NATIONALISM

 (Louis L. Snyder) a condition of mind, feeling, or sentiment of a group of people living in a well-
defined geographical area, speaking a common language.
 -Product of French revolution in the 18 th century
Las Islas Filipinas – Philippines during Spanish regime
Insulares – Spanish born in Philippines
Indios –indigenes of Philippines, later became Filipino during late 1890s
Papelates de permiso – official travel permit

FILIPINO NATIONALISM ACCELERATORS:

A. Opening of the Philippine to the international trade (1834-1898)
- Resulting in tremendous socio-economic changes for the Filipinos
- Mail service between manila and cavite started as early as 1839-
- Hotel de Oriente – first of its kind in the Spanish colony. Two storeys with 83 rooms that keeps 25
horses
- Fonda de Lala (Fonda Francesa) – owned by Lala Ari, an Anglo-Indian. Best hotel for 35 guests
- Banco Espanol-Filipino de Isabel II – the first bank which issued the first paper money
B. Rise of the middle class
- Emergence of Asian and Eurasian mestizos
- They formed the town principalia, an elite social group composed of former gobernadorcillos and
minor native bureaucrats owning at least P50.00 in land taxes
- San Miguel – port of Quiapo in the late 18 th century, was the second concentration of Spaniards and
other tycoon
- Middle class : Principalia (with properties) ; Illustrado (Enlighten ones)
C. European Liberalism and Carlos Maria de la Torre
- Opening of the Suez canal (Short cut in in Red sea) in 1869
- “Liberal” – was first used in Spain and first referred to Spanish rebels in 1820
- Liberal ideas – ideas of freedom, equality
- John Locke – in his Two Treatises on Government (1869) poisted that the social contract between
the king and people
- Jean Jacques Rousseau – re-echoed the same principle in The social contract (1792)
- Carlos Maria de la Torre – abolished press espionage and proclaimed a freedom of speech. Led a
group of Filipinos elites in a toast to liberty
- Felipe Buencamino – student leader of Juventud Escolar Liberal
D. Racial discrimination
- Fr.Miguel Lucio y Bustamante’s Si tandang basio macunat – the most virulent attack on the Filipino
race came from him. Filipinos could never learn Spanish language and be civilized
E. Regular-Secular conflicts
1583 – Philip II proclaimed that perish administration pertained to the seculars.
1753 – Ferdinand VI proclaimed that there were enough competent seculars to supplant the regular in
parish function so that they could replace them immediately upon vacancy
Archbishop Basilio Sancho de Santa Justa y Rufina – actual secularization of the perishes took place
B.D Francisco Baluyot – first known indio priest of the so called “First group” of native clergy
March 9 1849 – edict gave new seven curacies in Cavite to the recollects of the Dominicans.
F. Cavity mutiny and the execution of GOMBURZA
- Cavity mutiny broke out during the tenure of Rafael de Izquierdo (replaced Carlos de la Torre; first
steamship in Philippines; signed the execution of GOMBURZA)
- Galvanized by discontent against the Spaniards, some 200 Filipino soldier led by Sgt. La Madrid,
guard at fort San Filipe, mutinied in the night of January 1872
January 20 1872 – payday for Cavite Arsenal workers, they discovered to their consternation that there
was unreasonable deduction in their salary
Cavite Arsenal – the first ever recorded in the Philippines and probably earliest in the Far Eas.

Fr.Mariano Gomez (Bacoor, Cavite) and Fr. Jose Burgos and Fr. Jacinto Zamora (Manila Cathedral) –
were unjustly accused as agitators of the anti-Spanish movement.
Archbishop Meilton Martinez – refused to defrock Gomburza, even ordered the tolling of the bells of
Manila churches as a funeral dirge
Paco cemetery – where corpses were brought

EARLY REVOLTS:
1. Personal/political reasons – Lakandula; Magat salamat
2. Economic imposed institution- Sumuroy; Maniago and Maling; Diego Silang
3. Religious reasons – Tamblot; Bankaw; Tapar
4. Agrarian Unrest – Basi revolt; Northern Luzon provinces

HINDRANCES OF AWAKENING FILIPINO NATIONAL CONSCIOUSNESS:

