Sustainable Use of Industrial-Waste As Partial Replacement of Fine Aggregate For Preparation of Concrete - A Review

International Journal of Sustainable Built Environment (2016) xxx, xxx–xxx
H O S T E D BY
Gulf Organisation for Research and Development
International Journal of Sustainable Built Environment

ScienceDirect
www.sciencedirect.com
Review Article
Sustainable use of industrial-waste as partial replacement

of fine aggregate for preparation of concrete – A review
Manoj Kumar Dash a,1, Sanjaya Kumar Patro b,⇑, Ashoke Kumar Rath a,2
a
School of Civil Engineering, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
b
Department of Civil Engineering, VSS University of Technology, Burla, Odisha, India
Received 20 December 2015; accepted 20 April 2016
Abstract
Utilisation of industrial waste materials in concrete compensates the lack of natural resources, solving the disposal problem of waste
and to find alternative technique to safeguard the nature. There are a number of industrial wastes used as fully or partial replacement of
coarse aggregate or fine aggregate. This review carries out a thorough assessment about industrial waste substances, which can be ade-
quately utilised in concrete as fine aggregate substitution. This paper reviewed some of these industrial wastes like waste foundry sand,
steel slag, copper slag, imperial smelting furnace slag (ISF slag), blast furnace slag, coal bottom ash, ferrochrome slag, palm oil clinker
etc. Out of these materials, maximum number of experiments have been conducted using waste foundry sand and copper slag as fine
aggregate replacement, but still more examinations are required for other waste materials as replacement of sand in concrete. Different
physical and mechanical properties of industrial waste as well as of industrial waste concrete, in which natural sand is substituted have
been reviewed and comparisons are made between them. Deflection and leaching study review are carried out additionally and compared.
It can be observed that the concrete where sand is replaced by copper slag, imperial smelting furnace slag, class F fly ash exhibits
improved strength and durability properties, but it’s slump increases as the rate of replacement increases in the case of copper slag
and the slump decreases in the case of class F fly ash. There is a less research work reported on ferrochrome slag and palm oil clinker
used as sand substitution, so it is felt that further detailed investigations are required.
Ó 2016 Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of The Gulf Organisation for Research and Development.
Keywords: Industrial solid waste; Waste management; Waste foundry sand; Steel slag; Copper slag
⇑ Corresponding author. Cell: +91 9439502377.

E-mail addresses: mkd6519@gmail.com (M.K. Dash), litusanjay@yahoo.com (S.K. Patro), akrath1947@yahoo.co.in (A.K. Rath).
1
Cell:+91 9438244644.
2
Cell:+91 8763054230.
Peer review under responsibility of The Gulf Organisation for Research and Development.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsbe.2016.04.006
2212-6090/Ó 2016 Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of The Gulf Organisation for Research and Development.
Please cite this article in press as: Dash, M.K. et al. Sustainable use of industrial-waste as partial replacement of fine aggregate for preparation of
concrete – A review. International Journal of Sustainable Built Environment (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsbe.2016.04.006
2 M.K. Dash et al. / International Journal of Sustainable Built Environment xxx (2016) xxx–xxx
Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
2. Physical properties of industrial wastes as fine aggregate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
2.1. Shape and appearance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
2.2. Particle gradation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
2.3. Specific gravity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
2.4. Bulk density . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
2.5. Water absorption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
3. Mechanical properties of industrial waste. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
4. Chemical properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
5. Fresh properties of concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
5.1. Slump test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
5.1.1. Waste foundry sand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
5.1.2. Copper slag . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
5.1.3. Steel slag . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
5.1.4. Granulated blast furnace slag . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
5.1.5. ISF slag . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
5.1.6. Bottom ash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
5.1.7. Ferrochrome slag . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
5.1.8. Class F fly ash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
5.1.9. Palm oil clinker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
5.2. Compaction factor test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
5.3. Air content . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
6. Leaching test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
7. Density of concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
7.1. Waste foundry sand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
7.2. Steel slag . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
7.3. Copper slag . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
7.4. ISF slag . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
7.5. Bottom ash. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
7.6. Class F type fly ash. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
7.7. Palm oil clinker. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
8. Hardened concrete properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
8.1. Compressive strength. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
8.1.2. Steel slag . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
8.1.3. Copper slag . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
8.1.3. ISF slag . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
8.1.5. Blast furnace slag . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
8.1.6. Bottom ash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
8.1.7. Ferrochrome slag . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
8.1.8. Class F fly ash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
8.1.9. Palm oil clinker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
8.2. Splitting tensile strength. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
8.2.2. Steel slag . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
8.2.3. Copper slag . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
8.2.5. Bottom ash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
8.2.6. Class F fly ash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
8.3. Flexural strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
8.3.2. Steel slag . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
8.3.3. Copper slag . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
8.3.4. ISF slag . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
8.3.6. Bottom ash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
8.3.7. Class F fly ash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
8.3.8. Palm oil clinker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
8.4. Modulus of elasticity (MOE) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
M.K. Dash et al. / International Journal of Sustainable Built Environment xxx (2016) xxx–xxx 3
8.4.1. Relation between compressive strength and dynamic modulus of elasticity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00

8.5.Ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
8.5.1. Relation between compressive strength and ultrasonic pulse velocity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
8.5.2. Prediction of modulus of elasticity using ultrasonic pulse velocity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
9. Durability of industrial waste concrete. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
9.1. Water absorption and permeability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
9.2. Initial surface absorption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
9.3. Rapid chloride permeability test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
9.4. Abrasion resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
9.5. Acid resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
9.5.1. Loss in mass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
9.5.2. Change in compressive strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
9.5.3. Relation between percentage loss in weight and reduction compressive strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
9.6. Sulphate resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
9.6.1. Loss in mass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
9.6.2. Change in compressive strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
9.7. Drying shrinkage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
9.8. High-temperature effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
9.9. Freeze–thaw resistance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
9.10. Drying–wetting effect. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
9.11. Carbonation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
10. Structural behaviour of industrial waste-concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
10.1. Deflection test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
10.2. Pull-off strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
11. Micro-structural analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
11.1. X-ray Diffraction Spectrometer (XRD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
11.2. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
12. Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
1. Introduction The growing demand of sand results in non-availability

