Calculus With Analytic Geometry I: (Derivative of A Function)

Calculus with Analytic Geometry I
(Derivative of a Function)
JULIUS V. BENITEZ, Ph.D.
julius.benitez@g.msuiit.edu.ph
Department of Mathematics and Statistics, College of Science and Mathematics

Mindanao State University-Iligan Institute of Technology
email: csm.mathstat@g.msuiit.edu.ph
1st Sem, 2018-2019

J.V. Benitez Calculus with Analytic Geometry I 1st Sem, 2018-2019 1 / 39
Contents
1 The Derivative of a Function

The Derivative of a Function
Formulas for Differentiation of Algebraic and Transcendental
Functions
Implicit Differentiation and Higher-Order Derivatives
Indeterminate Forms and L’Hôpital’s Rule
Increasing and Decreasing Functions, and the First Derivative Test
Concavity and the Second Derivative Test
Sketching Graphs of Functions
Mean-Value Theorem
DMS Department of
MATHEMATICS MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY
and STATISTICS
ILIGAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
1
Definition 2.1 (Derivative of a Function)

If f is a function of an independent variable, say x, then the derivative of
f at x0 , denoted by f 0 (x0 ), is given by
f (x0 + h) − f (x0 )
f 0 (x0 ) = lim ,
h→0 h
if this limit exists. If f 0 (x0 ) exists, then f is said to be differentiable at x0 .
The function f is said to be differentiable if it is differentiable at each
point in the domain of f .
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and STATISTICS
1
The Three-Step Rule

1 Simplify f (x + h) − f (x).
2 Divide f (x + h) − f (x) by h, that is, solve
f (x + h) − f (x)
, (h 6= 0).
h
f (x + h) − f (x)
3 Evaluate lim .
h→0 h
Example 2.2
Find the derivative of f (x) = x2 using the Three-Step Rule.
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and STATISTICS
1
The process of finding the derivative of a given function is called

differentiation.
Notation 2.3 (Derivative)
If the function f is defined by the equation y = f (x), then the derivative
of f at x can be denoted by any of the following symbols:
dy d
f 0 (x), , Dx f, Dx (f (x)), Dx y, [f (x)], y 0
dx dx
DMS Department of
and STATISTICS
1
Differentiation Formulas
Theorem 2.4
1 If k is a constant, then Dx k = 0
2 Dx [xr ] = rxr−1 (r ∈ Q)
3 Dx [k · f (x)] = k · Dx f (x)
4 Dx [f (x) + g(x)] = Dx f (x) + Dx g(x) (Addition Rule)
5 Dx [f (x) · g(x)] = g(x) · Dx f (x) + f (x) · Dx g(x) (Product Rule)
g(x) · Dx f (x) − f (x) · Dx g(x)

f (x)
6 Dx = (Quotient Rule)
g(x) g 2 (x)
7 Dx [(f ◦ g)(x)] = f (g(x)) · g 0 (x)
0
(Chain Rule)
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and STATISTICS
1
Let u be a function of x.
Dx sin u = cos u · Dx u 1
1
11 Dx sin−1 u = √ · Dx u
2 Dx cos u = − sin u · Dx u 1 − u2
1
3 Dx sec u = sec u tan u · Dx u 12 Dx cos−1 u = − √ · Dx u
1 − u2
4 Dx csc u = − csc u cot u · Dx u
1
5 Dx tan u = sec2 u · Dx u 13 Dx tan−1 u = · Dx u
1 + u2
6 Dx cot u = − csc2 u · Dx u 1
Dx e u = e u · Dx u
14 Dx cot−1 u = − · Dx u
7
1 + u2
8 Dx au = au · ln a · Dx u D u
1 15 Dx sec−1 u = √x
9 Dx ln u = · Dx u |u| u2 − 1
u
D u
10 Dx logb u = ·
1 1
· Dx u
16 Dx csc−1 u = − √x
u ln b |u| u2 − 1

Differentiate the following: (Algebraic)
d 3 d x2 + 2x + 1

1 (x − 12x + 5) 8
dx √ √ dx x2 − 2x + 1
2 Dx (2 x + 2x) d 2
3 Dx (5x4 − 5x3 + 30x + 15) 9 (x + [x3 + (x4 + x)2 ]3 )
dx
d p
3