1. Philippine geography
2. No common language
3. Passport requirement

REFORM and REVOLUTION MOVEMENT

Peninsulares - Spaniards born in Spain whose prerogative it was to rule and govern
Two defined class: Peninsulares and Insulares (Spaniards born in Philippines)
Governor-General Basilio Augustin – called for loyalty and aid of indios calling them Filipinos
July 12 1869 – they marched to the governor’s residence and there serenade him
Assimilation – transformation of the Philippines to a province of Spain and making the Filipinos fellow-
Spanish
Triumvirate: Graciano Lopez Jaena, Marcelo H.del Pilar and Jose P. Rizal
Graciano Lopez Jaena
-Born in Jaro Iloilo on December 17 1856
-Fray Botod (his early work) deals with ignorance, abuses and immorality of a certain friar named Botod
-In 1889, he secretly left for Spain and enrolled in medicine at the University of Valencia
-Great orator; silver tongue; “Friars are like mosquito”
-January 20 1896, Jaena died because of tuberculosis
La Solidaridad (1889-1895) – a newspaper/mouthpiece founded by Filipino reformists. The first number
of this periodical came on Feb 15, with Pablo Rainzares as financier and Lopez Jaena as editor.
-In 1891 at Barcelona, Lopez collected his speeches and published them in a book Discursos y Articulos
Varios
Marcelo H.Del Pilar
-Political analyst of the Filipino colony in Spain
-Born in Bario Kupang, Bulakan on August 30, 1850
-Married his first cousin Marciana Del Pilar whom he had a seven children, with only Anita and Sofia
surviving
-In 1882, he founded Diariong Tagalog
-Dasal at Tocsohan
- Died on July 4 1896 out of friendliness and hunger
Jose Rizal
-The most cultured of the reformists
- Born in Kalamba, Laguna on June 19, 1861
-“Sa Aking Kabata”, a poem that teaches love of one’s own language
-At the age of 26 he finished his novel Noli me Tangere

LA SOLIDARIDAD
-Lopez Jaena and other reformists founded the Filipino Circle in Madrid 1882 and even published its
mouthpiece t bring the attention of the Spaniards
-In 1887, Eduardo de Lete and other reformists put out the newspaper Espana en Filipinas, which was to
voice the desires of the Filipinos
-With the arrival of Marcelo H.Del Pilar in Barcelona on new year’s day 1889, founding of a Filipino organ
gained acceptance from all Filipinos
- February 12 1889, the first number of La Solidaridad came out in Barcelona
-The first editor of Sol was Lopez Jaena but returned its management to Del Pilar on December 1889
-Pen names were used: Rizal(Dimas Alang and Laong Laan) , Mariano Ponce (Tikbalang, Naning, and
Kalipulako) , Antonio Luna (Taga-ilog) , Marcelo H.Del Pilar ( Plaridel) , Jose Ma. Panganiban (Jomapa)
- Its last number dated November 15 1895
Hispano-Filipino Association – founded on January 12 1889 in Madrid.
Miguel Morayta (professor of history) , Felipe de la Corte (author) – prominent among the Spanish
members
-Three sections of the society: the political section under Marcelo H.Del Pilar ; the literary section under
Mariano Ponce ; and sports sections under Tomas Arejola
Maura Law in 1893 – the law for compulsory teaching of Spanish and providing initiation of refroms n
the judiciary
Lopez Jaena – established a lodge Revolucion in Barcelona on April 1 1889
-This lodge became the focus of propaganda movement in Spain
Serrano Laktaw – upon his arrival in the Philippines , conferred with patriotic Filipinos regarding the
feasibility of secretly establishing Masonic lodge,
-January 6 1891 – the lodge NIlad was established
-March 10 1892 – it was recognized by Gran Oriente Espanol, the Spanish mother lodge
-Rosario Villaruel – first woman to become mason, who intiateda member of the lodge Walana on July
18 1893
-April 4 1895 – Spanish minister of colonies sent a cablegram to the governor-general
LA LIGA FILIPINA
La Propaganda – a civic-society formed along the introduction of Masonry in the Philippines. Composed
of middle class
-On July 3 1892 at a house of Tondo, Rizal founded and inaugurated La Liga Filipina. Elected:
Amborsio Salvador (President); Agustin de la Rosa (Fiscal); Bonifacio Arevalo (Treasurer); Deodato
Arellano (Secretary)
Aims of the Liga:
 To unite the whole archipelago into one compact
 Mutual Protection in every want and necessity
 Defense against al violence and injustice
 Encouragement of instruction,agriculture and commerce
 Study and application of reforms
-Members were have to pay ten cenavos as monthly due
-July 6 1892 – Rizal was secretly arrested and deported to Dapitan.
-Governor-general Eulogio Despujol ordered Rizal’s deportation to Dapitan
- Conflicts among middle class member lead to formation of Cuerpo de Compormisarios (middle class
propaganda in Spain).
-Influential and powerful newspaper of the friars, La Politica de Espana en Filipinas
Reasons of failure: Timeliness; Lack of fund; lack of unity and pity and problem in women

