WEEK 6

Computer Systems
Servicing NCII (G11)
(Learning Activity)

“OPERATING SYSTEM”
 INFORMATION SHEET 1.2-1

Operating System

LEARNING OBJECTIVES
After reading this INFORMATION SHEET, YOU MUST be able to:
1. Know the meaning of OS.
2. Explain types of operating system and its function.

INTRODUCTION
Operating system is a system software commonly simplified as “OS”.
An operating system is the most important software that runs on a computer. It
manages the computer's memory, processes, and all its software and hardware. It
also allows you to communicate with the computer without knowing how to speak
the computer's "language." Without an operating system, a computer is
useless.

The Operating System's Job

Computer's operating system (OS) manages all of the software and hardware on
the computer. Most of the time, there are several different computer programs
running at the same time, and they all need to access your computer's central
processing unit (CPU), memory, and storage. The operating system coordinates
all of this to make sure each program gets what it needs.
How OS Works

The figure shows below describe the sequential arrangement

Figure 1.1 OS Diagram

TYPES OF OPERATING SYSTEMS
Operating systems usually come preloaded on any computer that you buy. Most
people use the operating system that comes with their computer, but it is possible
to upgrade or even change operating systems.

The three most common operating systems for personal computers are
Microsoft Windows, Apple Mac OS X, and Linux.

From left, Windows Logo, Mac OS X logo, and Linux Logo

Modern operating systems use a Graphical User Interface, or GUI

(pronounced "gooey"). A GUI lets you use your mouse to click on icons,
buttons, and menus, and everything is clearly displayed on the screen using a
combination of graphics and text.
Each operating system's GUI has a different look and feel, so if you switch to a
different operating system it may seem unfamiliar at first. However, modern
operating systems are designed to be easy to use, and most of the basic principles
are the same.

Figure1.3 The Windows 8.1 GUI Figure1.4 Mac OS X Yosemite GUI

Before GUIs, computers had a command-line interface, which meant the user
had to type every single command to the computer, and the computer would only
display text.

Microsoft Windows
 Windows 10 version 1903, showing the Start menu and Microsoft Store
Microsoft created the Windows operating system in the mid-1980s. Over the
years, there have been many different versions of Windows, but the most recent
ones are Windows 10 (released in 2015), Windows 8 (2012), Windows 7 (2009),
and Windows Vista (2007). Windows comes pre-loaded on most new PCs, which
helps to make it the most popular operating system in the world.

History of Windows OS
Windows 1.0 The first independent version of Microsoft Windows, version
1.0, released on November 20, 1985, achieved little popularity.

Windows 2.0 Microsoft Windows version 2 came out on December 9, 1987,

and proved slightly more popular than its predecessor.

Windows 3.0 Windows 3.0, released in May 1990, improved

capabilities given to native applications. It also allowed users to
better multitask older MS-DOS based software compared to
Windows/386, thanks to the introduction of virtual memory.

OS/2 During the mid to late 1980s, Microsoft and IBM had
cooperatively been developing OS/2 as a successor to DOS.
OS/2 1.0, released in 1987, supported swapping and
multitasking and allowed running of DOS executables.
WIndows 3.1 In response to the impending release of OS/2 2.0, Microsoft
developed Windows 3.1 (first released in April 1992), which
included several improvements to Windows 3.0, such as display
of TrueType scalable fonts (developed jointly with Apple),
improved disk performance in 386 Enhanced Mode,
multimedia support, and bugfixes.
Windows NT Windows NT is a family of operating systems produced by
Microsoft, the first version of which was released in July 1993.
It is a processor-independent, multiprocessing, multi-user
operating system. The first version of Windows NT was
Windows NT 3.1 and was produced for workstations and server
computers. I
Windows 95 Windows 95 (codenamed Chicago) is a consumer- oriented
operating system developed by Microsoft. It was released on
August 24, 1995, and was a significant improvement over the
company's previous DOS-based Windows products.
Windows NT Windows NT 4.0 was the successor of 3.51 (1995) and
4.0 3.5 (1994). Microsoft released Windows NT 4.0 to
manufacturing in July 1996, one year after the release of
Windows 95
Windows 98 On June 25, 1998, Microsoft released Windows 98 (codenamed
Memphis). It included new hardware drivers and the FAT32 file
system which supports disk partitions that are larger than 2 GB
(first introduced in Windows 95 OSR2)
Microsoft Microsoft released Windows 2000 in February 2000. It has the
Windows 2000 version number Windows NT 5.0. Windows 2000 has had four
official service packs
Windows 2000 was available in four editions:
 Windows 2000 Professional
 Windows 2000 Server
 Windows 2000 Advanced Server
 Windows 2000 Datacenter Server

