Introduction of Anatomy PDF

Welcome
INTRODUCTION TO
ANATOMY
By
Prof. Dr. Abdelmohaimen Mostafa Saleh
Professor of Anatomy & Embryology
Assiut University
What Is the Anatomy
What is meant by Anatomy:
Scientifically
The branch of biological science which deals with
form and structure of organisms (animal).
Literally
It means cutting apart or cut and see
BRANCHES OF ANATOMY
Gross Or MacroscopicAnatomy:
Study of form and structure of different parts of
the body with the unaided eye and using
simple instruments as scalpels and forcepses.
Microscopic Anatomy:
Study of various tissues and organs with the use
of microscope ( light & electron).
.
Developmental Anatomy:
• Study of changes that occur to the organism
from the time of conception through birth,
youth, maturity and even to older age.
• The term embryology is usually limited to the
changes which occur from the time of
conception till birth.
Comparative Anatomy:
The description and comparison of the structures of
animals. This forms bases for animals
classification.
Special anatomy:
The description of the structure of a single type or
species of animal. e.g : Anthropotomy = human anatomy
Hippotomym = horse anatomy.
Phylogony:
Ancestral history of different animal species i.e.
Historical development.
METHODS OF STUDYING ANATOMY
- Studying the body as systems such as the digestive,

respiratory or urogenital system is called systematic
anatomy,
- while studying the body as regions such as thorax,
abdomen or head & neck is called regional
anatomy.
- Applied anatomy explains the clinical importance of

any structure in the body.
The divisions of systematic anatomy are:
. Osteology : is the studying of bones & cartilages of the
skeleton.
. Syndesmology :is the studying of joints.
. Myology :is the studying of muscles and their
accessory structures.
. Splanchnology is the studying of the viscera which
includes the
digestive, respiratory and urogenital system.
.
Angiology : is the studying of organs of circulation
which include the heart, arteries, viens, lymphatics
and spleen.
. Neurology :is the studying of the nervous system &

sense organs.
. Common integument :is the studying of the skin
andits derivatives such as nails, hoof, horn, …. etc.
2. Topographic Anatomy:
Description of different regions of the body like limbs,
head & neck, abdomen and thorax and pelvis.
3. Applied Anatomy:
The use of anatomical facts in relation to applied
sciences like surgery, internal medicine,
theriogenology etc…..
TOPOGRAPHIC TERMS
TOPOGRAPHIC TERMS
Used to In order to indicate the position and direction

of parts of the body, certain descriptive terms are
employed, such as :
Dorsal -- directed toward the back [head, trunk, tail];
also applied to manus & pes.
Ventral -- directed toward the belly [head, trunk, tail].
Cranial -- directed toward the cranium (brain case).
Caudal -- directed toward the tail (& beyond).
Head terminology
Rostral(oral)–
directed toward the
mouth.
Caudal (aboral)–
directed in the
opposite direction.
ANTERIOR and POSTERIOR are restricted to the head in

situations where no confusion with their use in human
nomenclature can arise.
This is usually at, and around, the eye.
Limb
terminology
PROXIMAL :is the

direction toward the
trunk.
DISTAL : is the
direction away from
the trunk.
DORSAL: is the direction toward the dorsum of the foot

PALMAR (manus): or PLANTAR (pes) are the directions
toward the palm or plantum of the fore and hind foots
respectively.
Some terms are common to all regions:
SUPERFICIAL and DEEP (profundus) indicate
relative distances from the surface of the body.
EXTERNAL and INTERNAL refer to relations of

depth in organs and cavities.
MEDIAL and LATERAL give the position near to, or

farther from, the midline of the body.
Planes of the body
1.The median plane: The median plane divides the trunk
into right and left halves.
2. The Sagittal planes are parallel to the median plane of

the trunk and head.
2.Transverse plane
any plane cuts the trunk or limbs perpendicular to its
long axis.(i.e cuts the trunk into cranial & caudal parts).
In a limb, it is at right angles to its long axis.
In the head, it is at right angle to its long axis .
3.Frontal (dorsal) plane
It is perpendicular to the median and transverse
plane of the trunk.
Frontal plane
General Osteology
Functions of bones:
1.Protection of vital organs.
2.Give rigidity and form of the body.

3.Act as leavers that help in locomotion with the
aid of muscles.
4.Storage of minerals (calcium and
phosphorous).
5.Formation of blood cells.

