Assignment-1

Architecture Building
Services
Semester IX

Submitted by
Name: Santhu Maji
Roll no:16SA20
CONTENT

1. DRAINAGE SYSTEM

2. PLUMBING SYSTEM

3. WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

4. HVAC SYSTEM

5. ELEVATORS & ESCALATOR

6. FIRE FIGHTING SYSTEM

7. SERVICES FOR HOSPITAL

 HVAC

 ELECTRICAL SYSTEM

 MEDICAL GAS DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

 MEDICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

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DRAINAGE SYSTEM
Basically refers to All the piping within the private and public
premises which Conveys sewage ,rainwater and other liquid waste
to a point of disposal. A Drainage system does not include the
mains of public sewer systems or a private Or a public sewage
treatment or disposal plant.

Parts of a drainage system

House drain
The horizontal main into which the vertical soil and waste
discharge. it connects directly to the hose sewer
Slope at 1/8” or 1/4” per foot

Fresh air inlet

Its is intended to admit fresh air to the drainage system so that
there will be free circulation without compression throught out the
house drain and stack discharging above the roof

Soil and Waste Stacks

-The soil and waste stacks collect the sewage from the fixtures
through their branches.
- Should rest solidly at the bottom on masonry piers or heavy posts
- The upper ends should extend through the roof for ventilation
- Made of heavy cast-iron, copper, plastic
- Supported at intervals of 10’ with stout wall hangers or brackets
or on beams
- Min 4” @ 1° below the roof

Traps
- Traps catches water after each discharge from a fixture so as not
to allow unpleasant and obnoxious gases In a sanitary drainage
system to escape through the fixture

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Types of traps
According to shape
1. ‘P’ trap
2. ‘Q’ trap
3. ‘S’ trap

According to use
1. Floor trap
2. Gully trap
3. Intercepting trap
4. Grease trap

Vents
Vents are the extension of soil and waste stacks through the roof
and a system of pipes largely paralleling the drainage system for
the admission of air and discharging of gases

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Insception chamber
Inspection chambers are access points to underground pipework
which allow maintenance and the removal of blockages. When
installing any type of underground drainage there’s a very high
chance that you’ll need to install an inspection chamber.

Manhole
A manhole is an opening to a confined space such as a shaft, utility vault,
or large vessel. Manholes are often used as an access point for an
underground public utility, allowing inspection, maintenance, and system
upgrades

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PLUMBING SYSTEM
1.Single stack system:

2. One pipe System:

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2. Two pipe System:

2. One pipe partially ventilated System:

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TYPES OF WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
1.Direct Pumping System :
-Tanks must be sufficiently elevated to achieve required pressure.
-This system is adopted when adequate pressure is available round
the clock at the topmost floor. With limited pressure available in
most city mains, water from direct supply is normally not available
above two or three floors.
-For proper operation of the system, the gravity tank is located at
least 30 ft or 10 m above the highest outlet or consumer.
-In tall buildings it's necessary to use pressure reducing valves in
the lowest floors before the fittings.

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2.Overhead Tank System:
Overhead tanks ensure both water pressure and water supply in
case of power failure.
-This solution requires pressure reduction valves on each floor in
order to avoid undesired high static pressures at the tap, which
creates unacceptable noise while tapping.
-In this model the upper six floors require a separate booster
system in order to create sufficient pressure.
-The static pressure there is too low due to the insufficient
geometric height to the roof tank.
2. Hydro Pneumatic System:
-Is a modernization of the older gravity tank method of water
supply.
-Its main purpose is to control or boost a limited supply pressure
to a higher or more uniform value so that a continuous and
satisfactory water supply will be available at all fixtures within the
system.
-An airtight pressure vessel is installed on the line to regulate the
operation of the pumps. The vessel capacity shall be based on the
cut- in and cutout pressure of the pumping system depending upon
allowable start/stops of the pumping system.
2. Multiple Storage Tank System:
-In this System Bldg is divided into sub zones of 8-10 floors.
-Domestic and Flusing Tanks are provided for such zones
independently on Service Floors.
-Suction Tank Capacity is taken as 1 day’s Requirement.
-Connection to individual zones is either combined or separate.

