A COURSE MODULE FOR

MATHEMATICS IN
MODERN WORLD
The IAN PHIL D. CUETO

https://images.app.goo.gl/daD3DJ5U2hxGevsf6

Pretest
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Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

1. What is said to be the most basic pattern in nature?

A. Pattern of Flow C. Pattern of Rhythm
B. Pattern of Movement D. Pattern of Visuals

2. This kind of pattern is unpredictable and it often contains fractals.

A. Geometric Patterns C. Pattern of Movement
B. Pattern of Forms D. Pattern of Visuals

3. What kind of pattern is a series of shapes that are repeating?

A. Geometric Pattern C. Pattern of Texture
B. Pattern of Flows D. Pattern of Visuals

4. Among the following, what is not a type of symmetry?

A. Reflection C. Transformation
B. Rotation D. Translation

5. All of the following statements are correct about Fibonacci except one:
A. The logarithmic spiral growth of the Nautilus shell
B. The total number of family members correspond to a Fibonacci number.
C. Fibonacci numbers are the root of the discovery of the secret behind sunflower seeds.
D. The numbers of petals of almost all flowers in the world correspond to the Fibonacci numbers.

6. What type of sequence deals with common ratio?

A. Arithmetic Sequence C. Geometric Sequence
B. Fibonacci Sequence D. Harmonic Sequence

7. What is the sum of Fib (10) + Fib(5) ?

A. 58 C. 60 B. 59 D. 61

8. What is Fib (12) ?

A. 144 C. 377 B. 233 D. 89

9. What are the next two terms of the sequence, 8, 17, 26, 35?
A. 49, 58 C. 44, 53 B. 39, 48 D. 54, 63

10. What type of sequence is 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, … ?

A. Fibbonacci Sequence C. Fibonacci Sequence
B. Fibonaacii Sequence D. Fibonacii Sequence

Module I
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 THE NATURE OF MATHEMATICS
The content of this module is an introduction to the nature of mathematics as an
exploration of patterns. It is a useful way to think about nature and our world. Mathematics reveals
hidden patterns that help us understand the world around us. Now much more than arithmetic and
geometry, mathematics today is a diverse discipline that deals with data, measurements, and
observations from science; with inference, deduction, and proof; and with mathematical models of
natural phenomena, of human behavior, and of social systems.

As a practical matter, mathematics is a science of pattern and order. Its domain is not
molecules or cells, but numbers, chance, form, algorithms, and change. As a science of abstract
objects, mathematics relies on logic rather than on observation as its standard of truth, yet employs
observation, simulation, and even experimentation as means of discovering truth.

The special role of mathematics in education is a consequence of its universal applicability.

The results of mathematics--theorems and theories--are both significant and useful; the best results
are also elegant and deep. Through its theorems, mathematics offers science both a foundation of
truth and a standard of certainty.

In addition to theorems and theories, mathematics offers distinctive modes of thought

which are both versatile and powerful, including modeling, abstraction, optimization, logical
analysis, inference from data, and use of symbols. Experience with mathematical modes of thought
builds mathematical power--a capacity of mind of increasing value in this technological age that
enables one to read critically, to identify fallacies, to detect bias, to assess risk, and to suggest
alternatives. Mathematics empowers us to understand better the information-laden world in which
we live.

Learning Outcomes
On completion of this module, the reader will be able to:

 identify patterns in nature and regularities in the world;

 articulate the importance of mathematics in one’s life;
 argue about the nature of mathematics, what it is, how it is expressed, represented and used; and
 Express appreciation for mathematics as a human endeavor.

Unit Lessons
 Mathematics in Our World
 Patterns and Numbers in Nature


Time Allotment

Six Lecture Hours

LESSON 1

Mathematics in Our World

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In the book of Stewart, Nature’s Number, he that mathematics is a
formal system of thought that was gradually developed in the
human mind and evolved in the human culture. Thus, in the long
 https://www.mathplanet .com/

What is Mathematics?
Basically, Mathematics is defined as study of numbers and arithmetic operations. It is a set of tools
that can be applied to question of “how many” or “how much”. But on the other hand, Mathematics is also
the study of pattern and structure. A fundamental to the physical and biological sciences,
engineering and information technology, to economics and increasingly to the social sciences. It is a
useful way to think about nature and our world and is a tool to quantify, organize and control our
world, predict phenomena and make life easier for us.