of good quality sand and especially in India, deposits of
Concrete the most broadly used construction material natural sand are being exhausted which create an extreme
(Prabhu et al., 2014), aggregate makes 70% of its volume menace to the environment. Fast withdrawal of sand from
is the principal component material in concrete production waterway bed, brings about such a large number of issues
and consumes globally 8–12 million tons of natural aggre- like losing water holding soil strata, extending to the sliding
gate annually (Devi and Gnanavel, 2014; Al-Jabri et al., of the banks of river (Sankh et al., 2014). The extraction of
2009). The aggregate classifications used are course aggre- sand from the waterway enhances the cost of sand and has
gate with 4.75 mm particle size or more and fine aggregate severely affected the financial viability of the construction
with 4.75 mm particle size or less. Fine aggregate (Sand) is industry. As such finding an alternate material to natural
a significant material utilised for the composition of mortar sand has got to be imperative. As the industrialisation
and concrete and assumes a most essential part in design increases, the amount of waste material product is also
mix. Sand is a major component of concrete and properties increasing, which has turned into an ecological issue that
of a specific concrete mix will be determined by the propor- must be managed. Pappu et al. (2007) stated that in India
tion and type of sand used to formulate concrete. It has sig- 960MT solid waste is being generated yearly, out of which
nificant impact on the workability, durability, strength, 290MT are unwanted inorganic waste of mining & indus-
weight, and shrinkage of concrete. Sand is usually a larger trial division. Regular resources are exhausting largely
component of the mix than cement. Sand can fill up the while in the meantime the produced wastes from the indus-
pores or voids in the concrete, which is also a contributing tries are expanding significantly. To safeguard the environ-
factor for the strength of concrete. Sand reduces volume ment, efforts are being made for using industrial waste in
changes resulting from setting and hardening process and concrete for conserving natural resources and reduce the
provides a mass of particles which are suitable to resist cost of construction materials. Assuming industrial waste
the action of applied loads and show better durability than in the form of fine aggregate for concrete production can
cement paste alone. Hence sand has a major role for con- be considered one of the environmental benefits and also
crete to solidify to give the necessary strength. Use of reg- shows better performance in concrete. The utilisation of
ular sand is high, because of the large utilisation of mortar waste items in concrete makes it inexpensive and reutilize
and concrete. Thus the need of sand is more in growing of wastes is supposed as the best ecological option for tak-
countries to mitigate the fast infrastructure development. ing care of the issue of waste disposal (Bahoria et al., 2013).
Different types of industrial waste materials such as According to the report of Singh (2012), Singh and
waste foundry sand (Prabhu et al., 2014; Khatib et al., Siddique (2012a,b), partial supplanting of sand with waste
2013; Basar and Aksoy, 2012; Singh, 2012; Salokhe and foundry sand up to 15% increases compressive strength,
Desai, 2009; Singh and Siddique, 2012a,b; Etxeberria splitting tensile strength, modulus of elasticity and abra-
et al., 2010; Siddique et al., 2009, 2011, 2015; Aggarwal sion resistance of concrete mixtures with the increment of
and Siddique, 2014), steel slag (Devi and Gnanavel, 2014; waste foundry sand as replacement for fine aggregate.
Qasrawi et al., 2009; Rajan, 2014; Khajuria and Siddique, Siddique et al. (2009, 2015) assess the properties of concrete
2014; Chang-long et al., 2008; Kothai and Malathy, in which sand was partially supplanted with three different
2014), copper slag (Al-Jabri et al., 2009a,b, 2011; percentages (10%, 20%, 30%) of used foundry sand as par-
Alnuaimi, 2012; Wu et al., 2010; Rose and Suganya, tial substitution (Siddique et al., 2009) and studied two
2015; Meenakshi and Ilangovan, 2011; Chavan and grades of concrete M-20 & M-30 incorporating waste foun-
Kulkarni, 2013; Ambily et al., 2015; Velumani and dry sand as partial substitution with five percentages (0%,
Nirmalkumar, 2014; Poovizhi and Kathirvel, 2015; Wu 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%) Siddique et al., 2015. They inferred
et al., 2010), imperial smelting furnace slag (Tripathi that with the rate of increment of foundry sand content
et al., 2013; Weeks et al., 2008; Atzeni et al., 1996; in concrete, the compressive strength, splitting tensile
Morrison et al., 2003), blast furnace slag (Yuksel et al., strength, modulus of rupture and modulus of elasticity of
2006, 2007, 2011; Valcuende et al., 2015; Yuksel and concrete mixes increased (Siddique et al., 2009) and
Genc, 2007; Yuksel et al., 2011), coal bottom ash (Bai enhanced chloride permeability resistance of concrete
et al., 2005; Singh and Siddique, 2014; Kim et al., 2014; (Siddique et al., 2015). Aggarwal and Siddique (2014) have
Andrade et al., 2009; Bilir, 2012; Kim and Lee, 2011; Shi- evaluated the effect of waste foundry sand and bottom ash
Cong and Chi-Sun, 2009), ferrochrome slag (Panda et al., in equal quantities as fractional substitution of fine aggre-
2013), class F type fly ash (Rajamane et al., 2007; gate in various percentages on concrete properties. The
Siddique, 2003), and Palm oil clinker (Rashad, 2016; outcomes indicate there is an increase in compressive
Kanadasan et al., 2015; Wahab et al., 2015; Abdullahi strength, splitting tensile strength and modulus of rupture
et al., 2010; Ahmmad et al., 2014; Mohammed et al., by substituting 30% of the natural sand with equal quanti-
2011, 2013) have been used as partially or fully sand ties of waste foundry sand and bottom ash. Kaur et al.
replacement material in concrete production and their (2012) investigates the outcome of inclusion of fungal trea-
properties with control concrete are compared. ted waste foundry sand and effect of aspergillus spp. on
Indian foundries deliver roughly 1.71MT of waste foun- compressive strength and water absorption of concrete.
dry sand (WFS) in every year (Khatib et al., 2013; Singh, Steel slag is the waste product of steel and iron creating
2012). Foundry sand is a derivative of alloy casting indus- process. Electric arc furnace steel slag has low or no poz-
tries, where the sand has been used for its thermal conduc- zolanic activities and not suitable to be utilised in blended
tivity as moulding substances. Depending upon the type of cement manufacture (Qasrawi et al., 2009). Devi and
binder used in casting, foundry sands are of two types such Gnanavel (2014) concluded that, the concrete with partial
as clay bonded system also known as green sand and chem- substitution of fine aggregate by steel slag shows preferred
ically bonded system (Chemically Bonded Sand). Many imperviousness to hydrochloric acid (HCl) than sulphuric
researchers like Prabhu et al. (2014), Khatib et al. (2013), acid (H2SO4). Qasrawi et al. (2009) stated the utilisation
Basar and Aksoy (2012), Singh (2012), Salokhe and of steel slag has a negative effect on the workability of
Desai (2009), Singh and Siddique (2012a,b), Etxeberria cement particularly the substitution proportions over
et al. (2010), Siddique et al. (2009, 2015) have carried out 50%. Best results for compressive strength are obtained
research works to evaluate the use of foundry sand as a when substitution proportions are somewhere around 15–
substitute substances for sand in concrete production. 30%. In the research they have suggested better outcome
Prabhu et al. (2014) have evaluated the utilisation of foun- can be acquired if powder finer than 0.15 mm is excluded
dry sand obtained from aluminium casting industry used as from slag. John and John (2013) and Rajan (2014) have
a substitute for fine aggregate in five different substitution studied on the utilisation of induction furnace steel slag/
rates (10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%) and concluded that the steel slag and inferred that the compressive strength of con-
strength properties of concrete mixture incorporating foun- crete containing induction furnace steel slag greater than
dry sand up to 20% is moderately near to the strength value 30% is found to be lower than control mix. Khajuria and
of control mix. Khatib et al. (2013) have reported that Siddique (2014) have affirmed that by replacing fine aggre-
there is a systemic increment in water absorption; diminish gate with iron slag a by-product of iron and steel making
in compressive strength and ultrasonic pulse velocity industry in concrete, the compressive strength increases
(UPV) with growing amount of waste foundry sand in con- with increase in the substitution up to 30%.
crete. Basar and Aksoy (2012) have stated that waste foun- Presently worldwide around 33MT of copper slag is gen-
dry sand can be successfully used in making great quality erated yearly amongst that India contributes 6.0–6.5 mil-
ready-mix concrete as partial supplanting of fine aggregate lion tons. 50% copper slag can be utilised as substitution
with no unfavorable mechanical, micro-structural and eco- of regular sand into acquire mortars and concrete with per-
logical effect, but substitution should not exceed 20%. formance needed, durability and strength (Sankh et al.,
2014). Al-Jabri et al. (2009a,b, 2011) have considered the self-compacting concrete. The researchers concluded, at
impact of utilising copper slag as sand substitution on the an early age concrete replaced with slag show similar com-
properties of high strength concrete and some of the con- pressive strength, but at 365 days, the higher the quantity
crete properties such as physical, chemical, workability of sand supplanted by slag the higher the concrete’s com-
and mechanical properties. Alnuaimi (2012) has examined pressive strength tends to be.
the utilisation of copper slag substitution for sand in rein- Presently, India is delivering in more than 100 million
forced concrete slender column and concluded that substi- tons of coal ash, from which 15–20% ash is, remaining at
tution up to 40% sand with copper slag created no base and the balance is fly ash. There are numerous clients
significant change in column failure load. Wu et al. for fly ash, but the ash remains at bottom and keeps on
(2010) investigated that under 40% copper slag as fine contaminating nature with risky disposal (Sankh et al.,
aggregate substitutions can accomplish a high strength 2014). Furnace bottom ash (FBA) generated from thermal
concrete that is similar to or better than the control blend. power plants is a waste material, it generally has no poz-
According to them strength enhanced with 40% supplanted zolanic property, for which it is inadmissible to be utilised
by copper slag was mostly credited to its physical proper- as a cement substitution material in concrete. On the other
ties. It has a superior compressibility than sand, which hand, its grain size distribution is like that of sand which
can partially mitigate the stress concentration (Al-Jabri makes it alluring to be utilised as a sand substitution mate-
et al., 2011). Rose and Suganya (2015) have concluded that rial. Several researchers like Bai et al. (2005), Singh and
compressive strength increased by surrogating fine aggre- Siddique (2014) and Kim et al. (2014) have considered
gate by 40% of copper slag. Meenakshi and Ilangovan the use of bottom ash as a partial substitution of normal
(2011) have researched the impact of utilising copper slag sand in concrete. Bai et al. (2005) have concentrated on
and ferrous slag by equivalent rate as partial substitution the impact of bottom ash with two design mixes (i) definite
of sand and achieved higher strength at the 100% replace- water-cement (WC) proportion and (ii) constant slump
ment level than control concrete. Chavan and Kulkarni ranges. They observed that at a definite WC ratio, the dry-
(2013) examined the impact of utilising copper slag as sub- ing shrinkage and compressive strength decrease with the
stitution of sand on strength properties and reached to a increment in bottom ash incorporation in concrete, but at
conclusion that concrete acquire increased strength than constant slump ranges, the compressive strength was equiv-
reference concrete mix when 75% fine aggregate is replaced alent with the reference concrete mix, while the drying
by copper slag. shrinkage expanded with the increment when natural sand
Imperial smelting furnace (ISF) slag is produced during substituted by furnace bottom ash above 30%. Singh and
the pyrometallurgical refining of sulphide metal. Tripathi Siddique (2014) have investigated that bottom ash concrete
et al. (2013) have assessed the potential of imperial smelting exhibits better dimensional stability, better imperviousness
furnace (ISF) slag in concrete as fine aggregate, considering to chloride particle infiltration and sulphuric acid attack as
the existence of toxic components (lead and zinc) and their compared to traditional concrete. Kim et al. (2014) have
negative effect on hydration of cement. They presumed that investigated chloride resistance of high strength concrete
there is improvement in mechanical properties of concrete by supplanting fine aggregate with fine bottom ash and
and leaching of toxic element within the safe limit by the results shows that bottom ash in high strength concrete
replacing natural sand by the imperial smelting furnace can significantly reduce the amount of chloride diffusion.
(ISF) slag. Weeks et al. (2008) have carried out their study Andrade et al. (2009) explore the properties of concrete
on retardation of cement hydration created by substantial by utilisation of coal bottom ash (CBA) as a swap for reg-
metal available in slag from the imperial smelting furnace ular sand in the fresh state and concluded that water loss
system of zinc generation, when used as sand in concrete by bleeding due to existence of bottom ash, the higher
and inferred that ISF slag utilised as sand retard the setting the CBA content of the concrete more prominent this
of Portland cement. Atzeni et al. (1996) have analysed the impact.
possibility of using granulated slag resulting from the lead Ferrochrome slag produced as water cooled granulated
and zinc processing from the Kivet and Imperial smelting slag is a major solid waste generated during manufacture
plant in partial or total substitution of fine aggregate in of ferrochrome alloy. Panda et al. (2013) carried out a test
concrete and reported it is feasible to use in concrete. examination to study the use of air cooled slag as a partial
Granulated blast furnace slag (GBF Slag), which is substitution of coarse aggregate in concrete and water
obtained from rapidly water-cooled slag from blast furnace cooled granulated slag as a part substitution of sand in
in the production of pig iron, has been effectively utilised in concrete. The study demonstrates the concrete mix with
concrete mixes because of lime content. GBF Slag is used ferrochrome slag supplanted as sand exhibits perfect out-
as partial substitution for Portland cement. Yuksel et al. come regarding compressive strength and the leachable
(2006, 2007) in their research work focus on using non chromium stays all around immobilized in the concrete
ground GBF slag in concrete as sand replacement in con- matrix and cement and with low to non-perceivable level
crete. Valcuende et al. (2015) researched the effect of of chromium leaching.
ground GBF slag as a partial substitution of sand on the In India, the amount of fly ash generated from thermal
compressive strength and drying shrinkage in power plants is nearly 80MT every year, amongst it the
lion’s share of fly ash produced is of class F type and its 2010). The incineration process of oil palm shell and oil
percentage utilisation is less than 10% in manufacturing palm fibre for 4 h at 400 °C produces palm oil clinker
of cement, known as Pozzolana Portland cement. (POC), which is obtained in chunks ranging between 100
Rajamane et al. (2007) investigated fly ash as a partial sub- and 400 mm being crushed into aggregates are substituted
stitution material as natural sand and suggested an equa- partially as coarse or fine aggregate in concrete. Ahmmad
tion to anticipate concrete compressive strength at et al. (2014) have been carried out to study the displace-
28 day. Siddique (2003) has investigated the supplanting ment ductility and torsional ductility of lightweight con-
natural sand by class F fly ash. This study concluded that crete element containing crushed oil palm shell (OPS) is
splitting tensile strength, compressive strength, modulus used as coarse aggregate in different mixes and palm oil
of rupture and modulus of elasticity of concrete were clinker (POC) as fine aggregate for sand replacement and
higher in which class F fly ash incorporated than control concluded that modulus of elasticity of concrete with
mix. 100% OPS as coarse aggregate and natural sand replaced
Palm oil factories generate different types of waste which with 50% palm oil clinker sand is 8.57 GPa in compared
incorporates oil palm fibre, oil palm shell (OPS) palm oil to normal weight concrete (control concrete) modulus of
mill effluent (POME) and empty fruit bunches (EFB). elasticity 28.34 GPa, but its modulus of resilience and mod-
The yearly production of solid waste from the palm oil ulus of toughness are significantly higher. Mohammed
industry in South East Asian countries, Malaysia, Indone- et al. (1863) have investigated chloride resistance of light-
sia and Thailand is around 90.5 million tones and it is one weight concrete with palm oil clinker aggregate and con-
of the most growing agricultural waste materials of the cluded that chloride-ion penetrability at 28 days are high
world (Rashad, 2016). Lack of proper management of due to the porous nature of palm oil clinker aggregate.
these wastes could lead to environmental pollution This paper presents a comprehensive evaluation about
(Kanadasan et al., 2015). Supplanting these wastes as industrial waste substances that can be viably utilised in
aggregate replacement in concrete is an alternative concrete as fine aggregate substitution and the objective
approach to solve this problem (Wahab et al., 2015). The is to discuss some of the properties like physical, chemical
oil palm shell aggregate being an organic material might composition of industrial waste, fresh concrete, hardened
disintegrate with time and this would have an adverse effect concrete properties and leaching study using the above
on the durability of the resulting concrete (Abdullahi et al., industrial waste and their comparison.
Figure 1. Industrial wastes.
2. Physical properties of industrial wastes as fine aggregate 2.3. Specific gravity
Physical properties of industrial wastes such as grain Various researchers have reported the specific gravity of
size distribution, density, specific gravity, fine substance different industrial waste materials which has been men-
and absorption help to acknowledge its suitability and tioned in Table 2. The specific gravity of waste foundry
workability to be replaced as fine aggregate in concrete sand was observed to be 2.18 (Singh and Siddique,
(see Fig. 1). 2012a), where Siddique (2014) expressed that the specific
gravity of waste foundry sand somewhere around 2.39–
2.1. Shape and appearance 2.79. The minimum specific gravity of steel slag was 3.0
which is reported by Devi and Gnanavel (2014), however
The blast furnace slag is dark smooth particle and gran- as indicated by Qasrawi et al. (2009), the steel slag’s specific
ular (Sankh et al., 2014). In general foundry sand is sub- gravity was 3.15. Morrison et al. (2003) reported that the
rakish to round in shape. Green foundry sands are dark specific gravity of ISF slag is 3.88. Valcuende et al.
or grey, whereas chemically bonded foundry sands are of (2015) found the specific gravity of blast furnace slag is
greyish in colour (Singh, 2012). The copper slag is granular 2.45. Siddique (2014) stated that specific gravity of bottom
in nature, dark polished particle and has a grain size distri- ash in between 1.39 and 2.33, where Aggarwal and
bution like natural sand (Ambily et al., 2015). ISF slag is Siddique (2014), Singh and Siddique (2014) and Kim and
dark in shading, vitreous, granular and contain toxic metal Lee (2011) found specific gravity of bottom ash are 1.93,
(lead and zinc) (Tripathi et al., 2013). The molecules of coal 1.39 and 1.87, respectively. The specific gravity for copper
bottom ash have a rough texture and are rakish, irregular slag is 3.37 as reported by Ambily et al. (2015), where
and permeable (Siddique, 2014). Palm oil clinker (POC) Sankh et al. (2014), Velumani and Nirmalkumar (2014)
is porous in nature and grey in colour (Wahab et al., found the same specific gravity of 3.91 for copper slag in
2015). their research work which is accounted for in Table 2.
Panda et al. Panda et al. (2013) have reported that the
2.2. Particle gradation specific gravity of ferrochrome slag is 2.72. Patel and
Pitroda (2013) have stated in their research that the specific
The grain size distribution of the copper slag is about gravity of pond ash is 1.89. Abdullahi et al. (2010) and
75% particles between 1.18 mm and 0.3 mm as reported Mohammed et al. (2013) have stated that the specific grav-
by Sankh et al. (2014). Particle size distribution is uniform ity of the palm oil clinker fine aggregate is 2.
in the case of WFS with 85–95% of the substances in
between of 0.6 mm to 0.15 mm and more or less 5–20% 2.4. Bulk density
of foundry sand is smaller than 0.075 mm (Singh, 2012).
Khatib et al. (2013), Basar and Aksoy (2012) also stated Bulk density (both loose and compacted) of all indus-
that the grain size of foundry sand with 78–94% substances trial wastes is mentioned in Table 2. Singh (2012) have
is between 0.6 mm and 0.15 mm. Particle distribution of observed loose bulk density of waste foundry sand is
steel slag is uniform with 83% of the material in between 1690 Kg/m3, where the compacted bulk density is
0.6 mm and 0.15 mm (Qasrawi et al., 2009). Abdullahi 1890 Kg/m3. Chang-long et al. (2008) have stated that the
et al. (2010) reported that grain size distribution of the apparent density of steel slag is 2395 Kg/m3, packing den-
palm oil clinker fine aggregate is about 46% particles sity is 1475 kg/m3. The bulk density of granulated copper
between 1.18 mm–0.075 mm and the particle size distribu- slag is varying from 1900 kg/m3 to 2150 kg/m3 (Ambily
tion also agrees with the limits specified in ASTM 330– et al., 2015). The loose bulk density of bottom ash is
2004 (ASTM 330, 2004). Grain size distribution of the 620 kg/m3, whereas the compacted bulk density 660 kg/
ISF slag is about 75% particles between 1.18 mm and m3 (Yuksel et al., 2007, 2011; Bilir, 2012; Yuksel and
0.3 mm as stated by Morrison et al. (2003). The grain size Genc, 2007). The loose bulk density and compacted bulk
distribution of granulated blast furnace slag is with 62% density of the granulated blast furnace slag is 1052 kg/m3
material in between1.18 mm and 0.10 mm (Bilir, 2012). and 1236 kg/m3, respectively (Yuksel et al., 2007, 2011;
The particle size distribution of bottom ash is with 55% Bilir, 2012; Yuksel and Genc, 2007). Abdullahi et al.
material in between 1.18 mm and 0.10 mm (Bilir, 2012). (2010) have stated that the bulk density of the palm oil clin-
Many researchers have stated the particle size gradation ker fine aggregate is 1122 kg/m3, where Mohammed et al.
of different industrial waste materials which has been men- (2013) found about same bulk density 1119 kg/m3.
tioned in Table 1.
It can be observed from the above details and Figs. 2–5 2.5. Water absorption
that the particle size distribution of all industrial wastes
including palm oil clinker fine aggregate is within the Singh (2012) carried out the water absorption of waste
Zone-I and Zone-II except foundry sand and steel slag. foundry sand and found the value is 1.2%. Siddique et al.
The steel slag does neither meet ASTM C 33 (1999) nor (2009) and Siddique (2014) found nearly the same specific
BS 882 (1992) grading limits (Qasrawi et al., 2009). water absorption of 1.3% for waste foundry sand in their
8
Table 1
M.K. Dash et al. / International Journal of Sustainable Built Environment xxx (2016) xxx–xxx
Particle size distribution of different industrial wastes.
Sieve (mm) Cumulative passing (%)
Copper slag WFS Steel slag ISF slag GBF slag Bottom ash Palm oil clinker ASTM limits
Sankh et al. (2014) Khatib et al. (2013) Qasrawi et al. (2009) Morrison et al. (2003) Bilir (2012) Bilir (2012) Abdullahi et al. (2010) Qasrawi et al. (2009)
10 – 100 100 – – – – 100
8 – 100 – – – – – –
5 – – 99 100 – – 100 100
4.75 99.6 – – – – – –
4 – 100 – – 99.38 94.03 –
3.35 – – – – 98.2 91.9 –
2.34/2.36/2.4 97.9 – 95.6 98 92.16 86.23 74.29 95–100
2 – 100 – – – – 68.58 –
1.7 – – – – 77.1 76.97 –
1.18/1.20 75.4 – 85.4 86 62.26 61.7 51.44 80–100
1 – 100 – – – – –
0.85 – – – – – – 42.87 –
0.6 32.1 – 72.1 49 17.72 36.63 34.30 50–85
0.5 – 99.6 – – – – – –
0.3 4 – 56.2 11 4.94 21.6 17.16 25–60
0.212 – – – – 2.84 14.09 – –
0.25 – 99.3 – – – – – –
0.15 0.3 – 40 – – – 11.45 10–30
0.125 – 5.6 – – – – – –
0.1 – – – – 0.8 6.57 – –
0.075 0 – 20.5 – 0.44 3.8 5.71 NA
0.063 – 0.3 – – – – 4.31 –
0.045 – – – – 0.12 1.07 –
Pan 0 0 – – – – –
WFS – waste foundry sand, ISF Slag – imperial smelting furnace slag, GBF Slag – granulated blast furnace slag.
100 Copper Slag (Sankh et al.,2014 )
% PASSING THROUGH
WFS (Khatib et al.,2013)
80
Steel Slag (Qasrawi et al., 2009)
60 POC (Abdullahi et al.,2010)
ISF Slag (Morrison et al.,2003)
40
GBF Slag (Bilir,2012)
20 Bottom Ash (Bilir,2012)
Z-I (Lower)
0
0.01 0.1 1 10 Z-I (Upper)
PARTICLE DIAMETERS
Figure 2. Particle Size distribution of Industrial waste & Compared with Zone-I Sand (IS-383) IS 383, 1970.
100 Copper Slag (Sankh et al.,2014 )