BONIFACIO and KATIPUNAN

-The night of July 7 1892, Andres Bonifacio, Valentin Diaz, Teodoro Plata, Ladislao Diwa, Deodato
Arellano and others at house on Azcarraga formed (KKK) or Katipunan
Triangle method – method of recruitment in which the original member would take in two members
who did not know each other but know only the original member
-Agreed upon meeting (recruitment) was a payment of an entrance fee of one realor 25 cent. And a
monthly due of medio real or 12 cent.
3 Fundamental objective of Katipunan:
 Political, working for the separation of the Philippines from Spain
 Moral, teaching of good manner, hygiene, good morals, and attacking obscurantism, religious
fanaticism, and weakness of character
 Civic, principle of self-help and the defense of the poor and the oppressed
3 Governing bodies:
o Kataastaasang sanggunihan- supreme council. Highest governing body of the society and was
composed of president, fiscal, secretary, treasurer and a comptroller or inventor
o Sangguniang bayan- Provinvial council
o Sangguniang balangay – popular council
Sangguniang hukuman – where judicial matters affecting member of the society refers
-October 1892- Bonifacio changed the way of recruitment
-Election conducted wherein Deodato Arellano elected as President or Supremo
-In February 1893, Bonifacio disgusted over Arellano’s action thus he elected Roman Basa as new
President or Supremo
-In early 1895 – Bonifacio realized that Roman Basa was an ineffectual as Arellano, called a metting and
resulted in another election as Bonifacio was elected as Supremo and Emilio Jacinto as Fiscal.
-On December 31 1895, another election took place. Andres Bonifacio as Supremo or President
-Bonifacio divided the members into three grades:
 First grade (Katipon), wore a black hood in meeting and the hood has triangle white ribbon with
the letters Z. Ll.B. Anak ng Bayan – Katipon’s password
 Second grade (Kawal), wore a green hode with white triangle . From the neck of the Kawal was
a green ribbon with medal. Gom-Bur-Za – was the password
 Third grade (Bayani), wore a red mask and sash with green border. Rizal – was the password
Katipon – member and can graduate to a Kawal class if he brought several members, while Kawal could
become Bayani upon being elected by officer of the society.
-August 21 1896 at Balintawak, Bonifacio invented a new cipher as the old one was discovered
-After Tejeros Convention held on March 22 1897 – Bonifacio and jacinto changed the codes again
Benita Rodriguez and with the help of Gregoria de Jesus, Bonifacio’s wife, they made the first official flag
of the society
-In the Naik assembly, March 17 1897 , the katipunan military leaders decided to adopt a flag with new
design. This flag became the first official flag of the Filipinos
-The signing of Biyak na bato was on December 14-15 1897
Andres Bonifacio
-Founder and organizer of katipunan. Father of revolution
-Was born in Tondo on November 30 1893
-He fell in love with Monica and married her. The marriage was short-lived for Monica died of leprosy.
-In 1892, he met Gregoria de Jesus and fell in love with her. Gregoria de Jesus later became Lakangbini
(Muse)
-Gregoria de Jesus was raped by a katipunero
-May 10 1897 Bonifacio was executed
Emilio Jacinto
-Brain of the Katipunan
-Was born in Tondo on Dember 15 1875
-At the age of 18, he joined in Katipunan making him the youngest member
-Kartilla ng Katipunan (teachings of katipunan) – by laws and techings of Katipunan
-Editor of the society’s newspaper Kalayaan
- Died on April 16 1899 because of fever
Women in Katipunan: Josefa Rizal(President), Gregoria de Jesus (Vice president), Maina Dizon
(Secretary)
Women’s section: Distraction, Spy, hiding important documents
Candido Iban and Francisco del Castillo – who came back from Australia in 1895 had one thousand
pesos donated to help in providing funds of katipunan newspaper Kalayaan.
-Kalayaan – Katipunan’s newspaper. Increased the number of Katipuneros from 300 to 30,000
-Dr. Pio Valenzuela suggested the name Kalayaan which Jacinto and Bonifacio approved. However it was
agreed that Jacinto be made its editor but that the name of Marcelo H.del Pilar made a front as the
editor.
-January 18 1896 – two thousand copies of the first number were printed hard way.