Mathematics is …
 A study of pattern
 A language
 A process of thinking
 A set of problem solving tools
 An art
“Mathematics is a Language in
which God written the Universe”
-Galileo Galilei-

The Natural Orders

Thus Stewart begins the book by describing just some of nature’s multitude of patterns: the regular
movements of the stars in the night sky; the sixfold symmetry of snowflakes; the stripes of tigers and zebras;
the recurring patterns of sand dunes; rainbows; the spiral of a snail’s shell; why nearly all flowers have petals
arranged in one of the following numbers 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89; the regular patterns or ‘rhythms’ made by
animals scuttling, walking, flying and swimming.

What is Mathematics for?

Mathematics is brilliant at helping us to solve puzzles. It is a more or less systematic way of digging
out the rules and structures that lie behind some observed pattern or regularity, and then using those rules and
structures to explain what’s going on. (p.16)
Having gotten our attention, Stewart trots through the history of major mathematical discoveries
including Kepler discovering that the planets move not in circles but in ellipses; the discovery that the nature of
acceleration is ‘not a fundamental quality, but a rate of change’, then Newton and Leibniz inventing calculus to
help us work out complex rates of change, and so on.
Two of the main things that math are for are 1. providing the tools which let scientists understand what
nature is doing 2. providing new theoretical questions for mathematicians to explore further. These are handy
rules of thumb for distinguishing between, respectively, applied and pure mathematics.

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 Stewart mentions one of the oddities, paradoxes or thought-provoking things that crops up in many
science books, which is the eerie way that good mathematics, mathematics well done, whatever its source and
no matter how abstract its origin, eventually turns out to be useful, to be applicable to the real world, to explain
some aspect of nature.
Many philosophers have wondered why. Is there a deep congruence between the human mind and the
structure of the universe? Did God make the universe mathematically and implant an understanding of math in
us? Is the universe made of math?
Stewart’s answer is simple and elegant: he thinks that nature exploits every pattern that there is, which
is why we keep discovering patterns everywhere. We humans express these patterns in numbers, but nature
doesn’t use numbers as such – she uses the patterns and shapes and possibilities which the numbers express
or define.
Mendel noticing the numerical relationships with which characteristics of peas are expressed when
they are crossbred. The double helix structure of DNA. Computer simulations of the evolution of the eye from an
initial mutation creating a patch of skin cells sensitive to light, published by Daniel Nilsson and Susanne Pelger
in 1994. Pattern appears wherever we look.
Mathematics doesn’t just analyze, it can predict, predict how all kinds of systems will work, from the
aerodynamics which keep planes flying, to the amount of fertilizer required to increase crop yield, to the
complicated calculations which keep communications satellites in orbit round the earth and therefore sustain
our internet and mobile phone networks.

The Essential Roles of Mathematics

Mathematics has countless hidden uses and applications. It is not only something that
delights our mind but it also allows us to learn and understand the natural order of the world. This
discipline was and is often studied as a pure science but it also finds its place in other areas of
perpetuating knowledge. Perhaps, science would definitely agree that, when it comes to
discovering and unveiling the truth behind the inherent secrets and occurrences of the universe,
nothing visual, verbal, or aural come close to matching the accuracy, economy, power and elegance
of mathematics. Mathematics helps us to take the complex processes that is naturally occurring in
the world around us and it represents them by utilizing logic to make things more organized and
more efficient.
Further, mathematics also facilitate not only to weather, but also to control the weather ----
be it social, natural, statistical, political, or medical. Applied mathematics, which once only used for
solving problems in physics, and it is also becoming a useful tool in biological sciences: for instance,
the spread of various diseases can now be predicted and controlled. Scientists and researchers use
applied mathematics in doing or performing researches to solve social, scientific, medical, or even
political crises.
It is a common fact that mathematics plays an important role in many sciences. It is and it
provides tools for calculations. We use of calculations in other disciplines whenever we are
underrating some kind of research or experiment. The use of mathematical calculations is
indispensable method in scientifically approaching most of the problems. In a similar way,
mathematics, provides new questions to think about. Indeed, in learning and doing mathematics,
there will always be new questions to answer, new problems to solve, and new things to think
about (VistruYu PPT presentation).

What is Mathematics About?

Numbers are the most prominent part of mathematics and everyone is taught arithmetic at school, but
numbers are just one type of object that mathematics is interested in.