% PASSING THROUGH

80
40
GBF Slag (Bilir,2012)
20 Bottom Ash (Bilir,2012)

Z-II (Lower)
0 Z-II (Upper)
0.01 0.1 1 10
PARTICLE DIAMETERS
Figure 3. Particle Size distribution of Industrial waste & Compared with Zone-II Sand (IS-383) IS 383, 1970.
100
Copper Slag (Sankh et al.,2014 )
% PASSING THROUGH

80
40 GBF Slag (Bilir,2012)
Bottom Ash (Bilir,2012)
20
Z-III (Lower)
0 Z-III (Upper)
0.01 0.1 1 10
PARTICLE DIAMETERS
Figure 4. Particle Size distribution of Industrial waste & Compared with Zone-III Sand (IS-383)IS 383, 1970.
100
Copper Slag (Sankh et al.,2014 )
% PASSING THROUGH

80
40 GBF Slag (Bilir,2012)
Bottom Ash (Bilir,2012)
20 Z-IV (Lower)
Z-IV (Upper)
0
0.01 0.1 1 10
PARTICLE DIAMETERS
Figure 5. Particle Size distribution of Industrial waste & Comparison with Zone-IV Sand (IS-383) IS 383, 1970.
research work. Al-Jabri et al. (2011) observed that the ash was 5.45% and 6.10%, respectively. Abdullahi et al.
water absorption of copper slag was 0.17%, whereas (2010) observed that the water absorption of palm oil clin-
Ambily et al. (2015) stated that the water absorption of ker fine aggregate was 14.29%, whereas Mohammed et al.
copper slag was in between 0.30% and 0.40%. Water (2013) stated that the water absorption of palm oil clinker
absorption capacity of ISF slag as reported by Morrison fine aggregate was 26.45%.
et al. (2003) is 0.20%. Devi and Gnanavel (2014) observed
the water absorption of steel slag was 1.32% in their 3. Mechanical properties of industrial waste
research, whereas Qasrawi et al. (2009) found water
absorption of steel slag was 0.80%. According to Yuksel There is only one industrial waste i.e. waste foundry
et al. (2007), Bilir (2012), water absorption of granulated sand in which mechanical properties reported by Singh
blast furnace slag was 10.0%. Several researchers like (2012). As per low Micro-Deval abrasion test, WFS has
Kim and Lee (2011), Yuksel and Genc (2007), Yuksel superior durability properties and results comes <2. The
et al. (2011) found water absorption capacity of bottom angle of shearing resistance of WFS varies between 33
10
Table 2
Physical properties of different industrial wastes.
Properties WFS Prabhu et al. Steel slag C. Slag Al-Jabri ISF Slag GBF Slag B. Ash Aggarwal and FeCr POC Ranges in
(2014), Basar and Devi and et al. (2009), Al- Tripathi Yuksel et al. Siddique (2014), Slag Abdullahi physical
Aksoy (2012), Singh Gnanavel Jabri et al. (2009), et al. (2007), Yuksel et al. (2007), Panda et al. (2010) properties of
(2012), Singh and (2014), Al-Jabri et al. (2013)and Valcuende Bai et al. (2005), et al. and normal
Siddique (2012a), Qasrawi (2011), Wu et al. Morrison et al. (2015), Singh and Siddique (2013) Mohammed weight
Singh and Siddique et al. (2010), Ambily et al., Bilir (2012), (2014), Bilir (2012), et al. (2013) aggregate
(2012b), Etxeberria (2009) et al. (2015), 2003 Yuksel and Kim and Lee (2011), Materials for
et al. (2010), Siddique and Velumani and Genc (2007) Yuksel and Genc Concrete
et al. (2009) Chang- Nirmalkumar andYuksel (2007), Yuksel et al. Construction
Aggarwal and long et al., (2014)and Poovizhi et al. (2011) (2011)andShi-Cong (1999)
Siddique (2014) and 2008 and Kathirvel and Chi-Sun (2009)
Aggarwal and (2015)
Siddique (2014)
Specific gravity 2.18–2.61 3.0–3.19 3.40–3.91 3.69–3.88 2.08–2.45 1.39–1.93 2.72 2.0 2.3–2.9
Loose bulk density (kg/m3) 1160 2395 – – 1052 620 – 1122
Compacted Bulk Density (kg/m3) – – – – 1236 660 – –
Unit weight (kg/m3) 1520–1784 – – – – 948 – –
Density (kg/m3) – 3600 3900 – 2190 – –
Fineness Modulus 1.60–1.89 2.08 1.76–3.76 – 1.37–1.83 4.8 3.31 2.3–3.1
Water Absorption% 0.33–7.67 0.8–1.32 0.3–0.4 0.20–0.45 8.0–10.0 5.45–32.2 – 14.29–26.45 0–8
Moisture Content% 0.11 – 0.1 – – – – – 0–10
Materials finer than 75 lm (%) 1.08–24 – – – – – – –
Clay lumps and friable particles (%) 0.40–1.44 – – – 1 2.0–2.4 – –
Particle Grading Zone – – Zone–I – – Zone-I –
WFS – waste foundry sand, C.slag – copper slag, ISF slag – imperial smelting furnace slag, GBF slag – granulated blast furnace slag, B.ash –bottom ash, FeCr slag: ferrochrome slag, POC – palm oil
clinker.
Table 3
Chemical composition of different industrial wastes used as fine aggregate.
Component WFS (Prabhu et al. (2014), Steel slag Copper slag Al-Jabri ISF slag GBF slag Yuksel Bottom ash Aggarwal and FeCr Slag Class F POC
Khatib et al. (2013), Basar Qasrawi et al. et al. (2009), Al-Jabri Tripathi et al. et al. (2006), Yuksel Siddique (2014), Yuksel et al. Panda et al. fly ash Ahmmad
and Aksoy (2012); Singh (2009), et al. (2009), Al-Jabri (2013) et al. (2007), (2007), Bai et al. (2005), Singh (2013) (Siddique et al.
(2012), Etxeberria et al. Chang-long et al. (2011), Wu et al. andMorrison Valcuende et al. and Siddique (2014), Bilir (2003) (2014)
(2010); Siddique et al. et al. (2008) (2010), Ambily et al. et al., 2003 (2015), Bilir (2012), (2012), Yuksel and Genc
(2009) andAggarwal and andKothai (2015)andPoovizhi and Yuksel and Genc (2007) Yuksel et al. (2011)
Siddique (2014) and Malathy Kathirvel, 2015 (2007)andYuksel andShi-Cong and Chi-Sun,
(2014) et al., 2011 2009
SiO2 78.81–95.10 0.8–35 25.84–33.05 16.30–18.08 30.20–35.09 56.44–61.80 56.44–61.80 55.3 59.63
Al2O3 0.81–10.41 1.0–16.0 0.22–2.52 8.17 17.54 17.80–29.24 17.80–29.24 25.7 3.7
Fe2O3 0.94–5.39 97.05 53.45–68.29 34.28–38.33 0.7 6.56–13.00 6.56–13.00 5.3 4.62
CaO 0.14–1.88 0.40–52 0.15–6.06 11.98–17.91 37.80–39.50 0.75–3.25 0.75–3.25 5.6 8.16
MgO 0.30–1.97 0.4–11 1.56–1.65 1.93 5.50–7.50 0.40–3.20 0.40–3.20 2.1 5.01
SO3 0.03–0.84 – 0.11–1.89 10.26 0.70–1.90 0.02–0.82 – 1.4 0.73
K2O 0.25–1.14 – 0.23–0.81 0.71 0.3 1.08–2.12 – 0.6 11.66
Na2O 0.19–0.87 – 0.28–1.40 0.68 0.3 0.086–0.95 – 0.4 0.32
TiO2 0.04–0.22 0.01 0–0.41 – 0.68 0.88–0.95 – 1.3 0.22
Mn2O3 0.047 – 0.06–0.22 1.33 – – – – –
MnO – 1.07–8.0 – – 0.83 – – – –
Cr2O3 0.025–0.37 – – – – – – – –
NiO 0.005 – – – – – – – –
ZnO 0.018 – – 9.21–11.37 – – – – –
SrO 0.005 – – – – – – – –
CI 0.04–0.071 0.01-0.018 – – 0.01 – – -
IR – 14.88 6.28 – – – – –
CuO – 0.46–1.20 – - – – – –
P2O3 – – – 0.37 – – – –
P2O5 0.02–0.05 0.5–1.0 – – – 0.2 – – 5.37
PbO – – 1.22–7.39 – – – – –
Fe – 0.5–10.0 – – 0.7 13 – – –
Sulphide – 0–0.4 0.25 0.25–1.41 0.66 0.604 – – –
Sulphur
Loss on 1.32–6.93 – 6.59 5.68–6.59 1.08 0.89–5.80 – 1.9 –
ignition
WFS – waste foundry sand, ISF slag – imperial smelting furnace slag, GBF.slag – Granulated blast furnace slag, FeCr slag – ferrochrome slag, POC – palm oil clinker.
11
and 40 degrees, which is similar to that of ordinary sand. substances in the WFS, which are compelling in diminish-
Valcuende et al. (2015) have reported that Micro-Deval ing fresh concrete fluidity (Singh, 2012). Aggarwal and
index of blast furnace slag is 14. Siddique (2014) presented the results of an exploratory
examination into concrete produced with constant slump
4. Chemical properties 30 mm by replacing natural sand with WFS and bottom
ash which gave an idea about the increase in water demand
Chemical constitution of the industrial wastes relies on due to increase in substitution of sand with WFS and bot-
the kind of metal, sort of combustible utilised, which has tom ash.
been mentioned in Table 3. WFS are rich in silica content
and covered with a slim film of burnt carbon, remaining 5.1.2. Copper slag
binder (resins/chemicals, bentonite, sea coal,) and dust The workability of copper slag was evaluated by Al-
(Singh, 2012). Copper slag contains Fe2O3 which is about Jabri et al. (2009) and described that the workability of
53.45% (Al-Jabri et al., 2011), whereas ISF slag consists concrete increases altogether with the increment of copper
of Fe2O3 which is 38.33% (Morrison et al., 2003). The slag content in concrete mixes. Slump was measured to be
chemical constitution of bottom ash differs based upon 28 mm for reference mix, whereas for concrete with 100%
type of coal used and the process of burning. Bottom ash copper slag, slump was 150 mm. Wu et al. (2010) inferred
is basically made out of silica, iron and alumina with little that that addition of copper slag enhances the workability
quantity of magnesium, calcium, and sulphate etc. of the concrete mix, because of the smooth polished surface
(Siddique, 2014). The chemical constituent of steel slag dif- composition and low moisture soaking up characteristic of
fers with furnace type, grade of steel and pre-treatment the copper slag.
process. The steel slag mainly consists of SiO2, CaO,
Fe2O3, Al2O3, MgO, MnO, P2O5 (Yi et al., 2012). The 5.1.3. Steel slag
main chemical constituent of blast furnace slag is CaO The slump decreases as the substitution rate level
which is 56.10%. Siddique (2003) has determined the chem- increases which was found by Devi and Gnanavel (2014)
ical constitution of class F fly ash, as indicated by ASTM C using the steel slag as a substitution of sand. The greater
311 (2013) and found primary constituent silicon dioxide rate of substitution of sand by steel slag makes the worka-
55.3% and aluminium oxide 25.7%. The Palm oil clinker bility of concrete less. Qasrawi et al. (2009) reported that
is mainly consist SiO2 and K2O (Ahmmad et al., 2014). concrete in which sand supplanted by steel slag has been
classified as medium workability up to replacement level
5. Fresh properties of concrete 50%. The mixes consisting 100% slag were sticky instead
dry. It was presumed that the loss of workability is because
5.1. Slump test of two variables, the increment of fines and the increment
of angularity.
Consistency of fresh concrete is a mix property which
incorporates the different necessities of stability, mobility, 5.1.4. Granulated blast furnace slag
compatibility, finishability and placeability (Aggarwal Yuksel and Genc (2007) reported that increase in slump
and Siddique, 2014). Slump test is used extensively in site value was noticed while the replacement ratio increased for
work all over the world. Suggested ranges for low worka- granulated blast furnace slag. For reference concrete the
bility, medium workability and high workability of con- measured slump was 60 mm though for 50% replacement
crete, the slump value are 25 mm–75 mm, 50 mm–100 mm of granulated blast furnace slag, the measured slump was
and 100 mm–150 mm, respectively (IS 456, 2000). Various 100 mm.
researchers who carried out the slump test using different
industrial waste materials in concrete are explained below. 5.1.5. ISF slag
According to Tripathi et al. (2013) fresh concrete with
5.1.1. Waste foundry sand sand substitutions over 50% by ISF Slag, appeared harsh,
Prabhu et al. (2014) investigated that the slump value without adequate paste, hard to close-pack, and had a gen-
was decreased when the partial substitution of WFS erally uneven finished surface. This was a consequence of
increased in constant water-cement ratio 0.44. However, lacking fines and surface qualities of ISFS particles, which
they concluded that the impact of foundry sand on worka- get to be apparent particularly at higher replacement levels.
bility was not significant with the substitution rate up to
10% and the slump value of mixtures was equal to control 5.1.6. Bottom ash
mix. Siddique et al. (2009) studied the impact of WFS on The particle size of bottom ash is generally smaller
the slump of concrete. Normal sand was partly supplanted (75 lm) than sand. The utilisation of bottom ash (BA) as
with 0%, 10%, 20% and 30% WFS with a constant water- replacement of sand in concrete increases the quantity of
cement ratio 0.50. It was noticed that slump of WFS con- fines and uneven textured, irregular shaped and permeable
crete decreases as the replacement ratio increases. This may particle, in this way increasing the internal particles fric-
be most likely because of the presence of clayey type fine tion. These properties enhance the water demand and
Table 4
Fresh concrete and Mechanical properties of concrete using industrial waste as a fine aggregate replacement.
Author Industrial waste W/C % Replacement Slump in Compressive Split Tensile Flexural
mm/CF Strength* Strength* strength*
Prabhu et al. (2014) WFS 0.44 0 115 33.14 2.77 4.09
10 113 33.24 2.61 3.99
20 101 32.58 2.6 3.99
30 93 31.24 2.51 3.88
40 77 29.48 2.31 3.69
50 63 25.23 2.21 3.66
Aggarwal and Siddique (2014) WFS + BA 0.5 0 30 36.27 2.08 4.44
0.52 5 + 5 = 10 30 29.02 1.8 4.1
0.53 10 + 10 = 20 30 29.63 2.05 4
0.55 15 + 15 = 30 30 31.81 2.46 4.34
0.58 20 + 20 = 40 30 29.95 2.35 3.87
0.61 25 + 25 = 50 30 30.53 2.25 3.95
0.68 30 + 30 = 60 30 21.08 1.45 3.6
Devi and Gnanavel (2014) Steel slag 0.55 0 35 20.67 2.26 1.72
10 28 19.56 – –
20 23 20.1 – –
30 18 20.78 – –
40 13 28.3 2.47 6.8
50 11 19.32 – –
Al-Jabri et al. (2011) Copper slag 0.35 0 65.5 45 3 7.7
10 80 46 3.5 7.2
20 80 47 3.7 7.2
40 110 47.1 3.8 6.5
50 130 47 4.1 7.3
Meenakshi and Ilangovan (2011) CS + FS 0.5 0 20 25.2 4.05 –
10 + 10 = 20 32 38.6 6.3 –
20 + 20 = 40 46 39.9 7.3 –
30 + 30 = 60 54 40.1 7.8 –
Tripathi et al. (2013) ISF slag 0.4 0 0.93 48.25 – 6.48
10 0.93 54 – 6.19
20 0.92 52.7 – 6.46
30 0.92 55.46 – 6.44
40 0.92 56.17 – 6.26
50 0.94 51.5 – 6.9
60 0.92 51.28 – 6.92
70 0.9 50.74 – 4.94
Yuksel and Genc (2007) GBF slag 0.477 0 60 46.5 3.3 4.71
10 80 45.63 3.23 5.22
20 90 42.4 3.2 –
30 110 41.7 3 4.5
40 100 41.7 2.76 –
50 120 36.1 2.3 4.5
Yuksel and Genc (2007) Bottom ash 0.477 0 60 46.5 3.3 4.71
10 80 38.81 3.28 3.7
20 90 35.38 2.93 –
30 80 37.15 2.68 3.66
40 70 35.3 2.26 –
50 50 35.6 2.11 3.72
Yuksel and Genc (2007) GBFS + BA 0.477 0 60 46.5 – –
5 + 5 = 10 80 37.6 – –
10 + 10 = 20 90 33.6 – –
15 + 15 = 30 90 33 – –
20 + 20 = 40 80 31.33 – –
25 + 25 = 50 70 31.25 – –
Panda et al. (2013) FeCr slag 0.5 0 48–60 30.5 – –
20 48–60 29.4 – –
40 48–60 29.6 – –
60 48–60 29.8 – –
80 48–60 30.1 – –
100 48–60 30 – –
(continued on next page)
Table 4 (continued)
Author Industrial waste W/C % Replacement Slump in Compressive Split Tensile Flexural
mm/CF Strength* Strength* strength*
Siddique (2003) Cl. F fly ash 0.47 0 100 26.4 3 3.7
0.48 10 90 28.2 3.1 4.0
0.49 20 65 30.8 3.2 4.2
0.49 30 40 34.9 3.4 4.4
0.49 40 30 38.9 3.5 4.4
0.5 50 20 40 3.54 4.3
ESA (0000) POC – 0 – 30 – 6.17
– 5 – 33.06 – 7.9
– 10 – 35.27 – 8.22
CF: compaction factor, CS – copper slag, FS – ferrous Slag, BA – bottom ash, POC – palm oil clinker, FeCr – ferrochrome slag.
*
Strength are measured after 28 days of curing in Mpa.
reduce the workability (Siddique, 2014). The slump values class F type fly ash. For reference concrete the measured
which were found by Yuksel and Genc (2007) using the fur- slump was 100 mm for W.C. ratio 0.47 whereas for 50%
nace bottom ash as a substitution material are recorded in replacement of class F type fly ash measured slump was
Table 4. Replacement caused an increase in slump value up 20 mm at W.C. ratio 0.50.
to 20% replacement beyond that slump values were
decreased. Shi-Cong and Chi-Sun (2009) investigated that 5.1.9. Palm oil clinker
at the fixed W.C. ratio, the slump of the furnace bottom Ahmmad et al. (2014) have reported that a decrease in
ash replaced concrete was increased with an increment in slump value was observed when replacement ratio
the percentage of furnace bottom ash substitution. This increased by palm oil clinker fine aggregate. Slump of con-
was because of furnace bottom ash had higher absorption trol concrete was found to be 196 mm, where slump of the
value than that of normal sand resulting more free water concrete in which coarse aggregates were fully replaced by
available and make the fresh concrete fluidity. Bai et al. oil palm shell and natural sand substituted 50% by palm oil
(2005) had done the analysis with fixed water cement ratio clinker fine aggregate was 83 mm.
and constant slump. They concluded that without changing So from the above discussion and Fig. 6, it can be con-
water cement ratio, the slump was increased with the incre- cluded that steel slag concrete, WFS slag concrete, class F
ment of the FBA and in constant slump range, the incre- fly ash concrete, and palm oil clinker concrete show low
ment of the FBA; there was an abatement of free water workability whereas a slump value increases with replace-
content. Kim and Lee (2011) explained that the slump val- ment ratio increases in copper slag and GBF slag concrete,
ues were not changed as the bottom ash substitution pro- but in case of bottom ash concrete the slump value
portion was increased. FBA consumed a lesser quantity increases up to 20% replacement and beyond that it
of cement paste and water on the surface of the particle decreases.
because of its lower porosity and water absorption.
5.2. Compaction factor test
5.1.7. Ferrochrome slag
Panda et al. (2013) found that the substitution of fer- The compaction factor test is in light of the definition,
rochrome slag as more or less exhibit comparative results that workability of the concrete is that property that deci-
as that with normal sand i.e. within the range 48 mm– des the quantity of work needed to create full compaction.
60 mm. The test comprises basically of applying a standard mea-
sure of work to the standard amount of concrete and mea-
5.1.8. Class F fly ash suring the subsequent compaction. The compaction factor
Siddique (2003) reported that a decrease in slump value of concrete in which fine aggregate is replaced by fer-
was observed while the replacement ratio increased for rochrome slag found by Panda et al. (2013) is 0.88 and
240
WFS (Prabhu et al.,2014)
200
Steel Slag (Devi and Gnanavel, 2014)
Slump in mm
160
C. Slag (Al-jabri et al. ,2011)
120
Class F fly ash (Siddique,2003)
80
POC (Ahmmad et al.,2014)
40
B.Ash [53]
0 GBFS [53]
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Industrial Waste Replacement (%)
Figure 6. Slump of different industrial waste concretes.
0.92 showing midway workability for concrete items. 7. Density of concrete

