THE CELL

PELAYO, FRANCIS DAE A.

MD-1A
3 pages (Page 1 of 3)

(THE PLASMA MEMBRANE)

REFERENCE: Mescher, Junquiera’s Basic Histology and Atlas 14 th Edition

PLASMA MEMBRANE CYTOPLASMIC NUCLEUS CYTOSKELETON INCLUSIONS

ORGANELLES

composed of Vesicular transport

PHOSPHOLIPIDS PROTEINS CHOLESTEROL ENDOCYTOSIS EXOCYTOSIS

-amphipatic - macromolecules are
- restrict the - Movement of large
-two nonpolar (hydrophobilc) long chain fused and pinched off
movement and molecules from inside
fatty acids Types to a vesicle (vacuoles)
modulate the fluidity of to outside of cell
- polar (hydrophilic head)
all membrane
components

RECEPTOR
INTEGRAL PROTEINS PERIPHERAL PROTEINS TRANSMEMBRANE PROTEINS PHAGOCYTOSIS PINOCYTOSIS CONSTITUTIVE REGULATED
MEDIATED
- Bound to one of - Completely - ingestion of ENDOCYTOSIS - products that - occurs in a
- incorporated - Smaller
directly within the two span the bilayer particles such as invaginations are released response to
the lipid bilayer membranes bacteria and dead of the cell - Receptors attach as soon as stimulus/ signal
- extracted by - extracted by cell remnants membrane to a ligand to synthesis is coming to the
detergents salt Mechanisms of exchange - e.g. macrophage fuse and promote complete cells
between cell and environment and neutrophils entrap ECF - e.g. collagen - e.g. release of
endocytosis
- seen in LDL subunits of digestive
transport ECM enzyme from
AQUAPORINS CHANNELS CARRIERS pancreatic cells
ATP DEPENDENT
TRANSPORTERS
- proteins that allow - Multipass proteins - Bind small molecules
through which ions and translocate them - Requires ATP fot
water molecule to
(Na2+, K+, Ca2+) or across the membrane molecules to pass
cross the molecules pass via conformational
membrane selectively changes

REFERENCE: Mescher, Junquiera’s Basic Histology and Atlas 14th Edition

 THE CELL
(THE CYTOPLASMIC ORGANELLES)

PLASMA MEMBRANE CYTOPLASMIC NUCLEUS CYTOSKELETON INCLUSIONS

ORGANELLES

RIBOSOMES PROTEOSOME PEROXISOMES SECRETORY

LYSOSOME MITOCHONDRIA ENDOPLASMIC GOLGI APPARATUS
S GRANULES
- macromolecules about 20-30 nm- Spherical, 0.05 to 0.5 um in diameter
RETICULUM - Degrade denatured or - Spherical organelles
- sites of intracellular digestion and
- Elongated structures with dm of 0.5-1 - Dynamic organelle nonfunctional polypeptides after enclosed by single - Found in cells that store a
- assemble polypeptides from amino um and lengths upto 10x greater - Completes posttranslational they are tagged with ubuquitin membrane and produce the-
acids molecules of tRNA in a turnover of cell components product until its release
Membrane-limited vesicles that contain- Membraned enclosed with arrays of modifications - Cylindrical structure made of 4 enzyme H2O2
sequence bound to the strand of- - Packages and addresses these by exocytosis is signaled
40 hydrolytic enzymes primarily, acid enzymes specialized for aerobic stacked rings, each composed- Enzymes produced
mRNA respiration and production of ATP proteins to their proper by a metabolic hormonal
hydrolyases Types of 7 proteins including inactivates various potentially
or neural message
- Abundant in macrophages and - Abundant in cardiac muscle and cells destination proteases toxic molecules
of kidney
neutrophils

ER BOUND POLYRIBOSOMES ROUGH ER SMOOTH ER CIS-GOLGI MEDIAL GOLGI TRANS GOLGI

FREE POLYRIBOSOMES
NETWORK
- synthesize cytosolic and - The proteins synthesized by - Prominent in cells specialized - Lack bound - Sialic acid is added as the
- Mannose-6- - New glycosylation of
cytoskeletal proteins and these ribosomes are for protein secretion e.g. ribosomes terminal sugar to certain
phosphate is added occurs on H groups
proteins for import into the segregated during Pancreatic acinar cells, - Tubular or sac-like oligosaccharides
to future lysosomal of some lipids and
nucleus, mitochondria, translation into the interior of fibroblast, and plasma cells cisternae - Sulfation of tyrosine
enzymes serine and threonine
and peroxisomes ER e b a e ci e ae - Sac-like or parallel stack - Functions: residues and some sugars
- N-linked residues (O-linked)
- Proteins synthesized are for flattened cisternae 1. Synthesis of - Specific vesicles with
oligosaccharides are - N-linked
import to Golgi apparatus, - Major function: production of phospholipids and different destinations are
trimmed and other oligosaccharides on
secretory vesicles, and membrane-associated steroids separated and sorted
sugars added proteins are modified
lysosomes proteins, proteins of many 2. Detoxification: c
further
organelles, and proteins to be P450
- Glycoproteins and
excreted by exocytosis 3. Sequestration and
glycolipids are
controlled release
sorted into specific
of Ca++
vesicles
 THE CELL
(THE NUCLEUS, CYTOSKELETON, & INCLUSIONS)

PLASMA MEMBRANE CYTOPLASMIC NUCLEUS CYTOSKELETON INCLUSIONS

ORGANELLES

Types
LIPID DROPLETS LIPID DROPLETS

NUCLEAR CHROMATIN NUCLEOLUS MICROTUBULES MICROFILAMENTS INTERMEDIATE

ENVELOPE FILAMENTS
- Composed of actin
S - restrict the - Fine tubular structures PIGMENTED
- that confer significant subunits and allow
movement and motility and most DEPOSITS
modulate the fluidity of rigidity to maintain cell
shape contractile activity in With pathological
all membrane cells
components
importance - E.g. melanin, lipofuchsin, and hemosiderin

EUCHROMATIN HETEROCHROMATIN
CYTOKERATIN VIMENTIN NEUROFILAMENT LAMINS
- Finely, dispersed granular - Coarse, condensed
- Lightly stained basophilic - Intensely stained basophilic
- Rich with genes - More compact; little to no
- Predominates in active transcriptional activity
cells (e.g. neurons) - Predominate in cells with little
- Active transcription of synthetic activity (e.g.
DNA to mRNA circulating lymphocytes)
- Regulator of gene expression

REFERENCE: Mescher, Junquiera’s Basic Histology and Atlas 14 th Edition