In the book Nature’s Number by Stewart, the invention of whole numbers, and then of fractions are
outlined. Sometime in the Dark Ages the invention of 0. The invention of negative numbers, then of square
roots. Irrational numbers. ‘Real’ numbers.

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 Whole numbers 1, 2, 3… are known as the natural numbers. If you include negative whole numbers,
the series is known as integers. Positive and negative numbers taken together are known as rational numbers.
Then there are real numbers and complex numbers. Five systems in total.

But math is also about operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. And
functions, also known as transformations, rules for transforming one mathematical object into another. Many of
these processes can be thought of as things which help to create data structures.

Math is like a landscape in which similar proofs and theories cluster together to create peaks and
troughs.

Mathematics is Everywhere
We use mathematics in their daily tasks and activities. It is our important tool in the field of sciences,
humanities, literature, medicine, and even in music and arts; it is in the rhythm of our daily activities, operational
in our communities, and a default system of our culture. There is mathematics wherever we go. It helps us cook
delicious meals by exacting our ability to measure and moderately control of heat. It also helps us to shop
wisely, read maps, use the computer, and remodel a home with constrained budget with utmost economy.

Even the cosmic perspective, the patterns in the firmament are always presented as a mystery waiting
to be uncovered by us-the sentient being. In order to unearth this mystery, we are challenged to investigate and
deeply examine its structure and rules to the infinitesimal level. The intertwined governing powers of cosmic
mystery can only be decoded by seriously observing and studying their regularities, and patiently waiting for the
signature of some kind interference. It is only by observing the abundance of patterns scattered everywhere that
this irregularities will beg to be noticed. Some of them are boldly exposed in a simple and obvious manner while
others are hidden in ways that is impossible to perceive by easy to discern. While our ancestors were able to
discover the presence of mathematics in everything, it took the descendants, us, a long time to gradually notice
the impact of these patterns in the persistence of our species to rightfully exist.

Mathematics is Everyone
The relationship of the mathematical landscape in the human mind with the natural world is so strange
that in the long run, the good math provides utilization and usefulness in the order of things. Perhaps, for most
people, they simply need to know the basics of the mathematical operations in order to survive daily tasks; but
for the human society to survive and for the human species to persistently exist, humanity needs, beyond
rudiment of mathematics. To safeguard our existence, we already have delegated the functions of mathematics
across all disciplines. There is mathematics we call pure and applied, as there are scientists we call social and
natural. There is mathematics for engineers to build, mathematics for commerce and finance, mathematics for
weather forecasting, mathematics that is related to health, and mathematics to harness energy for utilization. To
simply put it, everyone uses mathematics in different degrees and levels. Everyone uses mathematics, whoever
they are, wherever they are, and whenever they need to. From mathematicians to scientists, from professionals
to ordinary people, they all use mathematics. For mathematics puts order amidst disorder. It helps us become
better persons and helps make the world a better place to live in. (Vistru-Yu).

The Importance of Knowing and Learning

Mathematics

Why do we want to observe and describe patterns and regularities? Why do we want to
understand the physical phenomena governing our world? Why do we want to dig out rules and
structures that lie behind patterns of the natural order? It is because those rules and structures
explain what is going on. It is because they are beneficial in generating conclusions and in
predicting events. It is because they provide clues. The clues that make us realize that interference
in the motion of heavenly bodies can predict lunar eclipse, solar eclipse as well as comets’
appearances. That the position of the sun and the moon relative to the earth can predict high tide
and low tide events affecting human activities. And that human activities need clues for the human
culture to meaningfully work.

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 Mathematical training is vital to decipher the clues provided by nature. But the role of
mathematics goes clues and it goes beyond prediction. Once we understand how the system works,
our goal is to control it to make it do what we want. We want to understand the mathematical
pattern of a storm to avoid or prevent catastrophes. We want to know the mathematical concept
behind the contagion of the virus to control its spread. We want to understand the unpredictability
of cancer cells to combat it before it even exists. Finally, we want to understand the butterfly effect
as much as we are so curious to know why the “die” of the physical world play God.

“Whatever the reasons, mathematics is a useful way to think about nature.