Aggarwal and Siddique (2014) investigated with constant
compaction factor 0.78–0.83 by replacing natural sand with Concrete’s compressive strength primarily relies on the
WFS and bottom ash presented the results that increase in workability of concrete. The poor workability of the con-
water demand with increase in supplanting of sand with crete diminishes the compaction of the concrete and
waste foundry sand and bottom ash. increases the porosity of the concrete. The increase in
porosity decreases the density of the concrete and leads
to a reduction in compressive strength. That’s why density
5.3. Air content
is one of the most prime variables to consider in the design
of concrete structure.
Siddique et al. (2009) found the air content between
4.2% and 4.5% in concrete in which natural sand is
7.1. Waste foundry sand
replaced by three percentages (10%, 20%, 30%) of used
foundry sand. Singh and Siddique (2012b) found the same
air content like Siddique et al. (2009) between 4.2% and Prabhu et al. (2014) reported that the density of concrete
4.5% in concrete in which natural sand is replaced by four in hardened stage decreases as the percentage of replace-
ment of foundry sand increases. According to them many
rates (5%, 10%, 15%, 20%) of waste foundry sand, whereas
foundries still are using clay, sawdust and wood flour as
Aggarwal and Siddique (2014) found it in the range of 2.1–
a binding material to form the moulds. The presence of
3.4% in concrete in which natural sand is replaced by waste
those particles reduces the specific density of the material,
foundry sand and bottom ash. In fresh concrete, the air
and also decreases the density of the concrete by creating
content of class F fly ash concrete is lower than that of nor-
air voids in the concrete. But according to Siddique et al.
mal weight concrete. The air content is 3.2%, 3.8%, 4.0%
for 50%, 40%, 30% class F fly ash concrete respectively in (2009) density of fresh concrete of control mix was almost
comparison to the control concrete air content 5.2% equal to the density of concrete in which sand was substi-
tuted by foundry sand from 10% to 30%.
(Siddique, 2003).
7.2. Steel slag
6. Leaching test
Qasrawi et al. (2009) reported that the utilisation of steel
The general objective of the leaching tests is to quantify slag in concrete, density of concrete was increased because
the mobility of chemical species present in waste or waste it supplanted sand which has a lesser specific gravity. How-
based materials in a given leachant. In other words leach- ever the increment in the density is little and considered as
ing test is a test during which a material is put into con- normal-density concrete.
tact with a leachant and some constituents of the material
are extracted. Basar and Aksoy (2012) have reported that 7.3. Copper slag
there was an increase in total organic carbon value with
the addition of waste foundry sand, but TOC values were Al-Jabri et al. (2009) reported that, there is merely incre-
still under points of confinement characterised as EULFD ment in the density of the concrete with copper slag
class-III. Tripathi et al. (2013) observed that leaching of replacement increases, which is ascribed to the high specific
lead and cadmium from the concrete in which 70% natu- gravity of copper slag. This perception is in accordance
ral sand supplanted by ISF slag were within acceptable with comparative perception from different studies
limit 5 and 1 ppm respectively but these limits in the case (Poovizhi and Kathirvel, 2015), where it has been stated
of raw ISFS were higher. Morrison et al. (2003) worked to that density of concrete was increased as the rate of substi-
focus the levels of lead and zinc discharged from the ISF tution of sand by copper slag increases.
slag in different solutions. They had concluded that leach-
ing of metal ions from the ISF slag could be controlled by 7.4. ISF slag
utilisation of pulverized fuel ash and GBF slag. Panda
et al. (2013) performed short tank leaching test on con- Morrison et al. (2003) noted that density of concrete
crete specimen having a disparate percentage of fer- increases when ISF slag was added as sand substitution
rochrome slag as fine aggregate and sand with normal because of high specific gravity of ISF slags. The other
distiled water with pH value 6.68 and with toxicity char- researchers like Tripathi et al. (2013) have also confirmed
acteristic leaching procedure extraction liquid pH 2.88. that the density of concrete was increased as the percentage
They concluded that chromium leaching study results of replacement of sand by ISF slag increases.
exhibited low level leaching, Cr (VI) and total chromium
limitations are within the Indian regulatory discharge 7.5. Bottom ash
standard and USEPA. According to them blast furnace
slag based Portland cement is best in disabling Cr (III) Kim and Lee (2011) noticed that the densities of
as well as Cr (VI). concrete in hardened stage linearly diminished as the
substitution proportion of bottom ash were increased. containing foundry sand up to 20% replacement was rela-
They found density was less than 2000 Kg/m3, when tively close to the strength of control mix, but beyond
100% natural sand was supplanted by bottom ash. 20% replacement concrete mixtures showed lower strength
than control mix. It is due to the fineness of foundry sand
7.6. Class F type fly ash decreases the workability of concrete and decreases the
compressive strength of concrete as a result. Basar and
Siddique (2003) reported that the fresh concrete density Aksoy (2012) reported that increased proportions of
is almost similar to control mix up to replacement level replaced waste foundry sand in concrete result in a dimin-
50%. They found fresh density of concrete in which fine ishment in compressive strength because of the higher sur-
aggregate is replaced 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50% by face area of fine molecules which prompted the decrease in
class F type fly ash were 2310, 2314, 2314, 2316 and the water cement gel in concrete matrix; henceforth no
2319 kg/m3, respectively in comparison to control concrete helpful tying of aggregates with cement paste can be com-
fresh density 2308 kg/m3. pleted. Singh and Siddique (2012a) stated that higher com-
pressive strength of waste foundry sand concrete mixes was
7.7. Palm oil clinker achieved than reference concrete mix. According to them,
compressive strength of reference mix was 40 MPa at
Ahmmad et al. (2014) have stated that density control 28 days, where concrete mix with fine aggregate supplanted
concrete was 2342 kg/m3, where the density of the concrete 15% by WFS, found 17% increment in compressive
in which coarse aggregate fully replaced by oil palm shell strength than control concrete. Salokhe and Desai (2009)
and natural sand substituted 25%, 37.5% and 50% by palm carried out their test by supplanting sand with waste foun-
oil clinker fine aggregate were 1913, 1902 and 1889 kg/m3, dry sand from ferrous and non-ferrous casting industry.
respectively. Concrete made with ferrous waste foundry sand displayed
From this review it can be observed that in cases like lesser compressive strength than reference concrete for 10%
copper slag, steel slag and ISF slag density of concrete and 20% substitution rate and it was verging on equivalent
increases with inclusion of replacing industrial waste mate- to that of control blend for 30% substitution level. Though,
rials, density of class F type fly ash concrete and waste the compressive strength of concrete in which 10% non-
foundry sand concrete is almost similar with that of control ferrous waste foundry sand were incorporated showed
concrete, but the concrete in which sand was replaced by practically equivalent value as that of reference concrete
bottom ash and palm oil clinker, the density of concrete and continues diminishing for 20% and 30% substitution
decreases. It is observed that densities of all concrete spec- level. Aggarwal and Siddique (2014) reported that
imens, where natural sand was replaced by different indus- there was a decline in compressive strength of concrete
trial wastes were within the range of 2000–2600 kg/m3 mixes with the incorporation of waste foundry sand and
which are valid for normal concrete class (Basar and bottom ash as substitution in equal percentage of fine
Aksoy, 2012). The densities of palm oil clinker concrete aggregate.
were ranging from 1360 to 1920 kg/m3 which agree with
the limits specified for light weight aggregate concrete 8.1.1.1. Fungal treated waste foundry sand
(Materials for Concrete Construction, 1999). Kaur et al. (2012) reported that at 28 days of curing, the
reference concrete mix achieved a compressive strength of
8. Hardened concrete properties 33.10 N/mm2, while 10%, 15% and 20% untreated WFS
in concrete achieved a compressive strength of 33.76 N/
8.1. Compressive strength mm2, 29.30 N/mm2 and 27.80 N/mm2 individually. There
is a negligible decline in compressive strength when sand
Out of numerous tests connected to the concrete, com- is substituted partially by the WFS. In the event of sand
pressive strength test is the extreme vital which gives a substituted by fungal treated WFS demonstrates superior
thought regarding all the qualities of concrete. Conducting compressive strength which is even if more than control
this particular test one can determine whether concrete mix.
work has been done legitimately or not. All other mechan-
ical parameters directly depend on the compressive 8.1.2. Steel slag
strength of the concrete. Selected compressive strength val- Devi and Gnanavel (2014) have reported that there is an
ues of concrete after 28 days of curing examined by differ- increment in compressive strength of concrete by 27.04% in
ent researchers in which fine aggregate fully or partially is which sand was supplanted by 40% steel slag. Qasrawi
replaced by different industrial wastes are listed in Table 4. et al. (2009) had concluded that improvement of compres-
sive strength was achieved when fine aggregates were
8.1.1. Waste foundry sand replaced by steel slag between 15% and 30%, beyond the
Prabhu et al. (2014) reported that even though no mar- 30% replacement level concrete mix exhibits lower com-
ginal improvement in compressive strength was observed in pressive strength than the reference concrete mix at the
foundry sand replaced concrete, the concrete mixture age of 28 days, 90 days and 180 days.
8.1.3. Copper slag 8.1.6. Bottom ash