Windows ME In September 2000, Microsoft released a successor to Windows 98

called Windows ME, short for "Millennium Edition". It was the
last DOS-based operating system from Microsoft.

Windows XP On October 25, 2001, Microsoft released Windows XP (codenamed

"Whistler"). The merging of the Windows NT/2000 and Windows
95/98/Me lines was finally achieved with Windows XP. Windows
XP uses the Windows NT 5.1 kernel, marking the entrance of the
Windows NT core to the consumer market, to replace the aging
16/32-bit branch.
Windows On April 25, 2003 Microsoft launched Windows Server 2003, a
Server 2003 notable update to Windows 2000 Server encompassing many new
security features, a new "Manage Your Server" wizard that
simplifies configuring a machine for specific roles, and improved
performance.
Windows XP On April 25, 2005, Microsoft released Windows XP Professional
x64 and Server x64 Edition and Windows Server 2003, x64 Editions in Standard,
2003 x64 Enterprise and Datacenter SKUs. Windows XP Professional x64
Editions Edition is an edition of Windows XP for x86-64 personal
computers. It is designed to use the expanded 64-bit memory
address space provided by the x86-64 architecture.
Windows Windows Server 2003 R2, an update of Windows Server 2003, was
Server 2003 R2 released to manufacturing on December 6, 2005. It is distributed
on two CDs, with one CD being the Windows Server 2003 SP1 CD.
The other CD adds many optionally installable features for
Windows Server 2003.
Windows In July 2006, Microsoft released a thin-client version of Windows
Fundamentals XP Service Pack 2, called Windows Fundamentals for Legacy PCs
for Legacy PC (WinFLP). It is only available to Software Assurance customers.
The aim of WinFLP is to give companies a viable upgrade option
for older PCs that are running Windows 95, 98, and Me that will
be supported with patches and updates for the next several years.
Windows Windows Home Server (codenamed Q, Quattro) is a
Home

Server server product based on Windows Server 2003, designed for

consumer use. The system was announced on January 7, 2007 by
Russel Adolfo. Windows Home Server can be configured and
monitored using a console program that can be installed on a
client PC.
Windows Vista Windows Vista was released on November 8, 2006 to business
customers - consumer versions followed on January 30, 2007.
Windows Vista intended to have enhanced security by introducing
a new restricted user mode called User Account Control, replacing
the "administrator-by-default" philosophy of Windows XP.
Windows Windows Server 2008, released on February 27, 2008, was
Server 2008 originally known as Windows Server Codename "Longhorn".
Windows Server 2008 builds on the technological and security
advances first introduced with Windows Vista, and is significantly
more modular than its predecessor, Windows Server 2003.
Windows 7 Windows 7 (codenamed Vienna, formerly Blackcomb is a personal
computer operating system developed by Microsoft. It is a part of
the Windows NT family of operating systems. Windows 7 was
released to manufacturing on July 22, 2009, and became generally
available on October 22, 2009, less than three years after the
release of its predecessor, Windows Vista. Windows 7's server
counterpart, Windows Server 2008 R2, was released at the same
time.
Windows Windows Server 2008 R2 is a server operating system produced by
Server 2008 Microsoft. It was released to manufacturing (RTM) on July 22,
R2 2009 and launched on October 22, 2009