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HVAC SYSTEM
Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) system is designed
to achieve the environmental requirements of the comfort of
occupants and a process.
HVAC systems are more used in different types of buildings such as
industrial, commercial, residential and institutional buildings. The
main mission of HVAC system is to satisfy the thermal comfort of
occupants by adjusting and changing the outdoor air conditions to
the desired conditions of occupied buildings Depending on outdoor
conditions, the outdoor air is drawn into the buildings and heated
or cooled before it is distributed into the occupied spaces, then it is
exhausted to the ambient air or reused in the system. The selection
of HVAC systems in a given building will depend on the climate, the
age of the building, the individual preferences of the owner of the
building and a designer of a project, the project budget, the
architectural design of the buildings
Basic Component Of Hvac System
The basic components or equipment of an HVAC system that
delivers conditioned air to satisfy thermal comfort of space and
occupants and the achieve the indoor air quality are listed below
 Mixed-air plenum and outdoor air control
 Air filter
 Supply fan
 Exhaust or relief fans and an air outlet
 Outdoor air intake
 Ducts
 Terminal devices
 Return air system
 Heating and cooling coils
 Self-contained heating or cooling unit
 Cooling tower

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  Boiler
 Control
 Water chiller
 Humidification and dehumidification equipment

The major classification of HVAC systems is central system and

decentralized or local system

Central HVAC System

A central HVAC system may serve one or more thermal zones, and
its major equipment is located outside of the served zone(s) in a
suitable central location whether inside, on top, or adjacent to the
building Central systems must condition zones with their
equivalent thermal load. Central HVAC systems will have as several
control points such as thermostats for each zone. The medium used
in the control system to provide the thermal energy sub-classifies
the central HVAC system

Decentralized HVAC System

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Some buildings can have multiple zones or have a large, single
zone, which needs central HVAC systems to serve and provide the
thermal needs However, other building may have a single zone
which needs equipment located inside the zone itself, such as small
houses and residential apartments. This type of system is
considered as local HVAC systems since each equipment serving its
zone without crossing boundaries to other adjacent zones (e.g.,
using an air conditioner to cool down a bedroom, or using an
electrical heater for the living room). Therefore, a single zone
requires only one-point control point connected to a thermostat to
activate the local HVAC system. Some buildings have multiple local
HVAC systems as proper equipment serving specific single zones
and controlled by the one-point control of the desired zone.

1.Window air-conditioner

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This system is a packaged device consisting of a vapor compression
refrigeration cycle that contains a compressor, a condenser, an
expansion valve, and an evaporator, in addition to a fan, a filter,
control system and housing. Window air-conditioners can be
installed in a framed or unframed opening in building walls and in
window openings without any ductwork and distribution the
cooling or heating air effectively inside the conditioned space. 

2.Unitary air-conditioner
It is similar to window air conditioners from the equipment
perspective, but it is designed for commercial buildings. It is
installed on the exterior wall of the building and generally located
near the floor-wall intersection. Every single zone will contain one
unitary air-conditioner as in each guest room in many hotels

3.A packaged rooftop air-conditioner

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It consists of a vapor compression refrigeration cycle; heat source
such as heat pump and electric resistance; an air handler such as
dampers, filter, and fan; and control devices. This system may be
connected to ductwork and serve a large-size single zone that
cannot be served by unitary or window air conditioners.