What does it want to tell us about the patterns we observe? There are many
answers. We want to understand how they happen; to understand why they
happen, which is different; to organize the underlying patterns and regularities
in the most satisfying way; to predict how nature will behave; to control
nature for our own ends; to make practical use of what we have learned about
our world. Mathematics helps us to do all these things, and often, it is
indispensable.“ [Stewart]

Video Critic Activity

Directions: Watch the videos of Mathematics behind Humanities and Arts, Mystery of Mathematics, and Math is
the Hidden Secret to Understanding the World and answer one of the following questions (15-20 lines).

1. What are the new things that you learned about the nature of mathematics?
2. What aspect of the lesson significant changed your view about mathematics?
3. What is the most important contribution of mathematics in humankind?

Follow the format given below:

Let’s Realize This!

Directions: Answer the question below through a one-minute video recording. Your output will be graded
according to the rubric below.

Is Mathematics Invented or Discovered?

Rubric
Content 30%
Organization of Idea 25%
Presentation 25%
Timeliness 10%
Overall Impact 10%
TOTAL 100%

LESSON 2

Patterns and
Numbers in Nature
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Mathematics has uncanny ability to reveal hidden beautiful
patterns in our everyday life, the nature around us. These
patterns can be sequential, spatial, temporal, and even
 A pattern is an arrangement which helps observes anticipate what they might see or what happens
next. A pattern also shows what may have come before. A pattern organizes information so that it becomes
more useful.
Patterns in nature are visible regularities of form found in the natural world and can also be seen in
the universe. Nature patterns which are not just to be admired, they are vital clues to the rules that govern
natural processes.
Here are some examples of pattern-seeking behavior of humans from childhood to adulthood:

 A toddler separates blue blocks from red blocks.

 A kindergarten student learns to count.
 A first grader does skip counting.
 A third grader notices that multiples of two are even numbers.
 A sixth grader creates patterns that cover a plane.
 A junior high school student learns that a function is essentially a pattern of how one number is
transformed to another.
 A college biology undergraduate studies the sequence of DNA and proteins.
 A stock trader studies trends in the stock market.
 A weatherman makes weather forecasts based on atmospheric pattern.

Patterns are studied because they are everywhere; people just need to learn to notice them.
Check out examples of some of these patterns and youmay be able to spot a few the next time you go
for a walk.

Patterns can be observed even in stars which move in

circles across the sky each day. The weather season cycle each
year. All snowflakes contains six fold symmetry which no two are
exactly the same.
Source: https://www.animalsake.com

Source: https://www.thewhoot.com

Patterns can be seen in fish patterns like spotted trunkfish,

spotted puffer, and blue spotted stingray, spotted moral eel, Sources: https://pinterest.com/ coral
grouper, red lion fish, yellow boxfish and angel fish. These https://smithsonianmag.com/
animals and fish stripes and spots attest to mathematical
regularities in biological growth and form.

Mathematics as a Study of Patterns

Zebras, tigers, cats and snakes are covered in patterns of stripes; leopards and hyenas are covered in
pattern of spots and giraffes are covered in pattern of blotches.

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 Source: https://www.animalsake.com

N a t u r a l p a t t e r
drop with ripple and others. These serves as clues to the rules that govern the flow of water, sand and air.

Source: https://www.cnn.com

source: https://www.fineartamerica.com/ source: https://wwwslideshare.com/

Various Types of Patterns

As we look at the world around us, we can sense the orchestrating great regularity and diversity of
living and non-living things. The symphonies vary from tiny to gigantic, from simple to complex, and from dull to
the bright. The kaleidoscope of patterns is everywhere and they make the nature look only fascinating but also
intriguing. Paradoxically, it seemed that everything in the world follows a pattern of their own and tamed by the
same time pattern of their own.

1 Visual Patterns
Visual patterns are often unpredictable, never quite repeatable, and often contain fractals. These
patterns are can be seen from the seeds and pinecones to the branches and leaves. They are also visible in
self-similar replication of trees, ferns, and plants throughout nature.
Searching for visual patterns can be as simple as identifying the change from one item in a sequence
to the next. Some possible changes to look for include:

 changes in color
 rotation
 vertical or horizontal translation
 changes in shape
 changes in color

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Image Source: https://www.cimt.org.uk/

2 Flow Patterns
The flow of liquids provides an inexhaustible supply of nature’s patterns. Patterns of flow are usually
found in the water, stone, and even in the growth of trees. There is also a flow pattern present in meandering
rivers with the repetition of undulating lines.