Al-Jabri et al. (2009) have stated that the compressive Bai et al. (2005) examined the compressive strength of
strength of concrete is marginally more as copper slag furnace bottom ash concrete by taking four different mix
replacement increments up to 50% after that the compres- proportions with a constant WC ratio of 0.45 and at fixed
sive strength was decreased notably because of increase in slump, resulted that the compressive strength diminished
the free water which is excess than the needed for cement with increment of furnace bottom ash in constant water
paste hydration. Al-Jabri et al. (2009) the same researcher cement ratio at all ages. However, at the constant slump
also carried out the test by adopting fixed slump in the con- the compressive strength of the furnace BA concrete was
crete by diminishing the water content as copper slag similar to that of the control concrete at all the ages.
replacement amount increased. The maximum compressive Singh and Siddique (2014) reported that they found the
strength was achieved by a concrete mix in 28-day with seven day compressive strength of BA concrete diminished
100% substitution of copper slag which was 107.4 N/mm2 with the increment in replacement level. With the advance-
though the compressive strength for the reference concrete ment of age, the compressive strength of BA concrete mix-
was 88.1 N/mm2. This proposes that there was around 22% ture increased at a faster rate. Bottom ash concrete
enhancement in the compressive strength of concrete in mixtures at 28 days of curing, achieved compressive
which fixed slump was kept (Al-Jabri et al., 2009). strength comparable to that of control concrete mixture.
Poovizhi and Kathirvel (2015) have also concluded that At 90 days of curing, the compressive strength of bottom
there was maximum increment of compressive strength ash replaced by 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 75% in concrete mix-
when 40% normal sand substituted by copper slag. tures was 5.27%, 12.29%, 6.30%, 6.93%, 2.67% and 2.06%,
respectively higher than that of control concrete. At
8.1.3. ISF slag 365 days of curing, bottom ash concrete mixtures with
Tripathi et al. (2013) have reported that the compressive 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 75% replaced level gained compres-
strength of the reference control concrete with W.C sive strength 33.69%, 31.69%, 35.87%, 31.84%, 37.04%
ratio 0.55, 0.50, 0.45, and 0.40 were 41.70, 43.83, 45.77, and 37.96%, respectively over their 28 day compressive
and 48.20 N/mm2 individually. For elevated W.C ratio strength as compared to 30.02% gained by control con-
0.55 compressive strength was diminishing with an incre- crete. Shi-Cong and Chi-Sun (2009) also found the same
ment in ISF slag, although this decline was not significant result as Bai et al. (2005) that the compressive strength
for sand substitutions up to 60%. The strength of ISF diminished with increment of furnace bottom ash in con-
slag concrete mixes with W.C ratio 0.45 was like the stant water cement ratio at all ages attributed to high initial
control mix, while the strength of 0.40 W.C ratio ISF slag free water content. However, at the constant slump, fur-
concrete was pretty nearly 5–16% more than the reference nace bottom ash concrete compressive strength at all the
mix. ages was higher than the control concrete.
8.1.5. Blast furnace slag 8.1.7. Ferrochrome slag

Yuksel et al. (2006) have reported that the compressive Panda et al. (2013) found that there is no significant
strength of blast furnace slag concrete is diminishing when change in compressive strength with the increment in slag
the rate of replacement increases. They achieved the com- percentage. At 100% substitution of slag, there is no signif-
pressive strength of control mix 15.47 MPa and icant change in compressive strength as compared with
14.83 MPa at 25%, 12.24 MPa at 50%, 10.92 MPa at cubes with river sand as fine aggregate.
75%, 9.66 MPa at 100% by inclusion of blast furnace slag
in concrete. Valcuende et al. (2015) have concluded that 8.1.8. Class F fly ash
at early ages, the concrete in which fine aggregate replaced Siddique (2003) examined the compressive strength of
by blast furnace slag show similar compressive strength to class F fly ash concrete by taking six different mix propor-
the reference concrete. However, at 365 days due to slag tions with a water cement ratio of 0.47, 0.48, 0.49, 0.49,
reactivity, the higher the quantity of sand replaced by 0.49, 0.50, respectively and resulted that strength achieved
slag the higher the concrete’s compressive strength tends at 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50%, were 26.4 MPa,
to be. 28.2 MPa, 30.8 MPa, 34.9 MPa, 38.9 MPa, 40 MPa,
3000
WFS (Siddique et al.,2009)
2800
Density in Kg/m3

2600 Class F fly ash (Siddique,2003)
2400 ISF Slag (Morrison et al.,2003)
2200 Bottom Ash (Siddique et al.,2014)

Copper Slag (Wu et al. ,2010)
2000
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Figure 7. Density of different industrial waste concretes.
respectively and concluded that compressive strength (Basar and Aksoy, 2012). Selected splitting tensile strength
increases by increasing the rate of replacement of class F of industrial waste concretes is shown in Table 4.
fly ash (see Fig. 7).
8.2.1. Waste foundry sand
Prabhu et al. (2014) have reported that the tensile
8.1.9. Palm oil clinker
strength of the concrete diminishes with the increment in
Wahab et al. (2015) have reported that the compressive
the foundry sand substitution rate, however the tensile
strength of palm oil clinker concrete is increasing when the
strength values of the mixtures with the replacement rate
rate of replacement increases. They achieved the compres-
of 20%, are roughly equal to the strength of reference con-
sive strength of control mix at 28 days of curing was
crete. At 28 days of curing, compared to control mix the
30.0 MPa, where the compressive strength for 5% and
decrease in tensile strength of the concrete mixtures with
10% replacement of natural sand by palm oil clinker fine
10%, 20% and 30% replaced by foundry sand was 4.53%,
aggregate in concrete was 33.06 MPa and 35.27 MPa,
6.03% and 7.08%, respectively. They also proposed a rela-
respectively.
tion between split tensile strength and compressive strength
Figs. 8 and 9 show the comparison of compressive
and calculated split tensile strength from the Eq. (1)
strength of different industrial waste concretes in which
Class F fly ash concrete, Copper slag concrete and ISF slag f st ¼ 0:85ðf ck Þ0:315 ð1Þ
concrete up to 50 percentages of replacement, steel slag up
to 40% replacement and palm oil clinker up to 10% replace- where, fst = Split tensile strength, fck = Compressive
ment gives the more strength than control concrete. Waste strength. Basar and Aksoy (2012) concluded that there is
foundry sand can be replaced up to 20% without affecting a systematic decrease in the splitting tensile strength of con-
any effect on strength crete as waste foundry sand replacement increases. Compa-
rable results were reported by Salokhe and Desai (2009)
that splitting tensile strength decreased with incorporation
8.2. Splitting tensile strength of waste foundry sand in concrete increases. They found
splitting tensile strength of control mix was 3.3 MPa at
The splitting tensile strength is a well known derivative 28 days. There was decline in strength to 1.87 MPa for
test used for determining the tensile strength of concrete. 10%, 2.85 MPa for 20%, 2.71 MPa for 30% replaced by fer-
Tensile strength is amongst the most imperative essential rous foundry sand and 2.08 MPa for 10% 2.64 MPa for
properties of concrete. An exact expectation of tensile 20%, 2.08 MPa for 30% replaced by non-ferrous foundry
strength of concrete will assist in reducing cracking prob- sand respectively. But results of Singh and Siddique
lems, enhance shear strength forecast and minimise the fail- (2012a) were not in similar trend to those of Prabhu
ure of concrete in tension (Singh, 2012). Splitting tensile et al. (2014), Basar and Aksoy (2012), Salokhe and Desai
strength is about 9–10% of the compressive strength (2009) that with increment of foundry sand replacement
60
50
Strength in MPa
40
30
20
10
0
WFS (Prabhu WFS+BA ISF Slag F fly Ash GBF Slag Bottom Ash GBFS+FBA Steel Slag Copper Slag FeCr Slag POC
et al. , 2014) Aggarwal (Tripathi et Siddique Yuksel and Yuksel and Yuksel and Kothai and Poovizhi and (Panda et al. , (Wahab et al.
and Siddique al. , 2013) (2003) Genc (2007) Genc (2007) Genc(2007) Malathy Kathirvel 2013) , 2015)
(2014) (2014) (2015)
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50%
Figure 8. Compressive strength of different industrial waste concretes.
Figure 9. Compressive strength ratio, different industrial waste concretes/ control concretes.
in concrete, splitting tensile strength was diminished. Singh 3.6 MPa, 3.6 MPa in concrete mix where fine aggregates
and Siddique (2012a) found splitting tensile strength of were replaced by 10%, 20%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 80% copper
control mixture at 28 days was 4.23 MPa. It was increased slag respectively. Wu et al. (2010) found splitting tensile
by 3.55%, 8.27%, 10.40% and 6.38% in which sand was strength 9.6 MPa in concrete mix where fine aggregates
replaced 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% by waste foundry sand, were replaced by 40% with copper slag and found less split-
respectively than control mix (Singh and Siddique, ting tensile strength in concrete mix where fine aggregates
2012a). Etxeberria et al. (2010) found higher splitting ten- were replaced by 20%, 60%, 80%, 100%, respectively in
sile strength 3.0 MPa and 2.7 MPa in concrete mix where comparison with control mix splitting tensile strength
fine aggregates are replaced by chemically foundry sand 9.3 MPa. Similar results reported by Velumani and
and green foundry sand respectively in comparison with Nirmalkumar (2014) like Wu et al. (2010) state that split
control mix splitting tensile strength 2.4 MPa. Aggarwal tensile strength of concrete with 40% surrogating fine
and Siddique (2014) reported that in 28 day curing, there aggregate by copper slag has the maximum split tensile
was decrease in 13.46%, 1.44% and 30.29% in split tensile strength and it was 7.25 N/mm2 where split tensile strength
strength for mixes in which the sand replaced level was of conventional concrete was 4.89 N/mm2.
10%, 20%, 60% by foundry waste sand and bottom ash
equally and it was observed with an increase in 18.27%, 8.2.4. Blast furnace slag
12.98%, and 8.17% for the mixes in which sand replaced Yuksel and Genc (2007) observed that the split tensile
level was 30%, 40%, 50% in comparison to the reference strength diminishes as the rate increments for granulated
mix. blast furnace slag replacements and no distinction in the
split tensile strength was seen up to a 10% substitution.
8.2.2. Steel slag For the granulated blast furnace slag substitution up to
Devi and Gnanavel (2014) have found split tensile 30%, the decrease in the split tensile strengths is 12%.
strength of control mix was 2.26 MPa and 2.47 MPa for
concrete mix in which fine aggregate replaced by 40% steel 8.2.5. Bottom ash
slag which is 9.29% higher than the control mix. Yuksel and Genc (2007) found that the split tensile
strength diminishes as the rate for furnace bottom ash sub-
8.2.3. Copper slag stitutions increases. They concluded that no distinction in
Al-Jabri et al. (2009) found higher splitting tensile the split strength was seen up to a 10% substitution and
strength 6.2 MPa, 6.1 MPa and 6.1 MPa in concrete mix beyond that the reductions in the values of split strength
where fine aggregates replaced by 20%, 40%, and 50% with for the furnace bottom ash substitutions were much higher.
copper slag and found lesser splitting tensile strength For 50% furnace bottom ash replacement split tensile
5.2 MPa, 4.8 MPa, 4.7 MPa, 4.4 MPa in concrete mix strength was obtained 58% less than the control mix.
where fine aggregates are replaced by 10%, 60%, 80%,
100%, respectively in comparison with control mix splitting 8.2.6. Class F fly ash
tensile strength 5.4 MPa. They stated that for design pur- Siddique (2003) concluded from his research that the
pose the tensile strength can be experientially taken as split tensile strength of class F fly ash concrete increases
pffiffiffiffiffiffi by increasing the percentage of replacement of class F fly
f st ¼ 0:45 f cu ð2Þ
ash. The split tensile strength accomplished in 28 days of
where fst and fcu are tensile and compressive strength at curing at 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50%, replaced by
28 days, respectively. Al-Jabri et al. (2011) have stated class F fly ash were 3.0 MPa, 3.1 MPa, 3.2 MPa,
there was an increase in split tensile strength with incorpo- 3.4 MPa, 3.5 MPa, 3.5 MPa, respectively.
ration of copper slag in concrete mix up to 80%. They Figs. 10 and 11 show the comparison of Split tensile
found splitting tensile strength of reference nix at 28 days strength of different industrial waste concretes in which
was 3.0 MPa and 3.5 MPa, 3.7 MPa, 3.8 MPa, 4.1 MPa, WFS + BA concrete, class F fly ash concrete and copper
4
Strength in MPa
0
WFS (Prabhu et WFS+BA Aggarwal F fly Ash Siddique GBF Slag Yuksel Boom Ash Steel Slag Kothai Copper Slag
al.,2014) and Siddique (2003) and Genc (2007) Yuksel and Genc and Malathy Poovizhi and
(2014) (2007) (2014) Kathirvel (2015)
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50%
Figure 10. Split tensile strength of different industrial waste concretes.
Figure 11. Split Tensile strength ratio, different industrial waste concretes/control concretes.
slag concrete give more strength than control concrete up of concrete increments by increasing the percentage of sub-
to 50 percentages of replacement and steel slag up to stitution of sand by steel slag in all ages. At 50% steel slag
50% replacement shows similar strength like control replacement, the flexural tensile strength of concrete
concrete. achieve highest value beyond that though flexural tensile
strength were higher than control mix, but less than the
8.3. Flexural strength strength achieved at 50% replacement in all ages of curing.
Flexural strength is a measure to resist failure in bending 8.3.3. Copper slag