Windows Windows Home Server 2011 code named 'Vail'[25] was released on
Home April 6, 2011. Windows Home Server 2011 is built on the Windows
Server Server 2008 R2 code base and removed the Drive Extender drive
pooling technology in the original Windows Home Server release.
Microsoft decided to kill WHS 2011 on July 5, 2012 while including
its features into Windows Server 2012 Essentials. Windows Home
Server 2011 is supported until April 12, 2016
Windows Thin In 2011, Microsoft introduced Windows Thin PC or WinTPC,
PC which is a feature- and size-reduced locked- down version of
Windows 7 expressly designed to turn older PCs into thin clients.
WinTPC is available for software assurance customers and relies
on cloud computing in a business network.
Windows 8 and On October 26, 2012, Microsoft released Windows 8 to the public.
Windows One edition, Windows RT, runs on some system-on-a-chip devices
Server 2012 with mobile 32-bit ARM (ARMv7) processors. Windows 8 features
a redesigned user interface, designed to make it easier for
touchscreen users to use Windows. Windows 8 Release Preview
and Windows Server 2012 Release Candidate were both released
on May 31, 2012. Product development on Windows 8 was
completed on August 1, 2012, and it was released to manufacturing
the same day. Windows Server 2012 went on sale to the public on
September 4, 2012. Windows 8 went on sale October 26, 2012.
Windows 8.1 Windows 8.1 and Windows Server 2012 R2 were released on
and Windows October 17, 2013.
Server 2012 R2

Windows 10 Windows 10 is the current release of the Microsoft Windows

operating system. Unveiled on August 30, 2014, it was released on
July 29, 2015. It was distributed without charge to Windows 7 and
8.1 users for one year after release.

Windows Windows Server 2016 is a server operating system developed by

Server 2016 Microsoft as part of the Windows NT family of operating systems,
developed concurrently with Windows 10. The first early preview
version (Technical Preview) became available on October 1, 2014
together with the first technical preview of System Center.
Windows Server 2016 was released on September 6, 2016 at
Microsoft's Ignite conference and became generally available on
October 12, 2016.
Windows Windows Server 2019 was announced on March 20, 2018, and the
Server 2019 first Windows Insider preview version was released on the same
day. It was released for general availability on October 2, 2018

Windows 10 The Windows 10 October 2018 Update (also known as version

Redstone 5 1809 and codenamed "Redstone 5") is the
sixth major update to Windows 10 and the fifth in a

series of updates under the Redstone codenames. It carries the

build number 10.0.17763.
The first preview was released to Insiders on February 14, 2018.
The update was made available to public consumers on October 2,
2018. On October 6, 2018, Microsoft halted the public rollout of
the update due to a serious bug that deletes user's files after
updating. On October 9, 2018, Microsoft re-released the update to
Insiders, stating that all known issues in the update (including file
deletion bug) were identified and fixed
Windows 10 Windows 10 version 1903 (codenamed "19H1") is the seventh
(19h2) major update to Windows 10 and the first to use a more
descriptive codename (including the year and the order
released) instead of the "Redstone" or "Threshold" codename.
The first preview was released to Insiders who opted in to the
exclusive Skip Ahead ring on July 25, 2018.
Windows 10 The next feature release of Windows 10, codenamed "19H2", is
Codename the eighth major update to Windows 10 and the second to use a
19H2 more descriptive codename. No builds from this version have
been released to Insiders as Microsoft needs a longer lead time
for the development of a further feature release, which is
codenamed "20H1". Microsoft stated that builds from 19H2 will
be released later in spring 2019 when Version 1903 is ready.

Windows 10 The next feature release of Windows 10, codenamed "20H1", is

Codename the ninth major update to Windows 10 and the third to use a
20H1 more descriptive codename. The first preview was released to
Insiders who opted in to the exclusive Skip Ahead ring on
February 14, 2019
Windows 10 The latest Windows 10 1903 (10.0.18362.116)
(1903) released on (May 19, 2019)
Support Status
All editions except LTSB and LTSC:
Versions 1507, 1511, 1607, 1703 & 1709 are unsupported.
Versions 1803, 1809, & 1903 are supported
Apple Mac OS X

Figure1.6 MAC OS X Yosemite GUI

Source:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/17/OS_X_Yosemite_Desktop.p
ng

Mac OS is a line of operating systems created by Apple. It comes preloaded on all

new Macintosh computers, or Macs. All of the recent versions are known as OS X
(pronounced O-S Ten), and the specific versions include El Capitan (released in
2015), Yosemite (2014), Mavericks (2013), Mountain Lion (2012),
and Lion (2011).

