NOTE - Introduction Waste Fuel Technologies Biogas Bio CNG PDF

Introduction to Waste to Fuel Technologies
- Biogas to Bio CNG
Steve Peters
2015
© 2014 STRATCOn SINGAPORE PTE LTD
Methane Sources
Food waste
Landfills
Animal Faeces
Biogas 30-65% Factory waste water
Sewerage Methane (CH4) (palm, cassava, ethanol,
brewery, food processing)
Anything
Putrescible
High Carbon
as COD
Methane Key Points
CH4 – Flammable Gas, Main Gas in Natural Gas and CNG.

Good Source of Energy – must purify for use
Green House Gas 22 times worse than CO2.
Best to avoid
smoking near it!

Methane – Biogas
Input Sources Biogas
A watery slurry of Mix of methane, CO2,

about 10% solids from H2S & trace gases.
various sources:
• Food waste Typically ~55-65%
• Cassava Starch Methane
Effluent,
• Brewery Effluent Sewer Gas ~ 45%
• Palm Oil Mill Methane
Effluent,
• Ethanol Factory Landfill Gas ~20-50%
Effluent, Methane
• Sewerage Plant
Sludges Hydrogen Sulphide
varies from 1-3%
Sludge (must be removed).
The Science of Biogas

Types of Bacteria and Reactions
• Hydrophilic – performance related to

Volume, works well in tropical climates
with constant ambient temperatures.
• Mesophilic – takes place between 35°C
and 50°C. Depending on location
heating will be required.
• Thermophilic – takes place above
50°C. Requires heating for tanks and
insulation to ensure constant Methanogens
in action
temperature.
• Exotics – saline tolerant and
temperature tolerant methanogens.
These have not been widely used.

Process Names and Terms of Systems
• CST Continuous Stirred Tank

• CIGAR Covered In Ground Anaerobic
Reactor
• UASB Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket
• Hybrid Where process Modified to
suit feed stock make up (pH, Solids
size/conc or Contaminants)
• Dry Fermentation - High solids low
water use

Types of Systems

The Process from Waste to Bio CNG (Membrane)CNG/LNG
Bio Biogas NG Fuel

Remove Company
Waste Engineering De-Sulphur Compression
CO2 & H20
CO2 target 7%
Energy
0.15kwh/Nm3
Compact 6~9m
skid
Speed 1500~1800rpm
Anaerobic 6~9m skid
Reactor Wet or Dry CNG for
H2S Single-Stage CRU vehicles,
Stripping pipeline &
1~45ppm Industrial
Three-Stage Booster
Landfill Gas
Compressio
n
Two-Stage CRU
CO2 target 2.5%, Methane
loss 3%, Energy,
0.24kwh/Nm3
Compact 9~12m skid
© 2014 STRATCOn SINGAPORE PTE LTD 6
Hollow Fiber Membrane Technology for CO2 / CH4 Separation
The membrane separates Biomethane

[CH4 ] > 98%
gases by the principle of
selective permeation across (max)
the membrane wall.
Relatively fast permeable
gases such as CO2 and
H2O to pass through the
membrane wall quickly are
diverted.
The slow permeable
gasses such as CH4 and
N2 flows straight through
are part of the product gas. Different types of membrane
The medium is permeable

gasses such as O2 and H2S
will be partially separated.

Fast Permeation H2O NH3 CO2 H2S O2 N2 CH4 Slow Permeation

Gas Gas
Biogas In CH4
Methane
Membrane
(Polyimide) CO2-rich
Permeat
e

Types of Hollow Fiber Membrane Technology
Single Stage Two Stage Three Stage
Gas Quality in percentage of methane (CH4)
< 92% < 95% < 98%

Simplified P&ID for Bio-CNG as NGV fuel
This is a flow design of the single stage membrane in parallel. The advantage of
single stage membrane design is that due to less number of membrane used,
the equipment capital cost is much less than the 2 stage design. The
disadvantage is that the CH4 recovery rate is lower.

Concept of Biogas Upgrading & Performance of Membrane
Gas Type Particulars Rating

This is the 2 stage
Recovery rate >95%
CH4
membrane design for high
Product gas purity 90% ~ 99%
methane recovery rate.
CO2 Removal target 0.5% ~ 3%
H2S % Product = % Feed x 0.3
Note that the feedback flow
O2 % Product = % Feed x 0.6
design is important to
N2 % Product = % Feed x 1.2 ensure the high recovery
rate.
Important take home message – 2 stage!
Configuration Example
Skid mounted MRC compression unit to CASIC for 30,000 m3/D natural gas
liquefaction project for CNOOC. It is the smallest MRC compressor package for such
application and the whole system is made to be portable with high compression
efficiency and low refrigerant loss.
Example of Ingenco, Cedar Hills LF, Seattle, WA, USA
Startup on: Feb, 2009
Raw gas feed: 16 MMSCFD (18,800 Nm3/h)

Full Infrastructure Solution
Incoming
Biogas
Fuel converter kit, Replace

engines or new CNG vehicle.
Offsite bottling plant

CSR Opportunity
© 2014 STRATCOn SINGAPORE PTE LTD Page: 17

CNG Filing Infrastructure, Trucking & Bottling
Mobile daughter station can transport CNG Anywhere
Making a “Virtual Pipeline”
From Biogas pond/tank

to vehicle solutions to
replace diesel with CNG
to repowered fleet
vehicles – reliable,
plentiful, ecofriendly
and where you want it.

Different Processes to Purify Biogas

Existing More Projectof
Examples Examples
WTF Projects

More Existing Examples of WTF Projects

Waste Supply Chain and Linkages for Waste

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Introduction to Waste to Fuel Technologies

- Biogas to Bio CNG

CH4 – Flammable Gas, Main Gas in Natural Gas and CNG.

© 2014 STRATCOn SINGAPORE PTE LTD

Input Sources Biogas

A watery slurry of Mix of methane, CO2,

© 2014 STRATCOn SINGAPORE PTE LTD

• Hydrophilic – performance related to

© 2014 STRATCOn SINGAPORE PTE LTD

• CST Continuous Stirred Tank

© 2014 STRATCOn SINGAPORE PTE LTD

© 2014 STRATCOn SINGAPORE PTE LTD

Bio Biogas NG Fuel

The membrane separates Biomethane

The medium is permeable

© 2014 STRATCOn SINGAPORE PTE LTD 8

Fast Permeation H2O NH3 CO2 H2S O2 N2 CH4 Slow Permeation

© 2014 STRATCOn SINGAPORE PTE LTD 9

Single Stage Two Stage Three Stage

Gas Quality in percentage of methane (CH4)

< 92% < 95% < 98%

© 2014 STRATCOn SINGAPORE PTE LTD 10

© 2014 STRATCOn SINGAPORE PTE LTD 11

Gas Type Particulars Rating

© 2014 STRATCOn SINGAPORE PTE LTD 19

Fuel converter kit, Replace

Offsite bottling plant

© 2014 STRATCOn SINGAPORE PTE LTD Page: 17

From Biogas pond/tank

© 2014 STRATCOn SINGAPORE PTE LTD Page: 18

© 2014 STRATCOn SINGAPORE PTE LTD 17

© 2014 STRATCOn SINGAPORE PTE LTD 17

© 2014 STRATCOn SINGAPORE PTE LTD 17

© 2014 STRATCOn SINGAPORE PTE LTD Page: 22

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