of an unreinforced concrete beam or slab. Modulus of rup- Al-Jabri et al. (2009) stated that flexural strength dimin-
ture or flexural Strength of concrete is about 10–20 percent ishes with increment of copper slag replacement ratio in
of the compressive strength. Flexural strength of different concrete. They found flexural strength of control mix was
industrial waste concretes is listed in Table 4. 14.6 MPa and 13.0 MPa, 12.4 MPa, 12.5 MPa, 12.9 MPa,
11.1 MPa 10.3 MPa, 10.1 MPa in concrete mix where fine
8.3.1. Waste foundry sand aggregates replaced by 10%, 20%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 80%,
Prabhu et al. (2014) reported that like compressive 100% respectively. Al-Jabri et al. (2011) have also got sim-
strength, the flexural strength of the concrete mixtures up ilar results that flexural strength diminishes with increment
to a 20% substitution rate was comparatively equal to the of copper slag substitution ratio in concrete. Wu et al.
flexural strength of the reference concrete mix beyond that (2010) investigated the effect of copper slag as a substitute
the flexural strength of the concrete started to decrease sig- for fine aggregate on the flexural strength and found that
nificantly. The flexural strength of the control mixture was the flexural strength diminishes with increment of copper
4.087 N/mm2 at the age of 28 days, whereas the mixtures in slag presence in concrete, but at 40% copper slag substitu-
which replacement level were 10%, 20% and 30% by waste tion level flexural strength was achieved on 9.58 MPa
foundry sand achieved strengths of 3.986, 3.988 and which is 3% more than the control mix flexural strength
3.879 N/mm2 respectively, which were only 2.47%, 2.42% 9.30 Mpa.
and 5.08%, respectively lower than the strength of control
mix. They suggested an Eq. (3) to estimate the flexural 8.3.4. ISF slag
strength of the concrete from the compressive strength. Tripathi et al. (2013) have chosen four water cement
pffiffiffiffiffiffi ratio (0.55, 0.50, 0.45 and 0.40) to study flexural strength
f ft ¼ 0:70 f ck ð3Þ
of concrete where ISF slag incorporated as sand. The flex-
where, fft is the flexural strength and fck is the compressive ural strength of all concrete mix up to 60% ISF slag were
strength. Siddique et al. (2009) explained in their research similar with or somewhat higher than strength of the refer-
that flexural strength is increased marginally with increase ence concrete at all water cement ratio, beyond 60%
in foundry sand content in concrete. Aggarwal and replacement, the flexural strength of ISFS mixtures at all
Siddique (2014) reported that in 28 day curing, there was water cement ratio decreases in all ages of curing.
a decrease in flexural strength 7.66%, 9.91%, 2.25%,
12.84%, 11.04% and 18.91% in concrete mix where the fine 8.3.5. Blast furnace slag
aggregate replaced by both equally waste foundry sand and Yuksel et al. (2006) have designed two types of concrete
bottom ash 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60% in comparison mixes where in one concrete mix sand was used 0–7 mm
with control mix flexural strength 4.44 MPa. and in another mix with fine aggregates in 0–3 mm and
0–7 mm sizes were used. The fine aggregate was replaced
8.3.2. Steel slag by blast furnace slag in five percentages which are 0%,
Devi and Gnanavel (2014) found that the flexural 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% in both groups. They concluded
strength increased by 74.2% for 40% fine aggregate substi- that the flexural strength of concrete decreases as the blast
tution by steel slag than the reference mix for 28 day cur- furnace slag inclusion in concrete increases. The flexural
ing. Qasrawi et al. (2009) reported that flexural strength strength of concrete mix in which 100% sand was replaced
20
Strength in MPa
15
10
5
0
WFS (Prabhu WFS+BA F fly Ash GBF Slag Boom Ash Steel Slag Copper Slag POC (Wahab
et al.,2014) Aggarwal and Siddique Yuksel and Yuksel and Kothai and Poovizhi and et al. , 2015)
Siddique (2003) Genc (2007) Genc (2007) Malathy Kathirvel
(2014) (2014) (2015)
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50%
Figure 12. Flexural strength of different industrial waste concretes.
by blast furnace slag is 3.56 MPa in comparison with con- Palm oil clinker concrete up to 10% substitution exhibits
trol mix flexural strength 5.15 MPa and other flexural more flexural strength than reference concrete.
strength value are listed in Table 4. Yuksel and Genc
(2007) observed that for the 10% substitution blast furnace 8.4. Modulus of elasticity (MOE)
slag, flexural strength increased 10% than control mix. For
the 20% and 50% blast furnace slag substitutions, the ten- Modulus of elasticity or Young’s Modulus is a measure
sile strength values were near to the control specimen of stiffness of an elastic material and utilised to describe the
value. elastic properties of items when they are stretched or com-
pressed. Young’s modulus of concrete is a standout
8.3.6. Bottom ash amongst the most vital parameters in the design of struc-
Yuksel and Genc (2007) observed that furnace bottom tural members. Waste foundry sand is the only industrial
ash replacement in concrete decreases the flexural strength waste materials on which modulus of elasticity property
quite considerably. The flexural strength of control mix has been studied. There are less number of researchers
was 4.71 MPa, where for 10%, 20% and 30% replacement, who have found out this E-value on one industrial waste
the flexural strength were 3.7 MPa, 3.66 MPa and concrete in which sand is supplanted by WFS. Basar and
3.72 MPa, respectively. The result shows a decline in the Aksoy (2012) reported that there was a lessening in the
tensile strength is almost 10% for 10% replacement of sand modulus of elasticity of concrete mix in which normal sand
by furnace bottom ash and important to note that there is is partially substituted by WFS. The modulus of elasticity
virtually no change in the tensile strength values beyond of the concrete mixes was assessed by them at the ages of
the 10% furnace bottom ash replacement (see Fig. 12). 7, 28, 56 and 90 days utilising the observational relation-
ship recommended by TS 500:2000 (TS 500, 2000) as
8.3.7. Class F fly ash follows:
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
Siddique (2003) reported the flexural behaviour of class Ecj ¼ 3250 f ckj þ 14; 000 Mpa ð4Þ
F fly ash concrete as that behaves same like compressive
strength that flexural strength increases when the percent- where, Ecj is the modulus of elasticity of the concrete in
age replacement increased. The flexural strength of 50% MPa at j-day and fckj is the compressive strength of the
class F fly ash concrete at 28 days of curing was 4.3 MPa concrete in MPa at j-day. Singh and Siddique (2012a)
with respect to control concrete strength 3.7 MPa (see reported that incorporation of waste foundry sand in con-
Table 5). crete led to increment in modulus of elasticity at all ages.
Increase in modulus of elasticity by 1.67%, 5.01%, 6.35%
8.3.8. Palm oil clinker and 4.35% of concrete mix was observed in which fine
Wahab et al. (2015) have stated that the flexural strength aggregate was replaced by 5% WFS, 10% WFS, 15%
of palm oil clinker concrete is increasing when the rate of WFS and 20% WFS respectively than the control concrete
replacement increases. The flexural strength of control mixture modulus of elasticity 29.91 GPa in 28 day curing.
mix at 28 days of curing was 6.17 MPa and 7.90 MPa at Etxeberria et al. (2010) concluded that there is a decrease
5%, 8.22 MPa at 10% by substitution of palm oil clinker in modulus of elasticity by increasing the substitution level
as fine aggregate in concrete. of waste foundry sand in concrete mix. Further, variation
Figs. 12 and 13 shows the comparison of Flexural in modulus of elasticity was observed linearly increasing
strength of different industrial waste concretes, which up to 15%, at 20% supplanting of natural sand with foun-
shows better flexural strength than control concrete up to dry sand, it starts decreasing. At 28-day, control mixture
50 percentages of replacement in case of class F fly ash con- acquired a MOE of 25.1 GPa, whereas modulus of elastic-
crete and copper slag concrete. Waste foundry sand con- ity of mixes with 10% used foundry sand (UFS), 20% UFS
crete up to 20% and steel slag concrete up to 50% and 30% UFS accomplished 26.75, 27.60, and 28.4 GPa
replacement shows similar strength like control concrete. individually (Etxeberria et al., 2010). Siddique (2003) stated
Table 5
Selected Density of Industrial waste Concrete.
Author Industrial waste W/C % Replacement Fresh density (kg/m3) Harden density (kg/m3)
Prabhu et al. (2014) WFS 0.44 0 – 2387
10 – 2383
20 – 2366
30 – 2358
40 – 2338
50 – 2315
Siddique et al. (2009) WFS 0.50 0 2331 –
10 2332 –
20 2332 –
30 2332 –
Al-Jabri et al. (2009) Copper Slag 0.35 0 – 2568
10 – 2530
20 – 2588
40 – 2586
50 – 2625
60 – 2658
80 – 2673
100 – 2700
Wu et al. (2010) Copper Slag 0.27 0 2370 –
20 2380 –
40 2410 –
60 2430 –
80 2450 –
100 2480 –
Tripathi et al. (2013) ISF Slag 0.50 0 2351 –
10 2414 –
20 2406 –
30 2420 –
40 2425 –
50 2494 –
60 2428 –
70 2593 –
Morrison et al. (2003) ISF Slag 0.74 0 2410 –
50 2625 –
100 2820 –
Kim and Lee (2011) Bottom Ash 0.30 0 – 2336
25 – 2281
50 – 2260
75 – 2240
100 – 2220
Siddique (2003) Class F fly ash 0.47 0 2308 –
0.48 10 2310 –
0.49 20 2314 –
0.49 30 2314 –
0.49 40 2316 –
0.50 50 2319 –
WFS – waste foundry sand, ISF slag – imperial smelting furnace slag.
Figure 13. Flexural strength ratio, different industrial waste concretes/control concrete.
that the modulus of elasticity of class F fly ash concretes up This equation is by all accounts free of WFS content or the
to 50% substitution was higher than the control blend. curing time.
8.4.1. Relation between compressive strength and dynamic 8.5.2. Prediction of modulus of elasticity using ultrasonic
modulus of elasticity pulse velocity
Dynamic modulus test is a simple nondestructive test. Dynamic modulus of elasticity (Ed) can be measured
The dynamic modulus of elasticity of waste foundry con- utilising ultrasonic pulse velocity. The equation utilised
crete can be predicted from compressive strength using for this intention was given in Eq. (7) that needs Poisson’s
equations as recommended by IS 456 (2000), IS 13311 ratio. UPSV technique was used by Yuksel et al. (2011) for
(Part 1) (1992) and proposed by Prabhu et al. (2014) which measuring dynamic modulus of elasticity
are Ed ¼ V 2 q=K ð7Þ
pffiffiffiffiffiffi
E ¼ 5000 f ck ð5Þ where Ed = dynamic modulus of elasticity in KN/mm2,
V = compression wave velocity in km/s, K = (1 m)/[(1 + m)
qð1 þ lÞð1 2lÞ (1–2m)], q = density in kg/m3, m = dynamic Poisson’s ratio
E¼ v2 ð6Þ
1l which was assumed as 0.2 for the test.
where E is the dynamic Young’s Modulus of elasticity in
Mpa, fck is the compressive strength of concrete, q is the 9. Durability of industrial waste concrete
density of concrete in kg/m3, V is the pulse velocity in
m/s and l is the dynamic poison’s ratio of the concrete. 9.1. Water absorption and permeability
The difference between the dynamic elastic modulus values
computed using IS 456 (2000) and IS 13311(1) (1992) does High water absorption ratio of concrete mixes has lower
not show any great difference and the values were relatively strengths (Basar and Aksoy, 2012). The capillary water
close (Prabhu et al., 2014). absorption as demonstrated by rate of water consumed
per unit area and it increases when rate of substitution of
WFS increased. An increase in water absorption capacity
8.5. Ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) causes diminishing in compressive strength. A linear func-
tion appears to describe the relation between strength and
The ultrasonic pulse velocity test is a non-destructive water absorption coefficient by Khatib et al. (2013), that is:
test to evaluate the consistency and relative nature of con- Y = 13.349X + 59.949, with an R2 = 0.9234 showing a
crete. UPV test involves the computation of electronic decent relationship, where X is the water absorption coeffi-
wave velocity through concrete. The quality of concrete is cient and Y is the compressive strength. Basar and Aksoy
analysed by utilising this test. Khatib et al. (2013) found (2012) found water absorption for concrete mixture con-
a similar trend that decreases in USPV decreased with an taining WFS was found 5.4%, 5.8%, 6.4%, and 6.6% on
increase of, waste foundry sand content in concrete. USPV concrete containing 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% of WFS at
test was performed by Singh and Siddique (2012a) and the age of 28 days in comparison of control mix water
USPV value at 28 days of curing was found 4.231 km/s, absorption 5%. It is apparent that the traditional concrete
4.245 km/s, 4.253 km/s, 4.266 km/s, 4.255 km/s for con- without WFS shows slightest water absorption ratio and
crete in which sand is supplanted by 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% there is increment in water absorption ratio when the rate
and 20% of WFS, from this it can be concluded that as of substitution of WFS increases (Basar and Aksoy,
the rate of substitution increases the value of USPV 2012). For the durability of hardened concrete, porosity
increased. Siddique et al. (2015) have also got similar and water absorption are vital pointers. Diminishment of
results that increase in WFS in concrete the USPV values water retention & porosity can extraordinarily upgrade
were increased. Velumani and Nirmalkumar (2014) have the long haul performance. Decrease in porosity addition-
reported that USPV values for concrete mixes were ally enhances the compressive & flexural strengths of con-
increased in which fine aggregate were replaced by copper crete (Salokhe and Desai, 2009). Salokhe and Desai
slag. They found maximum UPSV value 5.208 km/s for (2009) have reported that no obvious impact of foundry
both the concrete mix containing 40% and 100% copper waste sand on water absorption of mixes was seen except
slag in comparison with control mix UPSV value concrete mix with 20% ferrous foundry sand shows water
4.615 km/s. absorb 1.13% in comparison to the control mix water
absorption 1.91%. Al-Jabri et al. (2009) concluded that
8.5.1. Relation between compressive strength and ultrasonic up to 40% substitution of sand by copper slag there is a
pulse velocity general diminishing in the surface water absorption, after
Khatib et al. (2013) describe the relationship between that the water absorption quickly increases. They recom-
UPV and strength for all curing days for all concrete mixes mend that the substitution of 40% of copper slag in the
Y = 0.019e1.6009x, with R2 = 0.9699 indicating strong rela- concrete blend will have reduced surface water absorption.
tion, where X is the UPV and Y is the compressive strength. Velumani and Nirmalkumar (2014) found a similar trend
that the rate of substation of copper slag increases up to value increased, which demonstrate that concrete turned
40%, the surface water absorption decreases. Yuksel and out to be denser. At 20% WFS concrete, there is marginal
Genc (2007) observed that when the fine aggregate is increment in coulomb value in comparison to 15% WFS
replaced by either granulated blast furnace slag, furnace concrete but yet it is not as much as control concrete
bottom ash or both, water absorption ratios of concretes mix. The results obtained for all concrete mixtures are
was increased. For 20% GBF slag and/or furnace bottom low permeability ranges as per ASTM C 1202 (between
ash substitutions the water absorption ratios are 5.0%, 1000 and 2000). With the increment of WFS percentage
4.66%, 4.73% with respect to the control specimen value in concrete mixtures, RCPT values are diminished.
4.73%. Kaur et al. (2012) reported that 20% WFS concrete Siddique et al. (2015) have compared rapid chloride perme-
with the addition of fungal (Aspergillus spp.) treated shows ability in M20 and M30 grades of concrete with sand sub-
decrease 68.8% in water absorption and 45.9% in porosity. stituted by spent foundry sand. In both the grades of
concrete coulombs charge diminish with increase in foun-
dry sand content as well as with age, The RCPT values
9.2. Initial surface absorption
in coulombs found by Aggarwal and Siddique (2014) were
578, 628, 616, 600, 664, 652, and 741 in concrete mix where
To evaluate the durability of high performance concrete
fine aggregates are replaced 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%
the initial surface absorption test was conducted by Al-Al-
and 60% by waste foundry sand, respectively at 90 days.
Jabri et al. (2009) and found surface absorption diminish-
From this it can be concluded that chloride-ion permeabil-
ing was for the most part sharp during the initial 30 min,
ity of concrete mixtures increased with the increment in
diminished subsequently up to 120 min. The highest
waste foundry sand but still have low permeability as per
absorption rate was observed in concrete mix with 100%
ASTM C 1202–97 (ASTM C1202, 0000). Devi and
copper slag Concrete mixes with 40% copper slag and
Gnanavel (2014) reported that charge passed in coulombs
20% copper slag demonstrated the lowest absorption rate
more in 40% fine aggregate replacement by steel slag con-
for the whole time term. Khatib et al. (2013) reported that
crete than conventional concrete, but still comes under
rate of initial water absorption is generally higher when the
low. According to Yuksel et al. (2006) charge passing
waste foundry sand content in the mixture increases. Fol-
through the concrete samples in RCPT were 2016.27,
lowing 1 day of curing, the water absorption coefficient is
1319.94 and 1347.03 in concrete mix where 0%, 25% and
detectably higher than that at the other curing periods.
50% fine aggregate were replaced by granulated blast fur-
The WAC decreases for all blends beyond 7 days of curing
nace slag. Bilir (2012) have concluded that inclusion of
(see Fig. 14).
non-ground GBF Slag, bottom ash or both as fine aggre-
gate in concrete builds the resistance against chloride pen-
9.3. Rapid chloride permeability test etration. Concrete up to 40% replacement with GBF slag
and bottom ash single or both as fine aggregate demon-
A durable concrete is the particular case that performs strate lower charge passing, even if at 50% substitution pro-
attractively under expected presentation condition amid portions the charges passing are more than control mix but
its service life period. One of the fundamental attributes within the same low chloride particle permeability group
affecting the strength of concrete is its porousness to the corresponding to ASTM C 1202–97 (ASTM C1202,
ingress of chloride. The chloride particle introduce in the 0000). Singh and Siddique (2014) found in bottom ash con-
concrete can cause detrimental effects on concrete addition- crete mixtures, resistance to chloride ion penetration
ally on the reinforcement. Due to chloride particle penetra- increased with increase in coal bottom ash content in con-
tion, swelling of concrete is occurred (Singh and Siddique, crete. The charge passed through all bottom ash concrete
2012a). Singh and Siddique (2012a) found on the rapid blends was lower than that passed through reference spec-
chloride permeability test for 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% imen at all the ages of curing. It is obvious from test out-
substitution by WFS at 28 days of curing, charges passed comes that after 28 days of curing age, resistance to
were 1368, 1250, 1150, 1060 and 1190 coulombs. Concrete chloride ion penetration increased significantly due to poz-
mix in which WFS content increased up to 15% coulomb zolanic action of coal bottom ash. Shi-Cong and Chi-Sun
(2009) compared the chloride ion penetration resistance
50
on concrete mix with constant water cement proportion
Compressive Strength ( MPa)
40
y = 0.019e1.6x and steady slump. With increasing percentages of furnace
1 day R² = 0.9699
30 7 Day bottom ash in concrete mix with fixed water cement ratio,
28 Day the resistance to chloride-particle ingress of the concrete
20 90 Day
mixes were less, where resistance to chloride-ion infiltration
10
of all furnace bottom ash concrete mixes at same slump
0
3 3.5 4 4.5 5 range was superior to anything that of the reference mix
UPV (km/Sec)
and the impact was most noteworthy for the FBA blends
Figure 14. Relationship between compressive strength and UPV (Khatib presumably because of the pozzolanic impact between the
et al., 2013). small FBA particles and the hydrated cement paste. The
Chloride ion penetrability as per