Image Source: https://www.researchgate.com

3 Movement Patterns

In the human walk, the feet strike the ground in a regular rhythm: the left-right-left-right-left rhythm.
When a horse, a four-legged creature walks, there is more of a complex but equally rhythmic pattern. This
prevalence of pattern in locomotion extends to the scuttling of insects, the flights of birds, the pulsations of
jellyfish, and also the wave-like movements of fish, worms, and snakes.

4 Rhythm Patterns

Rhythm is conceivably the most basic pattern in nature. Our hearts and lungs follow a regular repeated
pattern of sounds or movement whose timing is adapted to our body’s needs. Many of nature’s rhythms are
most likely similar to a heartbeat, while others are like breathing. The beating of the heart, as well as breathing,
have a default pattern.

5 Texture Patterns
A texture is a quality of a certain object that we sense through touch. It exists as a literal surface that
we can feel, see, and imagine. Textures are of many kinds. It can be bristly, and rough, but it can also be
smooth, cold, and hard.

5 Geometric Patterns
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 A geometric pattern is a kind of pattern which consists of a series of shapes that are typically repeated.
These are regularities in the natural world that are repeated in a predictable manner. Geometrical patterns are
usually visible on cacti and succulents.

Patterns Found in Nature

Common patterns appear in nature, just like what we see when we look closely at plants, flowers,
animals, and even at our bodies. These common patterns are all incorporated in many natural things.
Waves and Dunes. A wave is any form of disturbance that carries energy as it moves. Waves are of
different kinds: mechanical waves which propagate through a medium ---- air or water, making it oscillate as
waves pass by. Wind waves, on the other hand, are surface waves that create the chaotic patterns of the sea.
Similarly, water waves are created by energy passing through water causing it to move in a circular motion.
Likewise, ripple patterns and dunes are formed by sand wind as they pass over the sand.

Spots and Stripes. We can see patterns like spots on the skin of a giraffe. On the other hand, stripes
are visible on the skin of a zebra. Patterns like spots and stripes that are commonly present in different
organisms are results of a reaction-diffusion system (Turing, 1952). The size and the shape of the pattern
depend on how fast the chemicals diffuse and how strongly they interact.

Spirals. The spiral patterns exist on the scale of the cosmos to the minuscule forms of microscopic
animals on earth. The Milky Way that contains our Solar System is a barred spiral galaxy with a band of bright
stars emerging from the center running across the middle of it. Spiral patterns are also common and noticeable
among plants and some animals. Spirals appear in many plants such as pinecones, pineapples, and
sunflowers. On the other hand, animals like ram and kudu also have spiral patterns on their horns.

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 Symmetries. In mathematics, if a figure can be folded or divided into two with two halves which are the
same, such figure is called a symmetric figure. Symmetry has a vital role in pattern formation. It is used to
classify and organize information about patterns by classifying the motion or deformation of both pattern
structures and processes. There are many kinds of symmetry, and the most important ones are reflections,
rotations, and translations. These kinds of symmetries are less formally called flips, turns, and slides.
Types of Symmetry
Reflection symmetry, sometimes called line
symmetry or mirror symmetry, captures symmetries
when the left half of a pattern is the same as the right
half.

Rotations, also known as rotational symmetry, captures

symmetries when it still looks the same after some rotation (of less
than one full turn). The degree of rotational symmetry of an object is
recognized by the number of distinct orientations in which it looks the
same for each rotation.

Translations. This is another type of symmetry. Translational

symmetry exists in patterns that we see in nature and in man-made objects.
Translations acquire symmetries when units are repeated and turn out having
identical figures, like the bees’ honeycomb with hexagonal tiles.

Symmetries in Nature
From the structure of subatomic particles to that of the entire universe, symmetry is present. The
presence of symmetries in nature does not only attract our visual sense, but also plays an integral and
prominent role in the way our life works.

Human Body. The human body is one of the pieces of evidence that there is
symmetry in nature. Our body exhibits bilateral symmetry. It can be divided
into two identical halves.

Sunflower. One of the most interesting things about a sunflower is that

it contains both radial and bilateral symmetry. What appears to be
"petals" in the outer ring are actually small flowers also known as ray
florets. These small flowers are bilaterally symmetrical. On the other
hand, the dark inner ring of the sunflower is a cluster of radially
symmetrical disk florets.

Snowflakes. Snowflakes have six-fold radial symmetry. The ice crystals

that make-up the snowflakes are symmetrical or patterned. The intricate
shape of a single arm of a snowflake is very much similar to the other
arms. This only proves that symmetry is present in a snowflake.

