Thiha Soe Tun Coursework 2 EG 6162: CFD and Energy Technology

Observation and calculation of wind turbine (100 watts) (Expt. 03)

For Group B
Performance Test Result of 2nd Week of April
Diameter of blade = 1.552 m
Ambient pressure = 1 bar

Temp Wind Shaft Voltage Current Remarks

Velocity
ºC revolution (V) (A)
(m/s)
(rpm)
30 3.5 176 68 0.218
2nd Week
31 4.1 280 75 0.398
32 5.2 340 83 1.101
28 7.9 380 91 1.602

(1) Calculation of air density of wind

Ambient pressure, P = 1bar = 100,000 pascals
Temperature at test site , T= 28 º C = 28 + 273.15 = 301.15 º K
Modular weight of air, MW = 29 kg / kg-mole
Ideal gas constant, R = 8314.Joules/kgmole-K
By using the equation of Ideal Gas Law
( MW ) P
Density, ρ =
RT
29 ×100.000
=
8314 ×305 .15
= 1.1582 kg/m3
Thiha Soe Tun Coursework 2 EG 6162: CFD and Energy Technology

(2) Available power from wind energy

Diameter of blade, D = 1.552 m
Wind velocity, V = 7.9 m/s
π 2 π
Swept area of blades A = D = (1.552) 2 = 1.8918 m2
4 4
1
Power wind = ρ A V3
2
1
= ×1.1582 ×1.8918 ×7.93
2
= 540.145 watt

(3) Tip-speed Ratio

D 1.552
Radius of blade, r = = = 0.776 m
2 2
Wind speed, V = 7.9 m/s from table of data
Blade revolution = 380 rpm
2π 2π
Angular revolution, ω = rpm × = 380 × = 6.63 rad/s
360 360
Tip speed of blades
TSR (λ) =
wind speed
r ω 0.776 ×6.63
= = = 0.6514
V 7.9

(4) Output power of generator

Voltage, V = 91 volt
Ampere, A = 1.602 amp
Power output of generator, Power gen = V x A
= 91 x 1.602 = 145.782 watt

(5) Power coefficient Cp

Thiha Soe Tun Coursework 2 EG 6162: CFD and Energy Technology

Power ext
Power gen
Cp = 1 3 =
ρ A V wind Power wind
2
145.782
Cp = =¿ 0.2698 = 26.98%
540.145
(6) Wind turbine efficiency
Mechanical efficiency, ηm = 0.95

Generator efficiency, ηe = 0.90

𝐶p = η b × η m × η e
Cp
Wind turbine efficiency, ηb =
ηm ×ηe

0.2698
=
0.95× 0.90
= 0.3155
The observation table
 Thiha Soe Tun Coursework 2 EG 6162: CFD and Energy Technology

Graph
Wind Power Vs Wind Velocity

Wind power (Watt)

600

500power
Wind

400

300

200

100

0
3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Wind Velocity (m/s)

Generator power output Vs wind velocity

Thiha Soe Tun Coursework 2 EG 6162: CFD and Energy Technology

Generator Power
160

140

120

100

80

60

40

20

0
3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Wind Velocity (m/s)

Power coefficient Vs wind velocity

Power Coefficient
0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Wind Velocity (m/s)

Conclusion
Thiha Soe Tun Coursework 2 EG 6162: CFD and Energy Technology

A wind turbine is a device that converts kinetic energy from the wind into electricity. The blades
of a wind turbine turn between 13 and 20 revolutions per minute, depending on their technology,
at a constant or variable velocity, where the velocity of the rotor varies in relation to the velocity
of the wind in order to reach a greater efficiency. There are two primary types of wind turbines
used in implementation of wind energy systems: horizontal-axis wind turbines and vertical-axis
wind turbines. Power production from a wind turbine is a function of wind speed. The
relationship between wind speed and power is defined by a power curve, which is unique to each
turbine model and, in some cases, unique to site-specific settings. In general, most wind turbines
begin to produce power at wind speeds of about 4 m/s, achieve rated power at approximately 13
m/s, and stop power production at 25 m/s. Variability in the wind resource results in the turbine
operating at continually changing power levels.

Observation and calculation of the Hydro turbine (Expt. No 4)

Performance Test Result of Day 2
Density of water, ρ = 1000 kg/m3
Observation table (Day 2)
Sr. Width of Depth of Water Turbine Water Generator output
No Water Water Velocity shaft Flow rate Volt Ampere watts
(m) (m) (m/s) Revolutio (m3/sec)
n
(rpm
1 0.5 0.290 0.76 1050 0.1102 178 0.37 65.86
2 0.5 0.375 1.17 1170 0.219375 185 1.35 249.75
3 0.5 0.470 1.25 1230 0.29375 210 2.43 510.3
4 0.5 0.550 1.49 1320 0.40975 215 3.64 782.6

(1) Volume flow rate of water flow

Volume Flow rate Q = Area x velocity of water flow
= (W x H) x Velocity
= (0.5 x 0.550) x 1.49
Thiha Soe Tun Coursework 2 EG 6162: CFD and Energy Technology

= 0.40975 m3/sec
(2) Available water power, Pwater
Pwater = ρ g Q H
= 1320 x 9.81 x 0.40975 x 0.550
= 2918.26 watts
(3) Generator power output, Pe
Pe = Volt x ampere
= 215 x 3.64
= 782.6 watts
(4) Turbine shaft power output, ηt
Mechanical efficiency, ηm = 0.9
Generator efficiency, ηe = 0.7
Generator power output
ηt =
ηm x ηe
Pe
=
ηm x ηe
782.6
= = 1242.22 watt
0.9 x 0.7
(5) Overall efficiency of hydro turbine, ηo
the turbine shaft output
ηo =
available water power
1242.22
=
2918.26
= 0.4256
= 42.56 %
Thiha Soe Tun Coursework 2 EG 6162: CFD and Energy Technology

(6) Plot Graphs

(i) Efficiency of turbine vs volume flow rate

Turbine efficiency vs Volume flow rate

1400

1200

1000
Turbine efficiency
800

600

400

200

0
0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45

(ii) Generator power vs Volume flow rate flow rate

Volume
Thiha Soe Tun Coursework 2 EG 6162: CFD and Energy Technology

Generator power vs Volume flow rate

900

800

700
Generator
600 power

500

400

300

200

100

0
0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45

Volume flow rate

(iii) Turbine shaft power vs turbine shaft rpm

Thiha Soe Tun Coursework 2 EG 6162: CFD and Energy Technology

Turbine shaft power vs Turbine shaft rpm

1400

1200
Turbine shaft power
1000

800

600

400

200

0
1000 1050 1100 1150 1200 1250 1300 1350

Turbine shaft revolution rpm

(7) Conclusion

Hydro turbines are devices used in hydroelectric generation plants that transfer the
energy from moving water to a rotating shaft to generate electricity. These turbines rotate or spin
as a response to water being introduced to their blades. These turbines are essential in the area of
hydropower - the process of generating power from water. Hydro turbines can be classified
based on how water flows through the turbine itself. When passed through a turbine, water can
take a variety of different paths. This leads to three categories of water flow through turbines:

 Axial Flow: Water flows through the turbine parallel to the axis of rotation.
 Radial Flow: Water flows through the turbine perpendicular to the axis of rotation.
 Mixed Flow: Water flows through in a combination of both radial and axial flows.

Most hydro turbines tend to have mixed flows.