THE REVOLUTION: FIRST PHASE

August 19 1896 – Patino exposed the society to Fr.Mariano Gil
August 23 Bonifacio take the field at Pugadlawin
Daniel Tirona – questioned the election of Bonifacio
Biyak-na-bato – where the republic was founded
Truce of biyak-na-bato was concluded between rebels and the Spanish government
-Bonifacio commissioned Dr.Pio Valenzuela to go on Dapitan in June 1986 to confer with Rizal
Venus – sister of Rizal
Angelica Rizal Lopez – Rizal’s niece
-Rizal suggested that Antonio Luna be appointed to direct all military operations against enemy
Kongo – Japanese warship with Admiral Kanimura on board, had dropped anchor at Manila bay
Jose Moritaro Tagawa – contacts made between him. A Japanese employee of Japanese bazaar
Tito Miguel and Roman Ramos – who were employed in Maestranza (arsenal) and ordered them to
steal rifles and pistols
Blanco – the governor-general was reluctant to act upon suggestion of the friars. He banished all
prominent men of Malolos, Bulacan
June 20 1896 – a recollect friar in Cavite denounced the alleged existence of group of men who met at
banquets to toast for victory of the Cuban revels against Spaniards.
Father Mariano Gil – disgusted over the governor’s attitude, next ran to the military governor of Manila,
General Enchaluce and revealed what he knew about katipunan

Apolonio de la Cruz and Teodoro Patino – had a misunderstanding.

-Apolonio reveled the secret of society to his sister Honoria.
August 19 1896 – Patino revealed the secrets of Katipunan to Fr. Mariano Gil
-The madre portera, Sor Teresa – informed the cause of girl’s alleged grief, suggested that Patino tell all
he knew to Father Mariano Gil
Policarpio Turla – whose signature appeared in the receipts, was forced upon a danger, the rules of the
society
Luis R. Yangco , Francisco L. Roxas and other – wealthy men alleged to be the contributors to the
Katipunan fund. Roxas was executed while Yangco and others were saved by bribing some highly-placed
Spanish officials

The cry of Pugadlawin

August 24 – general assembly after the discovery of the Katipunan. They were to meet at Balintawak to
discuss the steps to take to meet the crisis
August 21 1896 – Cry of Pugadlawin/Balintawak
- 500 rebels left Balintawak for Kangkong. Apolonio Samson, a Katipunero gave them food and shelter
August 22 1896 – they proceeded to Pugadlawin
Juan A. Ramos – son of Melchora Aquino (mother of the Katipunan) . In his place where the Cry of
Balintawak took place
August 25 1896 - first skirmish between Katipuneros and the Spanish forces
August 29 1896 – it was decided that all the rebels in the surrounding town be notified of the general
attack on Manila
Demands :
1. The sum of 800,00 were to be paid to the revolutionists in three installments:
a. P400,000 to Aguinaldo upon his departure from Biyak-na-bato
b. P200,000 when the amount ofarms surrendered by the revolutionists exceeded 700
c. P200,00 when Te Deum was sung and general amnesty to the revolutionists was proclaimed
by the governor
2. Primo de Rivera was to pay additional P900,000 as indemnity to the families of noncombatant
Filipinos who suffered during the conflict

December 18 1897 – Aguinaldo received P400,000 and excile themselves to hongkongdewey