ASTM C1202-1997
>4000 High
2000–4000 Moderate
1000–2000 Low
100–1000 Very low
<100 Negligible
Figure 15. Effect of Industrial waste on chloride ion permeability.
resistances to chloride ion penetration in palm oil clinker values were within the upper limit 15 cm3/50 cm2 as speci-
concrete mixes are less due to the porous nature of palm fied by ASTM C 936 (1982).
oil clinker aggregate (Mohammed et al., 2011). Fig. 16 shows the comparison of effect of industrial
Fig. 15 shows the comparison of effect of industrial waste on depth of wear in abrasion test of different indus-
waste on chloride ion permeability of different industrial trial waste concretes which shows depth of wear minimum
waste concretes, which shows maximum decline in RCPT at 30% replaced ISFS concrete and at 15% replaced waste
value at 30% in Bottom ash concrete, GBFS concrete foundry sand concrete.
and 15% in WFS concrete.
9.5. Acid resistance
9.4. Abrasion resistance
Concrete being alkaline in nature is susceptible to attack
Singh and Siddique (2012b) reported that the presence by sulphuric acid formed from either bacterium processes
of increasing amounts of waste foundry sand in concrete in sewage system or sulphur dioxide available in the atmo-
mix the depth of wear diminished and improved the abra- sphere (Singh and Siddique, 2014). Devi and Gnanavel
sion resistance. Tripathi et al. (2013) compared the abra- (2014) have carried out their acid resistance experiment
sion resistance of concrete mix with 0.55, 0.50, 0.45 and of concrete cube in both sulphuric acid and hydrochloric
0.40 water cement ratio. They found water cement ratio acid. From their outcome, the weight reduction is less for
0.55 and 0.50 in concrete mixes, the depth of wear 40% substitution of normal sand by steel slag when com-
increased with an increment in the supplanting of sand with pared to the control concrete. By adding steel slag in fine
ISF slag. The mixes for water cement ratio 0.45, the depth aggregate has preferable acid resistance than reference con-
of wear diminished marginally for sand substitutions up to crete. At the point when contrasted the weight reduction is
40% by ISF slag and increment noticed after that. The more when dipped in sulphuric acid than hydrochloric
depth of wear in the water cement ratio 0.40 mixtures were acid, this is on account of the lack of hydration rate which
alike to control mix up to 40% sand substitutions and is high in Sulphuric acid. Amount of CSH gel constituted
beyond that slightly increased. They concluded that the by the hydration activity, when dipped in sulphuric acid
porosity of ISF Slag concrete may increase because of its will be lower than when dipped in hydrochloric acid. They
irregular particle shape which impacts the depth of wear. found external surface of the cubes submerged in sulphuric
Yuksel et al. (2007) compared surface abrasion on concrete acid had deteriorated more than the cubes submerged in
mix with inclusion of GBF slag, BA or both as river sand in hydrochloric acid.
concrete and concluded that loss of mass is diminishing
marginally for low substitution proportions and it 9.5.1. Loss in mass
increases again for high substitution ratios. The Surface Singh and Siddique (2014) reported that bottom ash
abrasion loss expressed in mass in cm3/50 cm2 and the concrete mix performed slightly better than control
3.0
Depth of Wear in mm
0.42 W/C-WFS, Singh and

2.5 Siddique (2012)
2.0 0.40 W/C-ISFS (Tripathi et

al.,2013)
1.5
0.45 W/C-ISFS (Tripathi et
al.,2013)
1.0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Figure 16. Effect of Industrial waste on depth of wear in abrasion test.
concrete, when immersed in 3% sulphuric acid solution and 9.6.2. Change in compressive strength
percentage loss of weight of CBA concrete specimens There was no reduction in compressive strength took
decreased with increment in CBA incorporation in con- place after immersion in 10% magnesium sulphate solution
crete. After 28 days of immersion period the weight loss rather it continued to increase during the test period. After
of 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 75% and 100% bottom ash con- 28 days of immersion period, percentage increase in com-
crete mixtures was 9.53%, 10.05%, 8.97%, 8.94%, 8.75% pressive strength of the bottom ash concrete mixture was
and 7.89%, respectively as compared to 10.87% weight lower than that of reference concrete. However, after 90 days
loss of the control concrete. From this it is evident that of immersion period, increase in compressive strength of
loss of mass in bottom ash concrete is less than reference 30%, 75%, and 100% bottom ash concrete mixes was higher
mix. than that of reference concrete; this indicates that the cement
continued to hydrate in magnesium sulphate solution over
9.5.2. Change in compressive strength the test period. The increase in strength of BA concrete
The loss in 28-day compressive strength of 0%, 20%, may be attributed to continuous hydration and the filling
30%, 40%, 50%, 75% and 100% bottom ash concrete mix- of pores with CSH gel formed because of pozzolanic action
tures was 49.23%, 48.76%, 50%, 49.10%, 40.32%, 35.52% of bottom ash (Singh and Siddique, 2014).
and 37.11%, respectively. The percentage loss of 28 days
compressive strength diminished with increase in coal bot- 9.7. Drying shrinkage
tom ash content in concrete, perhaps the lower permeabil-
ity of bottom ash concrete mixtures contributed towards Hardened concrete in unsaturated air experiences drying
enhancing the resistance to external sulphuric acid attack shrinkage. It is the movement of water, which causes expan-
(Singh and Siddique, 2014). sion, or shrinkage of hardened concrete (Yuksel et al., 2006).
According to Singh and Siddique (2014) shrinkage strains
9.5.3. Relation between percentage loss in weight and was diminished with the increase in CBA content in concrete.
reduction compressive strength At 90 days of drying period, the shrinkage strains of 20%,
Singh and Siddique (2014) expressed that the loss in 30%, 40%, 50%, 75% and 100% bottom ash concrete mix-
compressive strength increment approximately linearly tures were 520 106, 413.33 106, 406.67 106,
with the increase in mass loss of concrete specimens and 366.67 106, 320 106 and 300 106, respectively
derived an equation of relationship between mass loss where during the same period, shrinkage strain of control
and compressive strength loss of concrete due to external concrete was 493.33 106. The reduced shrinkage strain
sulphuric acid attack is given as under exhibited by bottom ash concrete mixes was probably due
to lower free water cement ratio. During the mixing proce-
Dr ¼ 4:2383Dm þ 7:2194 R2 ¼ 0:9467 ð8Þ
dure the porous particles of dry coal bottom ash retained
where, Dr = percentage loss in compressive strength, part of water internally. It is also believed that, the porous
Dm = percentage loss in mass. coal bottom ash particles released the water during drying
of specimens. This resulted in lesser shrinkage strains on dry-
9.6. Sulphate resistance ing of bottom ash concrete mixtures (Singh and Siddique,
2014). Shi-Cong and Chi-Sun (2009) have reported that the
Permeability of concrete plays an important role in pro- similar conclusion that drying shrinkage diminished with
tecting against external sulphate attack. Sulphate attack the increment of the furnace bottom ash content. Bai et al.
can take the form of expansion, loss in compressive (2005) studied drying shrinkage on concrete mix in same
strength and loss in mass of concrete. The sulphate related water cement proportion and constant slump and concluded
expansion of concrete is associated with the formation of that at 0.45 and 0.55 fixed water cement ratio, values of the
ettringite and gypsum (Singh and Siddique, 2014). Since drying shrinkage of furnace bottom ash concretes were lower
magnesium sulphate attack is more severe on concrete, than the reference mix at all curing ages but at the constant
Singh and Siddique (20140 immersed the concrete specimen decided slump ranges the drying shrinkage of the furnace
in a 10% solution of magnesium sulphate and found at bottom ash concretes was higher than reference mix.
28 days of immersion period, the expansion values (%) of Valcuende et al. (2015) found that higher the drying shrink-
20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 75% and 100% bottom ash concrete age in the concrete mix with higher the blast furnace slag
mixtures were 53.33 106, 60 106, 66.67 106, content in concrete mix. Since the concretes made with slag
60 106, 53.33 106 and 53.33 106 respectively as are more porous, water is lost faster, as can be seen evapo-
compared to 50 106 of control concrete. rates the internal pressure in the capillary network increases
and promotes drying shrinkage.
9.6.1. Loss in mass
Singh and Siddique (2014) reported that bottom ash 9.8. High-temperature effect
concrete specimen, even after 210 days of immersion in
10% magnesium sulphate solution, no loss in mass of all Yuksel et al. (2006) concluded that under the high tem-
the concrete specimens was observed. perature effect, there has not been a decrease in the strength
of the concrete in which both type 0–3 mm and 0–7 mm 10. Structural behaviour of industrial waste-concrete
sand were used with respect to control concrete provided
that GGBFS/sand ratio is less than 75%. Yuksel et al. 10.1. Deflection test
(2007) reported that the residual strength of concrete
in which sand was substituted by blast furnace slag and Devi and Gnanavel (20140 reported that as the load
bottom ash up to 40% is higher than control specimen. rises, the deflection increases moderately in RCC beams
This implies that substitution of GBFS and/or BA when part of the sand supplanted by steel slag. Load deflec-
does constructive outcomes on resistance to high tion diagrams are for 40% replacement compared with con-
temperature. ventional concrete. RCC beams with steel slag indicate
particularly the same deflection as reference concrete.
9.9. Freeze–thaw resistance
10.2. Pull-off strength
Yuksel et al. (2007) used 90-day’s values of compressive
strength as referral values to compare the strength of con- Tripathi et al. (2013) did an experiment by taking steel
crete replaced with blast furnace slag, bottom ash and both slag as a part substitution of natural sand and examined
as river sand in different ratio series specimens after the the pull-off strength with different water cement ratios.
freeze–thaw cycles. Concrete mixes up to 20% substitution, They found an increment in strength for water cement ratio
there is increment in resistance to freeze–thaw and 0.50 mixtures up to 60% ISFS inclusion and for water
decreases again for the replacement level above 20%. Bilir cement proportion 0.45, sand substitution in between 40
(2012) stated that the loss of strength after the freeze–thaw and 60%. The pull-off strength of concrete mixes with water
cycles in concrete replaced with 20% and 30% granulated cement ratio 0.40 was alike to the reference concrete. The
blast furnace slag was 2.21% and 2.28% with respect to pull-off strength of concrete mixes with water cement pro-
concrete mix loss 6.49% at 90 days of curing. Concrete portion 0.55 with an increment of the sand substitution
replaced with 20% and 30% bottom ash the loss of strength level. It is evident that ISF slag does not unfavorably influ-
after the freeze–thaw cycles was 4.92% and 5.53% with ence the tensile strength of cover-zone concrete.
respect to concrete mix loss 6.49%. Therefore concrete
made by utilising GBF slag and BA as sand substitution 11. Micro-structural analysis
can be stated as durable to freezing–thawing and 20–30%
substitution proportions can be acknowledged as an ideal Micro-structural analyses were conducted using X-ray
substitution proportion. Diffraction Spectrometer (XRD) and Scanning Electron
Microscope (SEM) by many researchers.
9.10. Drying–wetting effect 11.1. X-ray Diffraction Spectrometer (XRD)
Yuksel et al. (2007) used 90-day’s compressive strength XRD technique is conducted to analyse the components
values as referral values to compare the strength of con- of concrete mixes (Aggarwal and Siddique, 2014). The X-
crete replaced with that of granulated blast furnace slag, ray diffraction standard and examination of the concrete
bottom ash and both as fine aggregate in different ratio ser- i.e. reference mix, and 20% WFS concrete mixes ware car-
ies specimens after the drying–wetting cycles. As indicated ried out by Basar and Aksoy (2012) and when the qualita-
by them, strength of concrete diminishes with rate of incre- tive, quantitative and morphological analysis results of
ment of substitution of GBF slag, bottom ash and both reference concrete and 20% waste foundry sand containing
after drying-wetting impact. concrete are investigated, no significant differences between
them are observed (Fig. 17).
9.11. Carbonation Aggarwal and Siddique (2014) have reported that X-ray
diffraction design investigation of the concrete i.e. reference
Siddique et al. (2011) have carried out carbonation test mix, and concrete mixes with waste foundry sand and bot-
and reported that with increase in rate of substitution of tom ash was done at the age of 365 days and in the quali-
foundry sand in concrete shows increase in carbonation tative and quantitative investigation of cement, there was
depth. For each increment in 10% foundry sand, i.e. mix strong overlapping of major diffraction peaks of all the
from 10% to 60%, there is at a normal 0.17 mm increment main phases of cement constituent in the angular range
in carbonation depth in concrete mixes at 90 days. Also, at of 2h values from 30° to 35° making the distinguishing of
365 days at a normal 0.33 mm increment in carbonation the individual parts exceptionally difficult. In all the mixes,
depth was seen in concrete mixes. The most extreme car- C2S, C3S, and C4AF crests are not noticeable showing that
bonation depth watched around 2.17 mm at 90 days and they may be completely consumed or overlapping of the
5 mm at 365 days for concrete mixes which is far less than peaks of un-hydrated cement. SiO2 peak demonstrating
the cover of reinforcing steel bars to cause corrosion in free silica in control concrete was seen at 1800 (Fig. 18).
which sand was substituted by 60% foundry sand. The X-ray diffraction pattern observed in concrete mix
Figure 19. X-ray diffraction patterns of concrete mix having 50% WFS &
BA (Aggarwal and Siddique, 2014).
the ability of cement to respond properly with foundry