4.Split systems
The split systems contain two central devicesthe condenser,
located outdoor, and the evaporator, located indoors. The two
devices are connected by a conduit for refrigerant lines and wiring.
This system solves some issues of small-scale single-zone systems
since the location and installation of window, unitary or rooftop air
conditioners may affect the esthetic value and architectural design
of the building. The split systems can contain one condenser unit
and connected to multiple evaporator units to serve multiple zones
as possible under same conditions or different environmental
conditions

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ELEVATORS & ESCALATORS
Elevators
This are use to function efficiently and to provide access for the
elderly and disabled, modern offices and public buildings are
provided with suitably designed lift installations. Planning (as with
all services) should commence early in the design programme.
Priority must be given to locating lifts centrally within a building to
minimise horizontal travel distance. Consideration must also be
given to position, relative to entrances and stairs. Where the
building size justifies several passenger lifts, they should be
grouped together. In large buildings it is usual to provide a group of
lifts near the main entrance and single lifts at the ends of the
building. The lift lobby must be wide enough to allow pedestrian
traffic to circulate and pass through the lift area without causing
congestion. For tall buildings in excess of 15 storeys, high speed
express lifts may be used which by-pass the lower floors.

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Requirements:
. Necessary in all buildings over three storeys high.
. Essential in all buildings over a single storey if they are accessed
by the elderly or disabled.
. Minimum standard -one lift per four storeys.
. Minimum walking distance to access a lift - 45 m.
. Floor space and lift car capacity can be estimated at 0,2 sq.m per
person.

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Escalators

Escalators are moving stairs used to convey people between floor

levels. They are usually arranged in pairs for opposing directional
travel to transport up to 12 000 persons per hour between them.
The maximum carrying capacity depends on the step width and
conveyor speed. Standard steps widths are 600, 800 and 1000 mm,
with speeds of 0.5 and 0.65 m/s. Control gear is less complex than
that required for lifts as the motor runs continuously with less load
variations. In high rise buildings space for an escalator is unjustified
for the full height and the high speed of modern lifts provides for a
better service.

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Escalator configurations vary depending on the required level of
service. The one-directional single bank avoids interruption of
traffic, but occupies more floor space than other arrangements. A
criss-cross or cross-over arrangement is used for moving traffic in
both directions.

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FIRE FIGHTING SYSTEM
Fire fighting systems and equipment vary depending on the
age, size, use and type of building construction. A building
may contain some or all of the following features:
 fire extinguishers
 fire hose reels
 fire hydrant systems
 automatic sprinkler systems.
Fire extinguishers
 Fire extinguishers are provided for a 'first attack' fire
fighting measure, generally undertaken by the occupants
of the building before the fire service arrives. It is
important that occupants are familiar with which
extinguisher type to use on which fire.
 Most fires start as a small fire and may be extinguished if
the correct type and amount of extinguishing agent is
applied whilst the fire is small and controllable.

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Fire hose reels
Fire hose reels are provided for use by occupants as a 'first
attack' fire fighting measure but may, in some instances, also
be used by firefighters.
When stowing a fire hose reel, it is important to first attach the
nozzle end to the hose reel valve, then close the hose reel
valve, then open the nozzle to relieve any pressure in the
wound hose, then close the nozzle. This achieves two
principle objectives:
 A depressurised hose and hose reel seal will last longer
than if permanently pressurised.
 When the hose reel is next used, the operator will be
forced to turn on the isolating valve, thus charging the
hose reel with pressurised water supply, before being
able to drag the hose to the fire. A potential danger exists
if the operator reaches the fire and finds no water is
available because the hose reel valve is still closed.

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Because hose reels are generally located next to an exit, in
an emergency it is possible to reach a safe place simply by
following the hose.

Fire sprinkler system

 Water sprinklers provide an automatic spray dedicated to
the area of fire outbreak
 Sprinkler heads have temperature sensitive elements that
respond immediately to heat
 A rapid response which reduces and isolates fire
damage, sprinklers use less water to control a fire than
the firefighting service, therefore preventing further
damage from excess water

Wet pipe sprinkler

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  Pipes are always filled with water. Heat from fire opens a
sprinkler head,
 Usually only one or two heads open,
 Water flows until it is shut off,
 The open sprinkler head(s) is replaced and the system is
reset.