4 (2x 2x3 + 4) 2x + 1
dx 10 Dx (3x − 1)
x+5
5 Dx ((x + 2)(x − 5)−1 ) √
x 3 + 2x

5 1 11 Dx
6 Dx + 4x − 1
x3 x
3
d x −8

d 3 5 2
7 12 − − 7x
dx x3 + 8 dx x4 x
.
DMS Department of
and STATISTICS
1
Differentiate the following: (Trigonometric)
1 f (x) = sin(2x) 10 g(x) = x3 − x2 cos x + 2x sin x

2 f (x) = cos(x3 − 2x)
p 11 y = x2 sin x + 2x cos x − 2 sin x
3 f (x) = tan x2 + 4
√ sec4 2x
4 f (x) = x sec( x + x) h(x) =
√ 12
cos 2x
5 f (x) = x3 cot 3 x
f (x) = x2 csc(2x)
p
6
√ 13 f (x) = 3 cos2 (2x + 1)
7 f (t) = 4t5 + csc 3t
8 g(x) = sec x2 + csc2 x2
14 g(x) = tan2 (2x3 ) − 5
r
2 − 3 sec x cot2 (2x)
9 f (x) = 15 h(x) =
tan x 1 + x2
.
DMS Department of
and STATISTICS
1
Differentiate the following: (exponential and logarithmic)
e4w
1 f (x) = x3 ex 11 f (w) = w
21 f (x) = sin(ln x2 )
w
2 f (x) = e2x cos 4x 12 f (w) = e6w
√ 22 g(t) = log7 (sin t2 )
3 2x 3
3 f (t) = t + 2t 13 g(x) = √ e x √
ln x
4 f (t) = t43t 14 h(x) = 3 e2x + x3 23 f (x) = x
15 f (x) = ln(2x) √
5 f (x) = 2e4x+1 √ 24 g(t) = ln t
16 f (x) = ln 8x t
6 f (x) = (1/e)x
2
17 f (t) = ln(t3 + 3t ) 25 h(x) = ex ln x
7 h(x) = (1/3)x
2
18 f (t) = t3 log4 t
8 h(x) = 4−x 19 g(x) = ln(cos x)
26 f (x) = ln(sin x)
2
9 f (u) = eu +4u 20 g(x) = 27 f (x) =
10 f (u) = 3etan u cos x ln(x2 + 1) ln(sec x + tan x)
.
DMS Department of
and STATISTICS
1
Differentiate the following: (Inverse Trigonometric)

−1
1 f (x) = sin−1 (2x) 6 g(x) = e2 cos (x)
2 g(x) = cos−1 (ex ) 7
p
h(t) = tan−1 (2x − 1)
3 h(x) = x tan−1 (2x )
4 f (t) = ex sec−1 (x + 2)
8 f (t) = sin−1 (2x )+ln sin−1 (2x)
5 f (x) = x3 sin−1 (x2 ex ) 9 f (x) = x3 sin−1 (x2 ex )
DMSDepartment of
and STATISTICS
1
Implicit Differentiation
If a function f is given by f = {(x, y)| y = 3x2 + 2}, then we say that the
equation y = 3x2 + 2 defines the function f explicitly. However, not all
relations can be defined in such a manner. For instance, consider the
equation x2 − y 2 = 16. This given equation does not describe a function
√ −3) are in the locus). Now, the function g defined by
((5, 3) and (5,
y = g(x) = x2 − 16 satisfies x2 − y 2 = 16, that is x2 − [g(x)]2 = 16.
Also, the function h defined by
p
y = h(x) = − x2 − 16
satisfies x2 − y 2 = 16, that is, x2 − [h(x)]2 = 16. In this case, we say that
function g (or the function h) is defined implicitly by the equation
x2 − y 2 = 16. The process of finding the derivative of a function that is
defined implicitly is called implicit differentiation.
.
DMSDepartment of
and STATISTICS
1
Implicit Differentiation
Example 2.5
Suppose that y is a differentiable function of x. Find y 0 .
1 x4 + x3 y + y 4 = 3 8 csc(x − y) + sec(x + y) = x
x + 2y 2 p
2 x2 = 9 ex y − 3 2 + y 2 = 1 + 2x2
x − 2y
p 10 e4y − ln(y 2 + 2) = 4x
3 tan(xy) − xy = 5
y 11 xexy − x sin−1 y = ln(xy)
4 √ = 2 + x2 xy
x−y
p
12 = ln x2 y 2 + 1
5 x4 y 4 = sin x cos y tan−1 (x − y)
6 cos(x + y) = y sin x 13 sec−1 (xy − 1) + 2x2 y 2 = 2xy
7 sin3 (x2 + y 2 ) = xy 2 14 xy = cos−1 |xy + 1|
DMSDepartment of
and STATISTICS
1
Higher-Order Derivatives
If the function f is differentiable, then its derivative f 0 is called the first