sand and consequently because of which C–S–H gel devel-
opment increments. Presence of silica in WFS is utilised to
form C–S–H gel, thus hardened the concrete containing
fungal treated WFS. Singh and Siddique (2014) studied
the XRD analysis that indicates the concrete specimens
were not damaged by the external attack of sulphate. The
increase in compressive strength of concrete also supports
Figure 17. X-ray diffraction patterns of (a) control mix and (b) concrete that sulphate ions could not penetrate and deteriorate the
mix having 20% WFS (Basar and Aksoy, 2012). concrete specimens up to the age of the test. After 180 days
of immersion in a 10% solution of magnesium sulphate, no
change in phase composition of concrete was observed in
XRD spectrums. They concluded that from an analysis
of XRD spectrums, the absolute intensity of portlandite
peaks of bottom ash concrete mixtures except 20% BA con-
crete mixture was lower than that in control concrete (see
Fig. 20).
11.2. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)
It is no doubt understood that, the calcium–silica–hydr

ate (C–S–H) is major phase present (Aggarwal and
Siddique, 2014). The variables that impact the mechanical
behaviour of C–S–H stages are the grain size, grain shape,
Figure 18. X-ray diffraction patterns of control mix. (Aggarwal and grain distribution, grain concentration, grain orientation,
Siddique, 2014).
pore structure and mixture topology, the synthesis of scat-
tered/continual stages. Aggarwal and Siddique (2014) have
with 5% waste foundry sand and 5% bottom ash, respec- studied the micrograph especially SEM picture at 1.5 KX
tively was similar to control mix as the overall replacement magnifications of reference concrete. It demonstrates the
of the sand was only 10%. The concrete mix with 20–50% formation of proper and clear C–S–H gel in various stages.
waste foundry sand and bottom ash showed SiO2 peak Micrograph of concrete mix with 10% replacement by
between 4000 and 4500 (Fig. 19). WFS and BA shows, the quantity of voids in the concrete
The strength variation in all the above mixes was com- mix has remarkably decreased and the C–S–H gel paste
paratively less, 60% waste foundry sand and bottom ash was not as broadly spread as it was in the reference blend,
concrete gave the SiO2 peak at 3100. Phase determination demonstrating some detestation to binding paste but more
was not carried out as the mixes are complex. significantly, the impact of waste foundry sand and bottom
Kaur et al. (2012) suggest from XRD results that fungal ash has been defeatist on strength due to less amount of
culture (Aspergillus spp.) is competent to form good C–S– waste foundry sand and bottom ash, clearly evident as
H gel than untreated waste foundry sand (WFS) containing the strength of the mix has declined remarkably. The
concrete which demonstrates that Aspergillus spp. increase microstructure likewise demonstrates the existence of waste
Figure 20. (A) Micrograph of reference concrete specimen (B) Micrograph concrete mix having 10% WFS & BA (Aggarwal and Siddique, 2014).
Figure 21. (A) SEM micrograph of reference concrete specimen, (B) SEM micrograph concrete with 30% GBF slag, (C) SEM micrograph of concrete with
30% Bottom Ash (Yuksel et al., 2007).
foundry sand and bottom ash particles of different sizes at compressive strength with an increment in the rate of bot-
different spots. The reduction in strength ascribed to the tom ash in sand substitution (Yuksel et al., 2007).
non-arrangement of legitimate C–S–H gel when contrasted The similar results are obtained by Bilir (2012) in respect
with microstructure of control mix. The micrographs of of SEM image of blast furnace slag concrete and reported
concrete mix in which fine aggregates replaced by waste when rate of substitution more than 30% exhibit porous
foundry sand and bottom ash equally in 20%, 30%, 40%, structure and in case of FBA concrete, structure were more
50% show similarity in the pattern formation of C–S–H permeable than the reference concrete. Singh and Siddique
gel in these mixes with all of them nearly having same (2014) were studied Scanning Electron Micrographs of
strength. The micrograph of concrete mix with 60% fractured pieces of control concrete and 50%, 75%, 100%
replacement shows that the mix has crumbled with leaving coal bottom ash concrete generated from compression test
waste foundry sand and bottom ash particles from mix. of specimens after 180 days immersed in the 10% magne-
The C–S–H gel couldn’t be seen at many places in the sium sulphate solution. It is apparent from the SEM
micrograph (Aggarwal and Siddique, 2014). images that sulphate ion diffusion did not take place even
The Scanning electron magnifying instrument (SEM) to a depth near to the surface. No signs of gypsum and
pictures were seen by Yuksel et al. (2007) for the specimens mono sulphate morphologies, which can indicate the
at 90-days and found the control concrete demonstrates a attack by sulphate were observed in either of the concrete
thick structure and no sign of permeable structure. Con- mixtures. At higher resolutions, show dense and evenly
cretes mixes with low-rate substitution by granulated blast spread calcium silicate hydrate gel and very small ettringite
furnace slag are alike to control concrete with consider to needles in few voids were observed in the concrete mix-
microstructure, but when the substitution proportion is tures. Yuksel and Genc (2007) reported by performing
more than 30% it demonstrates porous structure SEM analysis that concrete specimens produced by utilis-
(Fig. 21B). In the case of concrete mix, where bottom ash ing GBFS and FBA substitutions have very distinctive
used as fine aggregate structure is turning out to be a larger microstructures. The reference concrete sample shows a
number of permeable than the reference concrete thick structure made out uneven grains and the hydrated
(Fig. 21C). As the rate of bottom ash substitution grows, items connect firmly to the surface of the aggregate. Con-
the structure is turning out to be more permeable having crete, in which common sand was supplanted by 10%
considerably more pores dispersed around the surface of GBFS shows extremely close-packed, had thick structure
the aggregate. In this way, the development of discrete and few pores could be seen in the closer zones of the
particle and permeable territory near to the total surfaces aggregate surface. On account of supplanting FBA as fine
may be the major reason in diminishing the values of aggregates rather than regular sand, it can be noticed that
Figure 22. SEM micrograph of the (a) control concrete, (b) Concrete with 20% copper slag, (c) Concrete with 40% copper slag, (d) Concrete with 60%
copper slag, (e) Concrete with 80% copper slag, (f) Concrete with 100% copper slag (Wu et al., 2010).
microstructure reshapes its network structure. Rather than 12. Conclusion

asymmetrical grains, the grains were getting to be round
and the pores were getting to be smaller and dispersed. Utilisation of different industrial wastes as a fine aggre-
Strength of FBA concrete is lower since FBA is more per- gate replacement was reviewed in this paper. All the con-
meable and feeble in contrast with GBFS and common crete properties like physical, fresh, hardened were
sand. In the pore water, the existence of Ca ions would discussed and compared between them. Micro-structural
quicken responses occurring at the interface of the C–S– analysis of industrial-waste based concrete was also dis-
H gel and the surface of the aggregate that is GBFS and cussed and compared with normal concrete. It is certain
can be formed a tough association between surface of that there are a number of industrial wastes that can be
aggregate and cement hydration items in correlation to confidently used as fine aggregate replacement like waste
FBA substitution. The reactivity of blast furnace slag relies foundry sand, steel slag, copper slag, ISF slag, blast fur-
on fragment diameter. As per these studies, early strengths nace slag, coal bottom ash, ferrochrome slag and class F
can be achieved with a particle diameter of blast furnace fly ash in concrete. Based on the review, number of conclu-
slag under 3 lm, particle within 3 lm to 20 lm diameter sions can be drawn and these are listed below.
is beneficial for long haul strengths and GBFS with other
fragment sizes just has a micro-aggregate effect (Yuksel (1) Physical properties such as bulk density, specific
and Genc, 2007). Wu et al. (2010) have reported that from gravity and grain size distribution of all industrial-
the SEM perceptions completed on sand surface, particles wastes were almost equal to the properties of natural
of copper slag, broke control concrete and copper slag con- sand except the particle size distribution of foundry
crete, restricted distinction can be seen amongst cement sand; steel slag does neither meet ASTM C33 nor
paste and sand matrix between the reference mix and the IS-383–1970 grading limits.
concrete with 20% copper slag substitution since limited (2) In the case of concrete where fine aggregate is
presence of copper slag in composites. On the other hand, replaced by waste foundry sand, steel slag and palm
significant difference is seen in the microstructure concrete oil clinker, slump value reduces by increasing the per-
with surpassing 40% substitution of copper slag, enormous centage of replacement and concrete mix in which
voids, larger density of micro cracks, wider spacing of cap- fine aggregate substituted by copper slag and bottom
illary channels and capillary channels associated together. ash, slump value increases by increasing the replace-
More than 40% copper slag substitution in CS reinforced ment ratio. Concrete with granulated blast furnace
concrete, reduction in dynamic compressive strength due slag shows slump value increasing up to replacement
to these extra fault (Fig. 22c). level 20%, beyond that slump value decreases.
(3) Inclusion of steel slag, copper slag and ISF slag in up to 30% without a noteworthy diminishment in
concrete, density of concrete increases but in addition strength of concrete and mix of GBFS and FBA
of waste foundry sand and bottom ash in concrete the can be utilised as 10% substitution of sand.
density decreases. (10) Without creating remarkable ecological contamina-
(4) Waste foundry sand can be utilised as a substitution tion issue, ferrochrome slag a complicated solid waste
of 20% of sand without compromising the mechanical having dumping problem can be pertinently used as
and physical properties. Abrasion resistance of con- sand substitution material with chromium immobi-
crete mixtures increased with the increase in WFS lization in concrete matrix.
content as replacement for fine aggregate. Inclusion (11) Concrete specimens at all the ages with sand sup-
of WFS increases the USPV values and decreased planted fly ash up to 50%, compressive strength, split-
the chloride ion penetration in concrete. This review ting tensile strength, flexural strength, and modulus
also shows that 15.6% increases in compressive of elasticity were higher than the reference concrete.
strength of concrete after 28 days is achieved with (12) Palm oil clinker contributed higher compressive
the addition of fungal (Aspergillus spp.) treated strength and flexural strength compared to control
20% WFS containing concrete. concrete due to inclusion of fine POC as partial
(5) The utilisation of steel slag up to 30% as sand substi- replacement of sand starts pozzolanic reaction of
tution in concrete mixes has a constructive outcome the concrete matrix and improved interfacial bond
on both compressive and tensile strengths; shows bet- between paste and aggregates.
ter acid resistance than control concrete. RCC beams
with steel slag shows almost the same deflection as Finally this overall review concluded that industrial by-
conventional concrete, hence introducing it in con- products can be utilised as a part of concrete innovations at
crete will eliminate one of the environmental prob- greatest amount for a sustainable standard strength, dura-
lems created by the steel industry. bility and eco-friendly concrete.
(6) From this review it might be reasoned that the utilisa-
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International Journal of Sustainable Built Environment (2016) xxx, xxx–xxx

International Journal of Sustainable Built Environment

Sustainable use of industrial-waste as partial replacement

Received 20 December 2015; accepted 20 April 2016

⇑ Corresponding author. Cell: +91 9439502377.

8.4.1. Relation between compressive strength and dynamic modulus of elasticity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00

1. Introduction The growing demand of sand results in non-availability

Figure 1. Industrial wastes.

2. Physical properties of industrial wastes as fine aggregate 2.3. Speciﬁc gravity

100 Copper Slag (Sankh et al.,2014 )

100 Copper Slag (Sankh et al.,2014 )

WFS (Khatib et al.,2013)

20 Bottom Ash (Bilir,2012)

WFS (Khatib et al.,2013)

WFS (Khatib et al.,2013)

Industrial Waste Replacement (%)

Figure 6. Slump of diﬀerent industrial waste concretes.

0.92 showing midway workability for concrete items. 7. Density of concrete

8.1.3. Copper slag 8.1.6. Bottom ash

8.1.5. Blast furnace slag 8.1.7. Ferrochrome slag

Steel Slag (Qasrawi et al., 2009)

2400 ISF Slag (Morrison et al.,2003)

2200 Bottom Ash (Siddique et al.,2014)

Figure 7. Density of diﬀerent industrial waste concretes.

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50%

Figure 8. Compressive strength of diﬀerent industrial waste concretes.

Figure 10. Split tensile strength of diﬀerent industrial waste concretes.

Flexural strength is a measure to resist failure in bending 8.3.3. Copper slag

Figure 12. Flexural strength of diﬀerent industrial waste concretes.

Chloride ion penetrability as per

Figure 15. Eﬀect of Industrial waste on chloride ion permeability.

0.42 W/C-WFS, Singh and

2.0 0.40 W/C-ISFS (Tripathi et

Figure 16. Eﬀect of Industrial waste on depth of wear in abrasion test.

the ability of cement to respond properly with foundry

11.2. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)

It is no doubt understood that, the calcium–silica–hydr

microstructure reshapes its network structure. Rather than 12. Conclusion

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