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Requirements for food, materials, and energy in a world

where human population is rapidly growing have created a need to


increase both the amount of photosynthesis and the efficiency of
converting photosynthetic output into products useful to people. One
response to those needs—the so-called Green Revolution, begun in the
mid-20th century—achieved enormous improvements in agricultural
yield through the use of chemical fertilizers, pest and plant-
disease control, plant breeding, and mechanized tilling, harvesting,
and crop processing. This effort limited severe famines to a few areas
of the world despite rapid population growth, but it did not eliminate
widespread malnutrition. Moreover, beginning in the early 1990s, the
rate at which yields of major crops increased began to decline. This
was especially true for rice in Asia. Rising costs associated with
sustaining high rates of agricultural production, which required ever-
increasing inputs of fertilizers and pesticides and
constant development of new plant varieties, also became problematic
for farmers in many countries.

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