derivative of f . If the function f 0 is differentiable, then the derivative of f 0
is called the second derivative of f . It is denoted by f 00 (read as “f double
prime”). Similarly, the third derivative of f , is defined as the derivative of
f 00 , provided that f 00 exists. The third derivative of f is denoted by
f 000 (read as “f triple prime”). The nth derivative of the function f ,
denoted by f (n) , is defined as the derivative of the (n − 1)st derivative of
f , provided the latter exists.
DMS Department of
and STATISTICS
1
dy
The Leibniz notation for the first derivative is , where y = f (x). The
dx
Leibniz notation for the second derivative of f with respect to x is
d2 y

d dy d d
= = (y) .
dx2 dx dx dx dx
dn y
In general, the symbol denotes the nth derivative of y with respect to
dxn
x. Other symbols for the nth derivative of f with respect of x are
dn
[f (x)] and Dxn [f (x)].
dxn
DMS Department of
and STATISTICS
1
Example 2.6
1
Find g 000 (x) if g(x) = √ .
3x + 7
Example 2.7
d3
Find (2 sin x + 3 cos x − x3 ).
dx3
Example 2.8
1 Find g 0 (x) and g 00 (x) if g(x) = (2x − 3)2 (x + 4)3 .
√
0 00 2− x
2 Find f (x) and f (x) if f (x) = √ .
2+ x
.
DMSDepartment of
and STATISTICS
1
Exercises
d2 t
1 Find if t = 2s(1 − 4s)2 .
ds2
F 0 (y) and F 00 (y) if F (y) = 3 2y 3 + 3.
p
2 Find
3 Find h0 (x) and h00 (x) if h(x) = sec 2x + tan 2x.
d4