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Honeycombs/Beehive. Honeycombs or beehives are examples of wallpaper
symmetry. This kind of symmetry is created when a pattern is repeated until it
covers a plane. Beehives are made of walls with each side having the same
size enclosed with small hexagonal cells. Inside these cells, honey and pollen
are stored and bees are raised.

Starfish. Starfish have a radial fivefold symmetry. Each arm portion of the
starfish is identical to each of the other regions.

Fibonacci in Nature. By learning about nature, it becomes

gradually evident that the nature is essentially mathematical, and
this is one of the reasons why explaining nature is dependent on
mathematics. Mathematics has the power to unveil the inherent
beauty of the natural world. In describing the amazing variety of
phenomena in nature we stumble to discover the existence of
Fibonacci numbers. It turns out that the Fibonacci numbers appear
from the smallest up to the biggest objects in the natural world. This
presence of Fibonacci numbers in nature, which was once existed
realm mathematician’s curiously, is considered as one of the biggest
mysteries why the some patterns in nature is Fibonacci. But one
thing is definitely made certain, and that what seemed solely
mathematical is also natural. For instance, many flowers display
figures adorned with numbers of petals that are in the Fibonacci
sequence. The classic five-petal flowers are said to be the most
common among them. These include the buttercup, columbine, and
hibiscus. Aside from those flowers with five petals, eight-petal
flowers like clematis and delphinium also have the Fibonacci
numbers, while ragwort and marigold have thirteen. These numbers
are all Fibonacci numbers. Apart from the counts of flower petals, the Fibonacci also occurs in nautilus shells
with a logarithmic spiral growth. Multiple Fibonacci spirals are also present in pineapples and red cabbages.
The patterns are all consistent and natural.

Let’s Visualize This!

Directions: Take a photo of patterns found in your house and in nature. Create a collage of the photos you have
taken in Microsoft Word. Think of a title that suits your work. The criteria below will be used in assessing your
output.
Rubrics

Content 400%
Creativity 20%
Design 20%
Craftmanship 10%
Time and Effort 10%
TOTAL 100%

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 LESSON 3

Fibonacci Sequence
As we have discussed in the preceding lesson,
human mind is capable of identifying and organizing patterns.
We were also to realized that there are structures and patterns Source: https://www.ufv.ca.com
in nature that we don’t usually draw attention to. Likewise, we
arrived at a position that in nature, some things follow
Sequence
mathematical sequences and one of them follow the Fibonacci
sequence. We noticed that these sequences is observable in
some flower petals, on the spirals of some shells and even on
sunflower seeds. refers
Sequence It is toamazing to think
an ordered list of that the Fibonacci
numbers called terms that may have repeated values. The
sequence is dramatically present in nature
arrangement of these terms is set by a definite rule.and it opens the
door to understand seriously the nature of sequence.
Consider the given below example:
1 , 3 , 5 , 7…
(First term) (Second term) (Third term) (Fourth term)

As shown above, the elements in the sequence are called terms. It is called sequence because the list
is ordered and it follows a certain kind of pattern that must be recognized in order to see the expanse. The three
dots at the end of the visible patterns means that the sequence is infinite.

Types of Sequence
There are different types of sequence and the most common are the arithmetic sequence, geometric
sequence, harmonic sequence, and Fibonacci sequence.

Arithmetic
Sequence
It is a sequence of numbers that follows a definite pattern. To determine if the series of numbers follow
an arithmetic sequence, check the difference between two consecutive terms. If common difference is
observed, then definitely arithmetic sequence governed the pattern. To clearly illustrate the arrangement,
consider the example below:

2 2 2 2 2
Notice in the given example above, the common difference between two consecutive terms in the
sequence is two. The common difference is the clue that must be figure out in a pattern in order to recognize it
as an arithmetic sequence.

Geometric
Sequence
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 If in the arithmetic sequence we need to check for the common difference, in geometric sequence we
need to look for the common ratio. The illustrated in the example below, geometric sequence is not as obvious
as the arithmetic sequence. All possibilities must be explored until some patterns of uniformity can intelligently
be struck. At first it may seemed like pattern less but only by digging a little bit deeper that we can finally delve
the constancy. That is 2 8 , 8 32 , 32 128, , … generate 4, 4, 4,…

4 4 4
Harmonic Sequence
In the sequence, the reciprocal of the terms behaved in a manner like arithmetic sequence. Consider
the example below and notice an interesting pattern in the series. With this pattern, the reciprocal appears like
arithmetic sequence. Only in recognizing the appearance that we can finally decode the sequencing to govern
the series.

