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    UNIT-2: Classes and Object, Dynamic Constructor & Destructor BCA-2 Sem

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    roopashree obalesh
    Class and objects are the building blocks of object-oriented programming in C++. A class defines the data and behavior of a type of object. An object is an instance of a class that allocates memory. Constructors initialize objects when they are created and destructors clean up objects before they are destroyed. Classes can contain member functions like constructors and destructors to automatically manage the life cycle of objects.

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    UNIT-2: Classes and Object, Dynamic Constructor & Destructor BCA-2 Sem

    Uploaded by

    roopashree obalesh
    248 views40 pages
    Class and objects are the building blocks of object-oriented programming in C++. A class defines the data and behavior of a type of object. An object is an instance of a class that allocates memory. Constructors initialize objects when they are created and destructors clean up objects before they are destroyed. Classes can contain member functions like constructors and destructors to automatically manage the life cycle of objects.

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    2BCA_C++_Unit2

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    Class and objects are the building blocks of object-oriented programming in C++. A class defines the data and behavior of a type of object. An object is an instance of a class that allocates memory. Constructors initialize objects when they are created and destructors clean up objects before they are destroyed. Classes can contain member functions like constructors and destructors to automatically manage the life cycle of objects.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    248 views40 pages

    UNIT-2: Classes and Object, Dynamic Constructor & Destructor BCA-2 Sem

    Uploaded by

    roopashree obalesh
    Class and objects are the building blocks of object-oriented programming in C++. A class defines the data and behavior of a type of object. An object is an instance of a class that allocates memory. Constructors initialize objects when they are created and destructors clean up objects before they are destroyed. Classes can contain member functions like constructors and destructors to automatically manage the life cycle of objects.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 40

    UNIT-2

    Classes and Object, Dynamic


    Constructor & Destructor
    BCA-2nd Sem
    Class
    • A class in C++ is the building block, that leads to
    Object-Oriented programming
    • It is a user-defined data type, which holds its own
    data members and member functions, which can be
    accessed and used by creating an instance of that
    class
    • C++ class is like a blueprint for an object
    • Example: Class of cars
    Object
    • An Object is an instance of a Class.
    • When a class is defined, no memory is allocated but
    when it is instantiated (i.e. an object is created)
    memory is allocated
    Example
    • An Object is an instance of a Class
    • When a class is defined, no memory is allocated but
    when it is instantiated (i.e. an object is created)
    memory is allocated
    Declaring class and objects
    • The body of class is defined inside the curly
    brackets and terminated by a semicolon at the end
    Declaring object
    • When a class is defined, only the specification for
    the object is defined, no memory or storage is
    allocated
    • To use the data and access functions defined in the
    class, you need to create objects.
    • Syntax:
    ClassName ObjectName;
    Member Functions
    • The program defines person as a new data of type
    class

    • The class person include two basic data type items


    and two function to operate on that data. it’s called
    Member function.
    Data Member

    • Data member depends on access control of data


    member
    • If it’s public then data member can be easily accessed
    using the direct member access operator with the
    object of that class
    • If the data member is defined as private or protected
    then we can not access the data variables directly.
    Data Member
    Type of data Member

    1.Public

    2.Private

    3.protected
    Data member type
    #include <iostream>
    using namespace std;
    class alpha{
    private:
    int id;
    static int count;
    public:
    alpha(){count++;
    id=count;}}
    Data member type
    void print(){
    cout<<"My id is"<<id;
    cout<<"countis"<<count;} };
    int alpha : :count=0;
    void main (){
    alpha a1,a2,a3;
    a1.print();
    a2.print();
    a3.print();}
    Array of object
    class A
    {
    int* myArray;
    A()
    {
    myArray = 0;
    }
    A(int size)
    {
    Array of object
    myArray = new int[size];
    }
    ~A()
    {
    delete [] myArray;
    }
    }
    Returning Objects from Functions

    #include <iostream>
    class Complex{
    private: int real;
    int imag;
    public: Complex():
    real(0), imag(0){ }
    void Read() {
    // Constructor with two parameters
    construct(int a, int b)
    {
    area = a * b;
    }

    void disp()
    {
    cout<< area<< endl;
    }
    };
    Continue…
    }
    void Display()
    {
    cout<<"Sum="<<real<<"+"<<imag<<"i";
    }
    };
    int main()
    {
    Continue…
    Complex c1,c2,c3;
    c1.Read();
    c2.Read();
    c3=c1.Add(c2);
    c3.Display();
    return 0; }
    Constructor
    • A constructor in C++ is a special method that is
    automatically called when an object of a class is
    created