3
4 Find .
d4 x 2x − 1
5 Find Dx3 (2 tan 3x).
6 Find f (5) (x) if f (x) = cos 2x − sin 2x.
d3 u √
7 Find 3
if u = v v − 2(v − 2 > 0).
dv
d3 y √
8 Find 3
if y = 3 − 2x.
.
dx
DMS Department of
and STATISTICS
1
d2 y 2x
9 Given x3 + y 3 = 1, show that 2
= − 5.
dx y
1 1 d2 y 1
10 Given x 2 + y 2 = 2, show that = 3.
dx2 x2
3 3 00 10x
11 Given x − y = 5, show that y = − 5 .
y
cos x R(x)R0 (x)
12 Let R(x) = . Show that = −1.
1 + sin x R00 (x)
1
13 Let F (x) = . Show that
1 + sin x
(1 + sin x)3 · F 00 (x) = cos2 x + sin x + 1.
14 Let x + y = tan y. Show that y 00 = −2[cot5 y + cot3 y].
.
DMSDepartment of
and STATISTICS
1
0
Definition 2.9 (Indeterminate Form )
0
If f and g are two functions such that lim f (x) = 0 and lim g(x) = 0,
x→a x→a
f 0
then the function has the indeterminate from at a.
g 0
Example 2.10
x2 − 4 0
has the indeterminate from at a = 2.
x−2 0
DMS Department of
and STATISTICS
1
Theorem 2.11 (L’Hôpital’s Rule))
Let f and g be functions which are differentiable on an open interval I,
except possibly at the number a ∈ I. Suppose that for all x 6= a in I,
f 0
g 0 (x) 6= 0. If has the indeterminate from at a and
g 0
f 0 (x)
lim = L,
x→a g 0 (x)
then
f (x)
lim = L.
x→a g(x)
Remark 2.12
.
The theorem above is valid if two-sided limit is replaced by one-sided limit.
DMS Department of
and STATISTICS
1
Example 2.13
Evaluate the following limits:
x2 − 4
1 lim
x→2 x − 2
sin x
2 lim
x→0 x
4x − 3x
3 lim
x→0 x
x − sin x
4 lim
x→0 x4 + x3
cos x − sin x
5 limπ
x→ 4 cos(2x)
.
DMS Department of
and STATISTICS
1
Theorem 2.14 (L’Hôpital’s Rule)
Let f and g be functions which are differentiable for all x > N , where N
is a positive constant, and suppose that for all x > N , g 0 (x) 6= 0. If
lim f (x) = 0 and lim g(x) = 0 and
x→+∞ x→+∞
f 0 (x)
lim = L,
x→+∞ g 0 (x)
then
f (x)
lim = L.
x→+∞ g(x)
Remark 2.15
The theorem above is valid if “x → +∞” is replaced by “x → −∞”.
.
DMS Department of
and STATISTICS
1
Example 2.16
sin( x1 )
1 lim
x→+∞ tan−1 ( 1 )
x
1
x2
− 2 tan−1 ( x1 )
2 lim 1
x→+∞
x
DMS Department of
and STATISTICS
1
±∞
Theorem 2.17 (Indeterminate Form )
±∞
Let f and g be functions which are differentiable on an open interval I,
except possibly at the number a ∈ I. Suppose that for all x 6= a in I,
g 0 (x) 6= 0. If lim f (x) = +∞ or −∞, lim g(x) = +∞ or −∞, and
x→a x→a
f 0 (x)
lim = L,
x→a g 0 (x)
then
f (x)
lim = L.
x→a g(x)
Remark 2.18 .
DMS
The theorem above is valid if two-sided limit is replaced by one-sided.
Department of
and STATISTICS
1
±∞
Theorem 2.19 (Indeterminate Form )
±∞
Let f and g be functions which are differentiable for all x > N , where N
is a positive constant, and suppose that for all x > N , g 0 (x) 6= 0. If
lim f (x) = +∞ or −∞, and lim g(x) = +∞ or −∞ and
x→+∞ x→+∞
f 0 (x)
lim = L,
x→+∞ g 0 (x)
then
f (x)
lim = L.
x→+∞ g(x)
Remark 2.20 .
DMS
The theorem above is valid if “x → +∞” is replaced by “x → −∞”.
Department of
and STATISTICS
1
Other Indeterminate Forms
0 · (+∞), +∞ − (+∞), 00 , (±∞)0 , 1±∞
Example 2.21

1 1
1 lim − (∞ − ∞)
x→0 ln(x + 1) x

1
2 lim ln x (0 · ∞)
x→+∞ x
1
3 lim x x−1 (1∞ )
x→+∞
4 lim (sin x)x (00 )
x→0. +
5
DMS
lim (x + 1)2/x
x→+∞
Department of
MATHEMATICS
(∞0 )
MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY
and STATISTICS
1
Exercises: Evaluate the following limits.
ln(2 + ex ) sin(sin x)
1 lim 6 lim
√ 3x sin x
x→+∞ x→0
x ln x
2 lim 7 lim
x→0 ln x
+ x→0+ cot x
lim (ln x − x)
3
p
x→+∞
8 lim ( x2 + 1 − x)
x→+∞
√ 2
x + 1 x −4 1 x

4 lim 9 lim 1+
x→+∞ x − 2 x→+∞ x
5 lim (cos x)1/x 10 lim (1/x) x
x→0+ x→0+
DMSDepartment of
and STATISTICS
1
Increasing/Decreasing Fncs. & the First Derivative Test
Definition 2.22 (Monotonic Functions)