Captain Carlos March – of the Spanish volunteers found incriminating evidence against Katipuneros
Governor-general Ramon Blanco – to localize the disturbance issued a decree on Aug 30 declaring the
provinces of Manila, Cavite, Laguna, Batangas, Bulacan, Pampanga and others in a state of war and
placing them under martial law
-On September 4 four katipuneros were executed at the Luneta
-On September 12, 13 men were executed. They have known as “Los Trece Martires de Cavite”
January 4 1897 – twelve Bicolano rebels were executed thus making them “Twelve Bicol martyrs”

December 30 1896 – Rizal was executed at the old Bagumbayan field

Paciano – who stopped the katipuneros to escape Rizal from execution

Katipunan in Cavite divided into two factions: Magdalo and Magdiwang.

Baldomero Aguinaldo – head of Magdalo with headquarter at Cavite el Viejo. Magdalo wanted a change
and to adapt new policies and form a new government.

Mariano Alvarez - head of Magdiwang with headquarter at Noveleta. Magdiwang believed that
government should remain and prepare for revolution
August 31 1896 – Magdalo attacked tribunal (municipal building) of San Francisco de Malabon. On the
other hand Magdiwang attacked the Spaniards in Noveleta
Candido Tirona – led the Magdalo at Cavite de Viejo, took the offensive against the enemy garrison wich
was captured without much difficulty
Governor-general Ramon Blanco – egged on by the friars and the Spanish populace, took the offensive
in Cavite as early as November
Jacinto Lumbreras – secretary of state
Daniel Tirona – was appointed as secretary of Interior. Later questioned Bonifacio to become the
Director of Interior and he was about to be shot by Bonifacio
General Camilo de Polavieja – on December 13 1896. Relieved General Blanco
March 22 1897 – the two faction met again at Tejeros, a barrio of San Francisco de Malabon
Emilio Aguinaldo – elected as President of the revolutionary movement
Cripulo Aguinaldo – Aguinaldo’s brother. Persuaded Aguinaldo to take oath
Acta de Tejeros – document that convinced that the election was invalid in which they gave the reasons
for not accepting the result of the convention

Colonel Agapito Bonzon – was dispatched to Limbon to affect the arrest

On May 8 Baldomero Aguinaldo – auditor of war, wrote President Aguinaldo recommending approval of
council of war’s decision, namely the execution of the two brothers
Fernando Primo de Rivera – replaced General Camilo de Polavieja (on April 15 1897)
-Primo launched a spirited campaign against the rebels forcing Aguinaldo and his men to retreat to
Batangas
July 2 1897 – Primo de Rivera issued a decree which prohibited all inhabitants to leave their villages and
towns
Felix Ferrer and Isabelo Artacho – copied the provisional constitution of Jimaguayu.
November 1 1897 – the Biyak-na-bato constitution was signed
November 2 1897 – Truce of Biyak-na-bato
Pedro A. Paterno – a mestizo who spent part of his life in Spain had approached Primo de Rivera as
asked be made a mediator between Philippines and Spain. Negotiator of the truce of Biyak-na-bato
-On November 18, first document was known to be the Truce of biyak na bato was signed by Paterno as
representative of the revolutionists.
-On December 14, second document know as Programme was signed
-On December 15, the last document was signed
-On January 23. The Te Deum was sung at the Manila Cathedral
Constitution of Makabulos – rebel government’s constitution which provided for an executive a
committee composed of a President, vice-president and others

The second phase of Philippine revolution

General Basilio Augustin – Primo de Rivera’s successor
April 9 1898 – he arrived at Philippines
Theodore Roosevelt, Sr – one of the influential Americans wished that war between US and Spain broke
out in order to expand the navy. He became assistant secretary of navy in 1897, he conceived the idea of
attacking Manila in the event that war should breakout between US and Spain. (Secretary of war)
Commodore George Dewey – Asiatic commodore and was appointed by Roosevelt
Olympia – fleet of Dewey that is made up of steel
February 25 1898 – Roosevelt cabled Dewey, now commander of the squadron to make Hongkong his
base of operation

The events that made Spanish-American relation deteriorated were:

- Dupuy de Lome, Spain’s ambassador wrote a letter saying that President William McKinley was a
weakling and low politician
- On February 15, 1898 – American Warship Maine was blown up at Harbor Havana, resulting to
death of 246 men
- Rumors that American citizen in Cuba