Dry pipe sprinkler

 Dry pipes systems are used in unheated buildings, but the
valve room must be heated,
 Dry pipe systems are more difficult to design than wet pipe
systems and are harder to restore

Deluge system
 Pipes are not filled with water (or gas),
 All sprinkler heads are pre-opened,
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  A signal from a detection device mechanically opens a water
valve,
-water fills the pipes and flows from all heads,
-water flows until shut off,
-system is reset.

SERVICES FOR HOSPITAL

HVAC SYSTEM
Operating room air handlers have two filters: pre- and final. It is
paramount that the final filter assembly be installed properly to
prevent air bypassing the filters. This requires rigid steel supports
and tight fitting gaskets. The filters must be changed as needed and
kept dry.
Directions in Hospital HVAC Design

Saving energy has monetary, environmental, and moral appeal. The

test of a high-performing hospital HVAC system can be measured
by the following criteria:

 Performance, including infection control, comfort, patient

outcome
 Safety, including fire prevention and control and minimizing
falls and injuries for employees, visitors, and patients

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 Reliability and minimizing lost revenue
 Minimizing maintenance costs
 Minimizing energy costs
 Adaptability

1 OPERATION ROOM

2 A.C UNIT

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 Negative pressure patient isolation room with HVAC Controls pop outs

POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE PRESSURE CONCEPT

Portable Contamination Control System

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IsolationAir® is a portable
contamination control system ideal for
hospitals, extended care facilities, and
emergency preparedness centers. This
system maintains a sterile environment
in an isolated room, which prevents
cross-contamination throughout the
rest of the facility— creating a better
environment for patients and staff.

HEALTHCARE ELECTRICAL SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS

Healthcare electrical systems usually consist of two parts:
 Non-essential (or normal) electrical system.
 Essential electrical system.
All electrical power in a healthcare facility is important, though
some loads are not critical to the safe operation of the facility.

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The Type 1 EES consists of three separate branches capable of
supplying power considered essential for life safety and effective
facility operation during an interruption of the normal power
source.
 Life Safety Branch
 Critical Branch
 Equipment Branch

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 CENTRAL MEDICAL GAS DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

Medical gases are used for patient's healthcare in different ways. In

the early of 1950s, healthcare providers recognised the hazards of
using heavy high pressure cylinders of medical gases.  Instead,
medical gases and vacuum systems are provided by medical gases
pipeline system (MGPS). It is safe, permanent and cost-effective
mean of provision. In general, medical gases are specific gases that
are separated from the air individually for various medical
applications. Commonly used medical gases in hospitals are

•    Oxygen (O2)

•    Nitrous oxide (N2O)
•    Medical air 400 KPa or 4 bar (MA 4)
•    Medical air 700 KPa or 7 bar (MA 7)
•    Carbon dioxide (CO2)

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•    Nitrogen (N2)
•    Medical vacuum

Each medical gas must be supplied from a separate system. It is

essential that all parts of each system are gas specific to ensure
that there is no possibility of cross-connection between systems.
Indeed, a common configuration is designed to each system as
shown in Fig.1 including the following components.

1. Sources

2. Piping networks

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 3. Valves

4. Warning and alarm systems

5. Outlets and inlets  

6. Secondary equipment

Manifold systems

It consists of high pressure cylinders on 2 banks; one is a back-up to

the other. In addition, main control panel is installed for primary
and secondary regulators, pressure regulators, and warning lamps

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Medical Gas Distribution System

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HOSPITAL WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

Hospital waste is any waste which is generated in the diagnosis,

treatmnet or immunization of humanbeings in hospital.this is alos
call Bio medical waste (BMW).
Hospital waste managemnet means the management of waste
produced by hospitals using such technique that will help to check
the spread of disease through.

Classification Of Hospital Waste

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Medical Waste Management Flow Chart

Section of sharp pit for disposal of sharp waste

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SCHEME FOR WATER WASTE

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