A function f defined on an interval is said to be (strictly) increasing on
that interval if and only if f (x1 ) < f (x2 ) whenever x1 < x2 , where x1 and
x2 are any numbers in the interval. A function f defined on an interval is
said to be (strictly) decreasing on that interval if and only if
f (x1 ) > f (x2 ) whenever x1 < x2 where x1 and x2 are any numbers in the
interval. If a function is either increasing or decreasing on an interval, then
it is said to be monotonic on the interval.
DMSDepartment of
and STATISTICS
1
Theorem 2.23
Let the function f be continuous on the closed interval [a, b] and
differentiable on the open interval (a, b).
1 If f 0 (x) > 0 for all x in (a, b), then f is increasing on [a, b].
2 If f 0 (x) < 0 for all x in (a, b), then f is decreasing on [a, b].
DMSDepartment of
and STATISTICS
1
Theorem 2.24 (First Derivative Test for Relative Extrema)

Let the function f be continuous at all points of the open interval (a, b)
containing the number x0 , and suppose that f 0 exists at each point of
(a, b), except possibly at x0 .
1 If f is increasing (f 0 (x) > 0) on some open interval to the left of x0
with x0 as endpoint of this interval, and if f is decreasing (f 0 (x) < 0)
on some open interval to the right of x0 with x0 as endpoint, then f
has a relative maximum value at x0 .
2 If f is decreasing (f 0 (x) < 0) on some open interval to the left of x0
with x0 as endpoint, and if f is increasing (f 0 (x) > 0) on some open
interval to the right of x0 with x0 as endpoint of this interval, then f
has a relative minimum value at x0 .
.
DMSDepartment of
and STATISTICS
1
Example 2.25
Given the function f , discuss its relative maximum and minimum points
and the intervals where it is increasing and decreasing.
1 f (x) = x − 31 x3
2 f (x) = x4 − 8x3 + 18x2 − 27
DMSDepartment of
and STATISTICS
1
Definition 2.26 (Concavity)

The graph of a function f is said to be concave upward on a given interval
I, if at each point of I the graph of f always remains above the line
tangent to the curve at this point. The graph of a function f is said to be
concave downward on an interval I, if at each point of I the graph of f
always remains below the line tangent to the curve at this point.
DMS Department of
and STATISTICS
1
Theorem 2.27 (Second Derivative Test for Concavity)
Let f be a function such that f 00 (x) exists for every x in some open
interval I.
1 If f 00 (x) > 0 for all x on I, then the graph of f is concave upward on
I.
2 If f 00 (x) < 0 for all x on I, then the graph of f is concave downward
on I.
Theorem 2.28 (Second Derivative Test for Relative Extrema)

Suppose that f 00 exists on I and suppose x0 ∈ I is a critical value of f .
1 If f 00 (x0 ) > 0, then x0 corresponds to a relative minimum value of f .
2 If f 00 (x0 ) < 0, then x0 corresponds to a relative maximum value of f .
.
DMSDepartment of
and STATISTICS
1
Definition 2.29 (Points of Inflection)

A point (x0 , f (x0 )) is a point of inflection of the graph of the function f if
the graph has a tangent line there, and if there exists an open interval I
containing x0 such that if x is in I, then either
1 f 00 (x) < 0 if x < x0 , and f 00 (x) > 0 if x > x0 , or
2 f 00 (x) > 0 if x < x0 , and f 00 (x) < 0 if x > x0 .
Theorem 2.30
If the function f is differentiable on some open interval containing x0 , and
if (x0 , f (x0 )) is a point of inflection of the graph of f , then if f 00 (x0 )
exists, f 00 (x0 ) = 0.
.
DMSDepartment of
and STATISTICS
1
Example 2.31
Given the function f , discuss the intervals of concavity and the points of
inflection. Construct a sketch of the graph of the function.
1 f (x) = x − 31 x3
2 f (x) = x4 − 8x3 + 18x2 − 27
DMSDepartment of
and STATISTICS
1
Sketching Graphs of Functions
Exercises: Given the function f , discuss its relative maximum and
minimum points, the intervals where it is increasing and decreasing, the
intervals of concavity, and the points of inflection. Construct a sketch of
the graph of the function.
2x − 4 6 f (x) = x4 + 4x3
1 f (x) =
x2 7 f (x) = x4 − 8x3 + 18x2 − 27
10x
2 f (x) =
1 + 3x2
8 f (x) = 3x5 − 5x3 + 1
4 1
x2 − 3x − 4 9 f (x) = x 3 + 4x 3
3 f (x) =
x−2 10 f (x) = (x2 − 4)2
4 f (x) = x − 32 x2
3 11 f (x) = (1 − x2 )2 − 34 x3 − 8x
5 f (x) = x3 − 3x2 + 3x + 6 12 f (x) = (x − 1)3 (x − 3)
.
DMS Department of
and STATISTICS
1
Mean-Value Theorem
Theorem 2.32 (Mean-Value Theorem)