April 25 1898 – declaring a war with Spain. Congress passed a formal declaration of war on April 25
E. Spencer Pratt – American consul, wanted to have an interview with Aguinaldo. Persuaded Aguinaldo
to cast his lot with the Americans
Isabelo Artacho – on of the companion of Aguinaldo, who filed a case against Aguinaldo in the supreme
court of Hongkong
Rounseville Wildman – American consul at Hongkong promptly met him and informed that Dewey had
left instructions for him to make arrangements for the return of Aguinaldo to Philippines.
Aguinaldo asked him to purchase arms and ammunition for the Filipinos. He gave Wildman
P50,000 for 2000 rifles and 200,000 rounds of ammunition. He gave him another P67,000 for shipment
of ammunition.

-On May7 , the revenue cutter McCulloch arrived in Hongkong. For Aguinaldo’s return
May 19 1898 – Aguinaldo returned and formed a dictatorial government
Governor-General Augustin – found himself betrayed by the Filipino soldiers who volunteered to the
Spanish army
Viva la Autonomia – a handbill circulated in which they stated that “Salvation of the unity of the islands,
the unity of its liberties, and the unity of its local and central government”

Walled city of intramuros – City of manila

June 30 1898 – Under the command of General Thomas Anderson, the first American reinforcement
Dewey had been waiting for arrived.
July 7 1898 – Second reinforcement headed by General Francis V. Greene , arrived
July 31 1898 – Third reinforcement arrived, headed by General Arthur Mac-Arthur
General Artemio Recarte – expressed his doubts as to americans intention and warned Aguinaldo
May 1 1898 – Mock battle of Manila. Battle of Manila (Dewey vs. Montojo)
April 21 1898 – Teller resolution was passed declaring a war against Spain
 Malolos republic
Devember 1898 – treaty of Paris
December 10 1898 – cessation of Spain of the Philippines to US in the amount of $20M
December 21 1898 – bevolent assimilation proclamation, states that “ The Americans are not here to
colonize Philippines but to civilize, to educate and to teach us the science of self-government”

Mariano Ponce – he drafted the plan for establishing a revolutionary government

Amborsio Rianzares Bautista – Aguinaldo’s adviser told him to form a dictatorial government
- Prepared the Act of declaration of independence
May 24 1898 – establishment of dictatorial government
June 23 1898 – establishment of revolutionary government
May 29 1898 – One of Aguinaldo’s first acts as dictator was to issue a circular urging the people to stop
disgraceful treatment of the Spanish prisoner
June 12 1898 - (Kawit, Cavite) declaration of Philippine independence
Julian Felipe - a composer of Marcha Filipina Magdalo, official march of the Philippines
Philippine national flag – made by Mrs. Marcela Agoncillo assisted by Lorenza Agoncillo and Delfina
Herboza
Apolinario Mabini
– Adviser of Aguinaldo and “Brain of the Revolution”. Also known as the Dark chamber of the president.

June 20 1898 – the administration of justice was outlined in supplementary decree

May 24 to June 23 1898 – Period of Dictatorial government
June 15 1898 – Aguinaldo made his first cabinet appointment
January 21 1899 – Malolos constitution, first document made by the Filipinos by Felipe Caldiron
January 23 1899 – Malolos republic was inaugurated in Barasoain Church malolos Bulavan
February 4 1899 – an American sentry private Willie Grayson shot a Filipino soldier resulting in the
outbreak of Filipino-American hostilities
February 5 1899 – Gen. McArthur ordered the Americans to go against Filipino troops
June 5 1899 – Antonio Luna was assassinated by the members of Kawit company at Agguinaldo’s
headquarter
August 20 1899 – Gen. John C. Bates and Jamal-ulKiramII – signed the Bates treaty
December 2 1899 – Gregorio del Pilar died at Tirad pass
Januario Galut – Christian igorot who told Americas about the secret trail at the back of Tirad pass
March 23 1901 – Emilio Aguinaldo was arrested by the Americans at Pananan, Isabela
April 1 1901 – Aguinaldo took his allegiance to US
April 19 1901 – Aguinaldo appealed to all Filipinos to accept the sovereignty of the USA