model
• TCP/ IP model originates from the grandparent of all
computer networks, the ARPANET and now is used in its
successor, the worldwide Internet.
• The name TCP/ IP of the reference model is derived from
two primary protocols of the corresponding network
architecture
 TCP( Transmission controlled protocol)
 IP( Internet Protocol)
It was first described by Cerf and Kahn (1974), and later refined and defined as a
standard in the Internet community (Braden, 1989). The design philosophy behind
the model is discussed by Clark (1988).
Reference Models
2 The TCP/IP Reference Model (Transmission Control
Protocol/Internet Protocol
The TCP/IP Reference Model
The Link Layer
• packet-switching network based on a
connectionless layer that runs across different
networks
• It is not really a layer at all, in the normal
sense of the term, but rather an interface
between hosts and transmission links.
The Internet Layer
• The internet layer is the linchpin that holds the whole
architecture together, roughly to the OSI network layer
• Job is to permit hosts to inject packets into any network
and have them travel independently to the destination
• They may even arrive in a completely different order
than they were sent, in which case it is the job of higher
layers to rearrange them, if in-order delivery is desired.
• Note that ‘‘internet’’ is used here in a generic sense,
even though this layer is present in the Internet.
The Internet Layer
Example: A person can drop a sequence of
international letters into a mailbox in one country,
• The letters will probably travel through one or
more international mail gateways along the way,
but this is transparent to the users. Furthermore,
that each country(i.e., each network) has its own
stamps, preferred envelope sizes, and delivery
rules is hidden from the users.
The Internet Layer-2
• The internet layer defines an official packet
format and protocol called IP(Internet Protocol),
plus a companion protocol called ICMP (Internet
ControlMessage Protocol) that helps it function.
The job of the internet layer is to deliver IP
packets where they are supposed to go.
• Packet routing is clearly a major issue here, as is
congestion (though IP has not proven effective
at avoiding congestion).
The Transport Layer
• It is designed to allow peer entities on the
source and destination hosts to carry on a
conversation, just as in the OSI transport layer.
• Two end-to-end transport protocols have been
defined here.
1. TCP(Transmission Control Protocol)
2. UDP (User Datagram Protocol)
TCP(Transmission Control Protocol)
• Is a reliable connection-oriented protocol that allows a

byte stream originating on one machine to be delivered
without error on any other machine in the internet.
• It segments the incoming byte stream into discrete
messages and passes each one on to the internet layer.
• At the destination, the receiving TCP process reassembles
the received messages into the output stream.
• TCP also handles flow control to make sure a fast sender
cannot swamp a slow receiver with more messages than
it can handle.
UDP (User Datagram Protocol),
• Is an unreliable, connectionless protocol for

applications that do not want TCP’s sequencing
or flow control and wish to provide their own.
• It is also widely used for one-shot, client-
server-type request-reply queries and
applications in which prompt delivery is more
important than accurate delivery, such as
transmitting speech or video
The Application Layer
• The TCP/IP model does not have session or
presentation layers. No need fort hem was
perceived. Instead, applications simply include
any session and presentation functions that
they require
• It contains all the higher-level protocols. The
early ones included virtual terminal (TELNET),
file transfer(FTP), and electronic mail (SMTP).
Protocols in TCP / IP
The Model Used in This Book
Metric Units
• It is also worth pointing out that for measuring
memory, disk, file, and database sizes, in
common industry practice, the units have
slightly different meanings.
• There, kilo means 2^10 (1024) rather than 10^3
(1000) because memories are always a power of
two. Thus, a 1-KB memory contains 1024 bytes,
not 1000 bytes. Note also the capital ‘‘B’’ in that
usage to mean ‘‘bytes’’ (units of eight bits)
Metric Units
• Instead of a lowercase ‘‘b’’ that means ‘‘bits.’’ Similarly, a 1-MB
memory contains 2^20 (1,048,576) bytes, a 1-GB memory
contains 2^30 (1,073,741,824) bytes, and a 1-TB database
contains 2^40 (1,099,511,627,776) bytes.
• However, a1-kbps communication line transmits 1000 bits per
second and a 10-Mbps LAN runs at 10,000,000 bits/sec because
these speeds are not powers of two. Unfortunately, many people
tend to mix up these two systems, especially for disk sizes.
• To avoid ambiguity, in this book, we will use the symbols KB, MB,
GB, and TBfor 2^10, 2^20, 2^30, and 2^40 bytes, respectively,
and the symbols kbps, Mbps, Gbps,and Tbps for 10^3, 10^6,
10^9, and 10^12 bits/sec, respectively.

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Lecture -5

The TCP/IP Reference Model

• Is a reliable connection-oriented protocol that allows a

• Is an unreliable, connectionless protocol for

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