Let f be a function such that
1 it is continuous on the closed interval [a, b], and
2 is differentiable on the open interval (a, b).
Then there is a number c in the open interval (a, b) such that
f (b) − f (a)
f 0 (c) = .
b−a
DMSDepartment of
and STATISTICS
1
Then there is a number c in the open interval (a, b) such that
is differentiable on the open interval (a, b).
Mean-Value Theorem 0 f (b) − f (a)
n there is a number c in the open interval =b) such that .f 0 (c) = f (b) − f (a) .
f (c)(a,
b−a
f (b) − f (a) b−a
Geometrically, f (b) − f (a) f is
(b)the
− f slope
(a) of the secant line through the
b−a
Geometrically, Geometrically, is the slope is the slope of the secant line through
b −ofa the secant line through the points A(a, f (a))
points A(a,
the b −A(a,
f (a))
points aandf (a))
B(b,andf (b)).
B(b, fThus,
(b)) the
(see Mean-Value
Figure 5.3). Thus, Theorem simply
B(b, f (b)) (see Figure 5.3). Thus, the Mean-Value Theorem simply says the
thatMean-
there is
says that there
Value is some
Theorem point
simply on
says the
that curve
there is between
some A
point onand
the
e point on the curve between A and B where the tangent line to the curve at this point
B where
curve be- the
tangent tween
line toA and
the B where
curve at
rallel to the secant line through A and B.the
thistangent
point line
is to the
parallel curve
to theat this
secant point
lineisthrough
parallel to the secant line through A and B.
A and B.
y tangent line
P (c, f (c))
y = f (x)
secant line
B(b, f (b))
A(a, f (a))
a c x
O b
.
5.3:
DMS Department of
MATHEMATICS
Figure 5.3:
Figure
2x + 3 MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY

and STATISTICS 2x + 3
mple 5.46 Given
Example that f (x)
5.46 = that ,f (x)
Given find=all numbers , findc INSTITUTE
ILIGAN between
all 1 and
numbers c OF5 such that
TECHNOLOGY
between 1
J.V. Benitez
3x −Calculus
2 3x − 2Geometry I
with Analytic 1st Sem, 2018-2019 38 / 39
1
Mean-Value Theorem
Example 2.33
2x + 3
Given that f (x) = , find all numbers c between 1 and 5 such that
3x − 2
f (5) − f (1) 1−5
f 0 (c) = = = −1.
5−1 4
DMS Department of
and STATISTICS
1

Calculus With Analytic Geometry I: (Derivative of A Function)

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Calculus with Analytic Geometry I

Department of Mathematics and Statistics, College of Science and Mathematics

1st Sem, 2018-2019

1 The Derivative of a Function

Definition 2.1 (Derivative of a Function)

The Three-Step Rule

The process of finding the derivative of a given function is called

J.V. Benitez Calculus with Analytic Geometry I 1st Sem, 2018-2019 7 / 39

Differentiate the following: (Trigonometric)

1 f (x) = sin(2x) 10 g(x) = x3 − x2 cos x + 2x sin x

Differentiate the following: (Inverse Trigonometric)

If the function f is differentiable, then its derivative f 0 is called the first

Exercises: Evaluate the following limits.

Definition 2.22 (Monotonic Functions)

Theorem 2.24 (First Derivative Test for Relative Extrema)

Definition 2.26 (Concavity)

Theorem 2.28 (Second Derivative Test for Relative Extrema)

Definition 2.29 (Points of Inflection)

Theorem 2.32 (Mean-Value Theorem)

2x + 3 MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY

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