General Osteology
The study of bones which form the skeleton.
The skeleton is the

framework which
supports and protects
soft structures of the
body.
It may be:
Endoskeleton embedded
in soft tissues. or
Exoskeleton as shields
of turtles.
Types of the endoskeleton:
1.Axial skeleton: includes the

bones of skull, vertebral column,
ribs and sternum
2.Appendicular skeleton:
includes bones of the limbs.
3.Visceral skeleton:
includes certain bones that develop in some
viscera or soft organs
e.g.:Os cordis in heart of ox.
Os penis in penis of dog.
Entoglossal bone in the tongue of birds
Types of Bones
Bones are classified according to their shape into :

1- Long Bones
2-Short Bones
3- Flat bone
4-Irregular bones
1.Long bones:
-They are elongated and
cylindrical in form with
enlarged extremities.
-Each long bone consists of
body (diaphysis) and two
extremities (epiphysis) and has
medullary cavity.
(NB : In young animals an
epiphyseal plate (narrow band
of cartilage) is found between
diaphysis and epiphysis).
-found in limbs.
2.Short bones:
-Bones with nearly similar
dimensions. They are usually
present in the carpus & tarsus.
3.Flat bones:
They are bones expanding in
two directions and have two
surfaces. Examples are scapula
and some bones of the skull.
3.Irregular bones:
Bones that have irregular shape.
e.g. Vertebrae
Pneumatic bones:
are bones which contain air
spaces (sinuses).
Sesamoid bones are bones

which develop in the tendons.
Structure of The Bone
Bones are living substances
supplied with vessels and nerves.
- They are covered by a fibrous
layer called periosteum and lined
by another fibrous layer called
endosteum.
- They have framework of fibrous
tissue and bone cells (osteoclasts)
hardened with inorganic salts
(calcium and phosphorus). The
medullary cavity of long bones is
filled with bone marrow.
- Bones consist of external shell of
dense compact substance &
Internal loose spongy substance.
DESCRIPTIVE TERMS
• 1-Projections:
• A- Articular projections
• Head: spherical articular projection
• Ex.: head of humerus
• condyle: more or less cylindrical
articular projection
• Ex.: Condyles on distal end of
humerus
• trochlea: pully like articular
projection
• Ex.: trochlea of the femur
• facet: is a relatively flat articular
surface
B-Non articular projections
• process: general term for a bony projection

Ex.: spinous process of vertebrae
• Tuberosity: larger non articular projection
Ex.: teres major tuberosity of humerus
• Tubercle: smaller non articular projection
Ex.: psoas tubercle of ilium (pelvic bone)
• Crest: terms for sharp ridge
• Ex.: trochanteric crest of femur
• spine: pointed projection
• Ex.: spine of scapula.
• Neck: connects the body with head
• Ex.: neck of humerus
• Line: small mark on the bone
• Ex.: popliteal line on the tibia
2-DEPRESSIONS
• A-Articular depressions:
• Glenoid cavity: shallow articular cavity
• Ex.: Glenoid cavity of the scapula.
• Cotyloid cavity: deep articular cavity
• Ex.: acetabulum.
• Notch: articular as semilunar notch of ulna.
non articular as ischiatic notch of pelvic
bone.
•
•
B-NON ARTICULAR DEPRESSIONS:
• Fovea: small non articular depression
• Ex.: fovea capitis of femur
• Fossa: large non articular depression
• Ex.: subscapular fossa of scapula
• Foramen: circumscribed hole
• Ex.: nutrient foramen
• Canal: tunnel through one or more bones
• Ex.: vertebral canal
• Animal species:
• 1-equine
• 2-ruminants
• 3-canine
• 4-camel
• 5-pig
• Avian
• Fishes

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Welcome

- Studying the body as systems such as the digestive,

- Applied anatomy explains the clinical importance of

. Neurology :is the studying of the nervous system &

Used to In order to indicate the position and direction

ANTERIOR and POSTERIOR are restricted to the head in

PROXIMAL :is the

DORSAL: is the direction toward the dorsum of the foot

EXTERNAL and INTERNAL refer to relations of

MEDIAL and LATERAL give the position near to, or

2. The Sagittal planes are parallel to the median plane of

2.Give rigidity and form of the body.

5.Formation of blood cells.

The skeleton is the

1.Axial skeleton: includes the

Bones are classified according to their shape into :

Sesamoid bones are bones

• process: general term for a bony projection

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