    • A constructor (having the same name as that of the


    class) is a member function which is automatically
    used to initialize the objects of the class type with
    legal initial values.
    Characteristics of Constructor

    (i) These are called automatically when the objects are


    created

    (ii) All objects of the class having a constructor are


    initialized before some use

    (iii)These should be declared in the public section for


    availability to all the functions

    (iv)Return type (not even void) cannot be specified for


    constructors
    Continue…..
    (iv)These cannot be inherited, but a derived class can
    call the base class constructor

    (v) These cannot be static

    (vii)Default & copy constructors are generated by the


    compiler wherever required. Generated constructors
    are public

    (viii)These can have default arguments as other C++


    functions
    Continue….
    (vii)A constructor can call member functions of its class

    (x)An object of a class with a constructor cannot be


    used as a member of a union

    (xi) A constructor can call member functions of its class

    (xii)We can use a constructor to create new objects of its


    class type by using the syntax
    Types of Constructor
    1. Overloaded Constructors

    2. Dynamic constructor

    3. Copy Constructor

    4. Default Constructor
    1.Overloaded Constructors

    • Besides performing the role of member data


    initialization, constructors are no different from other
    functions.

    • This included overloading also. In fact, it is very


    common to find overloaded constructors.

    • For example, consider the following program with


    overloaded constructors for the figure class :
    2. Dynamic Constructor
    • Dynamic constructor is used to allocate the
    memory to the objects at the run time

    • Memory is allocated at run time with the help of


    'new' operator

    • By using this constructor, we can dynamically


    initialize the objects
    3. Copy Constructor
    • A copy constructor is a member function which
    initializes an object using another object of the same
    class

    • It is of the form classname (classname &) and used


    for the initialization of an object form another object
    of same type
    Syntax
    4. Default Constructor
    • Default constructor is the constructor which doesn’t
    take any argument

    • It has no parameters
    Parameterized Constructor(with arguments)

    • Constructor with arguments

    • Used to initialize the various data elements of the


    different object with different values when they are
    created

    • This can be done in two ways


    1. By calling the constructor implicitly(shorthand method)
    2. By calling the constructor explicitly
    Parameterized Constructor(without arguments)

    • Constructor with arguments having default values

    • Used when most of the objects to be created are


    likely to have the same value for some data
    members

    • Example : age of students will almost be same as 18


    Difference between Default and parameterized
    constructor with default arguments
    Objects as arguments to function

    • Objects are passed to functions using a standard call-by-


    value mechanism

    • A copy of an object is made when it is passed to a function

    • When we want to initialize all data members of an object


    with another object, we can pass objects and assign the
    values of supplied object to the current object.

    • For complex or large projects, we need to use objects as an


    argument or parameter
    Procedure to pass Object to function
    Returning object from function
    • In C++ we can pass class's objects as arguments and
    also return them from a function the same way we
    pass and return other variables

    • No special keyword or header file is required to do


    so
    Procedure to return an object from function
    Dynamic Initialization of Objects

    • The class objects can be initialized at run time


    (dynamically).

    • We have the flexibility of providing initial values at


    execution time.
    Constructors and Primitive Types
    • InC++, like derived type, i.e. class, primitive types
    (fundamental types) also have their constructors

    • Default constructor is used when no values are given


    but when we given initial values, the initialization
    take place for newly created instance.
    • Example:

    float x,y;
    int a(10), b(20);
    float i(2.5), j(7.8);
    Destructor
    • The syntax for declaring a destructor is :
    -name_of_the_class()
    {
    }
    • It does not take any parameter nor does it return any
    value. Overloading a destructor is not possible and
    can be explicitly invoked
    • In other words, a class can have only one destructor.
    A destructor can be defined outside the class
    Characteristics of Destructors
    • These are called automatically when the objects are
    destroyed.

    • Destructor functions follow the usual access rules


    as other member functions.

    • These de-initialize each object before the object


    goes out of scope.

    • No argument and return type (even void) permitted


    with destructors.
    Characteristics of Destructors
    • These cannot be inherited.

    • Static destructors are not allowed.

    • Address of a destructor cannot be taken.

    • A destructor can call member functions of it class

    • An object of a class having a destructor cannot be a


    member of a union.
    Passing an Object as argument
    • To pass an object as an argument we write the
    object name as the argument while calling the
    function the same way we do it for other variables

    • Syntax:
    function_name(object_name);

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