Free and Forced Vortices PDF

FREE AND FORCED VORTEX APPARATUS F1-23
ADDIS ABABA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

UNIVERSITY
FLOWMETER DEMONESTRATION UNIT

LABORATORY MANUAL
Department of Mechanical Engineering, 2020
1
FREE AND FORCED VORTICES
2
A. FORCED VORTICES
Objective
▪ To determine the surface profile of a forced vortex, and compare with the theoretical values
Method
▪ By measuring the speed of rotation and length of needles that represent the forced vortex
Equipment
▪ The Hydraulics Bench
▪ The free or forced vortex Apparatus Test Equipment
▪ A stopwatch to determine the rotation speed of the paddle
Nomenclatures
Name Symbol Unit Definition
Number of rotation n m3 Number of revolutions of the paddle during a timed period
Time to Collect t s Time for count of revolution
Speed of rotation ω rps Speed of paddle
Vortex radius r m Position of needles for measuring profile , relative to the center
of the tank or width on scale on gauge
Needle length lm M Length of needle at a given radius position, which allows the
vortex profile to be plotted. Needle length is measured in mm
Datum height ho m Reference height used for calculation. For forced vortex, the
datum height is the base of the vortex, taken to be zero. For free
vortex, the datum height is the surface level of the water
Height from datum hm m Vertical distance from vortex surface to datum height
Theoretical depth h m Predicted height from theory
Theory
A vortex flow is spiral motion of flow with closed streamlines. eg. wake dust devil, / tornado. In a forced vortex,
it can be assumed that all particles have the same angular velocity about the central axis. For constant speed of
rotation, ω
V= ωr r = radius of the vortex and, v = is the velocity of flow.
The equation for the centripetal force in a vortex is

p v 2 r
+ h =
g r g
Substituting the equation for v into centripetal force equation and integrating gives
p  2r 2
+h= + cons.
g 2g
Boundary conditions r = 0, h = h0 , p = po
 2r 2
Result p − p o = g (h − h0 ) + 
2
Free surface location, p = po
 2r 2
h = h0 +
2g
3
Equipment Set Up
1. Set the vortex apparatus on the Hydraulics Bench and keep it level
2. Connect the Y-hose to 9 mm inlet of cylinder and two 12mm orifice are opened.
3. Attach the rotating paddle to the bottom of cylinder.
4. Attach the depth gages on the cylinder.
5. Turn on the Hydraulics Bench & regulate the water inflow using control valve to keep the water elevation
steady.
6. Calculate the angular velocity of flow. Using stopwatch and rotating paddle (count 3x & take average).
7. Record the water surface profile of Forced vortex using depth gauges.
8. Repeat 6 - 8 with changing angular velocity.
Observation
No. No. of revolution Angular Radius Measured Height from Calculated

n (rpm) velocity ω r (m) Needle length datum Height
Count /min Average (rad/s) lm (m) hm (m) h (m)
1 0.110
2 0.090
3 0.070
4 0.050
5 0.030
6 0.000
Conclusion
• Plot the water surface profile, and compare calculated result with measured data.
• Discuss the reason of difference between calculated result with measured data
• Discuss the examples of free and forced vortices
• Explain the difference between free and forced vortex
• Discus use of vortex and give examples
4
B. Free Vortex
Objective
▪ Measure the profile of free vortex and investigate the change in velocity head throughout the vortex.
Method
▪ By employing the pitot tube and measure the elevation of water in the cylinder at different radius of
the vortex
Equipment
▪ The Hydraulics Bench
▪ The free or forced vortex Apparatus
Theory
Water flows out of the vessel through a central hole in the base a free vortex is formed. Velocity is inversely
varying with radius.
k
v= k is the strength of vortex (m2/s)
r
Bernoulli’s equations
p v2
+ + z = cons.
g 2 g
k2
Free surface p = 0 h = h0 − , k = vr h0 is near to the wall
2gr 2
Flow velocity (tangential)
v = 2 gH H = Hydraulic head
5
Procedure - Free Vortex
1. Set the vortex apparatus on the Hydraulics Bench and keep it level
2. Connect the Y-hose to 12mm inlet of cylinder and outlet of the Hydraulics Bench
3. Close 9mm outlet of cylinder, the water will be discharged only through the orifice of cylinder.
4. Attach the orifice to the bottom of cylinder.
5. Attach the depth gages on the cylinder.
6. Turn on the Hydraulics Bench and regulate the water inflow using control valve to keep the water
elevation steady.
7. Record the water surface profile of Free vortex using depth gauges.
8. If the free vortex is not formed at the center of cylinder, it will be difficult to measure the water surface
profile with depth gauges. (Use only one needle of depth gauges to measure the water surface profile.)
9. Measure the hydraulic head using three kinds of pitot tube.
Result
Conclusion
• Plot the water surface profile, and compare calculated result with measured data.
• Discuss the reason of difference between calculated result with measured data.
• Discuss the examples of free and forced vortex

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FREE AND FORCED VORTEX APPARATUS F1-23

ADDIS ABABA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

FLOWMETER DEMONESTRATION UNIT

Department of Mechanical Engineering, 2020

FREE AND FORCED VORTICES

V= ωr r = radius of the vortex and, v = is the velocity of flow.

The equation for the centripetal force in a vortex is

No. No. of revolution Angular Radius Measured Height from Calculated

Flow velocity (tangential)

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