Fibonacci Sequence
This specific sequence was named after an Italian mathematician Leonardo Pisano Bigollo (1170 -
1250). He discovered the sequence while he was studying rabbits. The Fibonacci sequence is a series of
numbers governed by some unusual arithmetic rule. The sequence is organized in a way a number can be
obtained by adding the two previous numbers.
Definition of Recursions
A Recursive Sequence is a sequence of the form a1, a2, a3, a4, . . . an . . . and satisfying the following
two conditions:
1. A number of terms of a sequence a1, a2, . . . are given. These are the Initial Values.
2. A rule called recursion is given, which explain how an is to be computed in terms of previous terms in
the sequence, if n ¿ r.
The terms of recursive sequence can be numbers, graphs, or other objects. Recursive sequence are
generated by a certain rule.
The Fibonacci Numbers Fn have the initial values
F0 = 0 and F1 = 1
and the recursion of the sequence of number as
Fn = Fn-2 + Fn-1 if n ≥ 2
The Fibonacci formula can be replaced as
Fn = Fn-2 + Fn-1 with F1 = 1, F2 = 2 and n ¿ 2
Example
Compute the Fibonacci numbers Fn, for 0 ≤ n ≥ 11.
Values of n = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11
Solution:
F1 = 1
F2 = 1

Given: n = 3
Formula: Fn = Fn-2 + Fn-1
F3 = F3–2 + F3-1
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 F3 = F1 + F2
F3 = 1 + 1
F3 = 2
Given: n = 4
Formula: Fn = Fn-2 + Fn-1
F4 = F4–2 + F4-1
F4 = F2 + F3
F4 = 1 + 2
F4 = 3

F5 = 2 + 3 = 5
F6 = 3 + 5 = 8
F7 = 5 + 8 = 13
F8 = 8 + 13 = 21
F9 = 13 + 21 = 34
F10 = 21 + 34 = 55
F11= 34 + 55 = 89
This illustrates how Fibonacci is generated. Thus the first 12 numbers of the Fibonacci Sequence is in
the set:
{0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89}
In other words, to obtain the succeeding element of the Fibonacci we simply add the preceding two
numbers of the sequence

1 Example

Find the 14th term of the Fibonacci Sequence, F0 = 0 as first term

0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89
Note: Find first the value of F13,
Solution:
n = 13
Fn = Fn-2 + Fn-1
F13 = F13–2 + F13-1
F13 = F11 + F12
F13 = 55 + 89
F13 = 144

Now, find the 14th term of the Sequence

n = 14
Fn = Fn-2 + Fn-1
F14 = F14–2 + F14-1
F14 = F12 + F13
F14 = 89 + 144
F14 = 233

Sum of Consecutive Fibonacci Numbers

Formula: The sum of S of the first n consecutive Fibonacci numbers is

n
S=∑ F I = Fn+2 – 1
i=1

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 1 Example

Find the sum S of the first 6 consecutive Fibonacci numbers.

Solution:
n=6
n
S=∑ F i = Fn+2 – 1
i=1
6
S6 = ∑ F i
i=1
S6 = F1 + F2 + F3 + F4 + F5 + F6
S6 = 1 + 1 + 2 + 3 + 5 + 8
S6 = 20
The result can be checked and verified by using the formula:
n
S=∑ F i = Fn + 2 – 1
i=1

Checking:
n=6
6
S¿ ∑ F i = F6 + 2 – 1
i=1
6
S ¿ ∑ F i = F8 – 1
i=1
6
S ¿ ∑ F i = 21 – 1
i=1
S = 20

2 Example

Find the sum S of the first 4 consecutive odd indexed of Fibonacci numbers.
Solution:
n=4
4
S=∑ F 2i -1 = F2n
i=1
6
S4 = ∑ F 2i -1
i=1
S4 = F1 + F3 + F5 + F7
S4 = 1 + 2 + 5 + 13
S4 = 21
The result can be checked and verified by using the formula:
n
Sn¿ ∑ F 2i = F2n +1 + 1
i=1

Checking:
n=4

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 4
S¿ ∑ F 2i -1 = F2(4)
i=1
4
S ¿ ∑ F 2i -1 = F8
i=1
4
S ¿ ∑ F 2i -1 = 21
i=1
S = 21

3 Example

Find the sum S of the first 4 consecutive even indexed of Fibonacci numbers.
Solution:
n=4
n
S=∑ F 2i = F2n+1 – 1
i=1
4
S4 = ∑ F 2i
i=1
S4 = F2 + F4 + F6 + F8
S4 = 1 + 3 + 8 + 21
S4 = 33
The result can be checked and verified by using the formula:
n
S=∑ F 2i = F2n+1 – 1
i=1

Checking:
n=4
4
S¿ ∑ F 2i = F2(4)+1 – 1
i=1
4
S ¿ ∑ F 2i = F8+1 – 1
i=1
4
S ¿ ∑ F 2i = F9 – 1
i=1
4
S ¿ ∑ F 2i = 34 – 1
i=1
S = 33

The Golden Ratio in Golden Rectangles

The amazing grandeur of Fibonacci sequence was also discovered in the structure of Golden
rectangle. The golden rectangle is made up of squares whose sizes, surprisingly is also behaving similar to the
Fibonacci sequence. Take a serious look at the figure:

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 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8,…
As we can see in the figure, there is no complexity in forming a spiral with the use of the golden
rectangle starting from one of the sides of the first Fibonacci square going to the edges of each of the next
squares. This golden rectangle shows that the Fibonacci sequence is not only about sequence of numbers of
some sort but it is also a geometric sequence observing a rectangle ratio. The spiral line generated by the ratio
is generously scattered around from infinite to infinitesimal.

Let’s Solve This!

Directions: Determine the value of the given Fibonacci numbers. Write your solution and answer on a separate
Fibonacci Tricks!
sheet of paper.
1. F25
2. F27
3. F25 + F36 + F10 ÷ 11
4. (F7 + F8 + … F16) ÷ 11 = Fn, What is the value of n?
5. (F15 + … F24) ÷ 11 = Fn, What is the value of n?
6. Suppose a pair of rabbits will produce a new pair of rabbits in their second month, and thereafter will
produce a new pair every month. The new rabbit will do exactly the same. Start with one pair. How
many pairs will be there in 10 months?

Here are the first Fibonacci numbers for reference: 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, 144, 233, 377,
610, 987, 1597, 2584, 4181 and 6735.
Step 1: Pick any 10 consecutive Fibonacci from the list, say F5 up to F14.
Example: 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, 144, 233, 377

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 Step 2: Add them up
Example: 5 + 8 + 13 + 21 + 34 + 55 + 89 + 144 + 233 + 377 =979
Step 3: Check with your calculator to see if the sum is divisible by 11.
979
Example:
Check What = 89 = F
11 You Know!
11

Note: The answer is still a number in the Fibonacci Series.

In the same pattern, apply the principle of the Fibonacci sequence in 10 terms
a) F4 up to F14
b) F6 up to F15

Directions: Identify what type of sequence is the one below and supply the sequence with the next two terms.
Write your solution and answer on a separate sheet of paper.

1. 1, 4, 7, 10, _, _? Type of Sequence: ____________________

2. 80, 40, 20, _, _ ? Type of Sequence: ____________________
3. 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, _, _ ? Type of Sequence: ____________________
4. 56, 46, 36, 26, _, _ ? Type of Sequence: ____________________
5. 2, 20, 200, 2000, _, _ ? Type of Sequence: ____________________

Solve It!
Directions: Compute for the following Fibonacci numbers. Write your solution and answer on a separate sheet
of paper.

1. Find the position n of the Fibonacci when Fn = 10, 946

2. Find the position n of the Fibonacci when Fn = 28, 657
n
3. Verify the Formula S = ∑ F i = Fn+2 – 1, for n = 9
i=1
n
4. Verify the Formula S = ∑ F 2i = F2n+1 – 1, for n = 9
i=1
n
5. Verify the Formula S = ∑ F 2i – 1 = F2n, for n = 10
i=1

References:
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https://lifehacks.io/reasons-why-math-is-important/ A. (2019, September 12).
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Natural Patterns. (n.d.). Ecstep.Com. Retrieved from https://ecstep.com/natural-patterns/ Symmetry- Reflection

and Rotation. (n.d.). Https://Www.Mathsisfun.Com/Index.Htm. Retrieved from
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