According to StatCounter Global Stats, Mac OS X users account for less than 10%
of global operating systems—much lower than the percentage of Windows users
(more than 80%). One reason for this is that Apple computers tend to be more
expensive. However, many people do prefer the look and feel of Mac OS X over
Windows.
 Brief history of macOS
Kodiak On September 13, 2000 Apple released a $29.95 "preview" version
of Mac OS X (internally codenamed Kodiak) in order to gain
feedback from users.
Cheetah On March 24, 2001, Apple released Mac OS X 10.0 (internally
codenamed Cheetah)
Puma Later that year on September 25, 2001, Mac OS X 10.1
(internally codenamed Puma) was released
Jaguar On August 23, 2002, Apple followed up with Mac OS X
10.2 Jaguar, the first release to use its code name as part of the
branding.
Panther Mac OS X 10.3 Panther was released on October 24, 2003
Tiger Mac OS X 10.4 Tiger was released on April 29, 2005. Apple
stated that Tiger contained more than 200 new features.
Leopard Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard was released on October 26, 2007. It was
called by Apple "the largest update of Mac OS X".
Snow Mac OS X 10.6 Snow Leopard was released on August 28, 2009,
Leopard the last version to be available on disc.
Lion Mac OS X 10.7 Lion was released on July 20, 2011. It brought
developments made in Apple's iOS, such as an easily navigable
display of installed applications (Launchpad) and (a greater use
of) multi-touch gestures, to the Mac.
Moutain OS X 10.8 Mountain Lion was released on July 25, 2012. It
Lion incorporates some features seen in iOS 5, which include Game
Center, support for iMessage in the new Messages messaging
application, and Reminders as a to- do list app separate from iCal
(which is renamed as Calendar, like the iOS app).
Mavericks OS X 10.9 Mavericks was released on October 22, 2013, as a free
update through the Mac App Store worldwide.
Yosemite OS X Yosemite was released to the general public on October 16,
2014, as a free update through the Mac App Store worldwide. It
featured a major overhaul of user interface, replaced
skeuomorphism with flat graphic design and blurred translucency
effects, following the aesthetic introduced with iOS 7.
El Capitan OS X El Capitan was revealed on June 8, 2015, during the
WWDC keynote speech. It was made available as a public beta in
July and was made available publicly on September 30, 2015.
Apple described this release as containing "Refinements to the
Mac Experience" and "Improvements to System Performance"
rather than new features.
macOS macOS Sierra was revealed on June 13, 2016, during the
WWDC keynote speech. It was released publicly on
10.12 Sierra September 20, 2016.
macOS It was released to the public on September 25, 2017. Like OS X El
10.13 High Capitan and OS X Mountain Lion, High Sierra is a refinement-
Sierra based update having very few new features visible to a user,
including updates to Safari, Photos, and Mail, among other
changes.
The major change under the hood is the switch to the Apple File
System, which is optimized for solid-state storage used in most
new Mac computers.
macOS It was released on September 24, 2018. The update introduced a
10.14 system-wide dark mode and several new apps lifted from iOS,
Mojave such as Apple News.
Linux

Figure1.7 Linux Ubuntu 18.10 Desktop Interface

Linux (pronounce LINN-ux) is a family of open source operating systems, which
means that they can be modified and distributed by anyone around the world.
This is very different from proprietary software like Windows, which can only be
modified by the company that owns it (Microsoft). The advantages of Linux are
that it is free, and there are many different distributions (or versions) that you can
choose from. Each distribution has a different look and feel, and the most popular
ones include Ubuntu, Mint, and Fedora.
Linux is named after Linus Torvalds, who created the Linux kernel in 1991. The
kernel is the computer code that is the central part of an operating system.
According to StatCounter Global Stats, Linux users account for less than 2% of
global operating systems. However, most servers run Linux because it's relatively
easy to customize.

Remix OS is a computer operating system for personal

computers and based on the ARM architecture and ships
preinstalled on a number of 1st- and 3rd-party
devices. Remix OS for PC allows users to run
Android applications on any compatible Intel-based
PC. In January 2016 Jide announced a Beta
version of their operating system called Remix OS
for PC, which is based on Android-x86, a x86-port
of the Android operating system and available to download
for free from their website.
It is an Android PC Operating system developed by Jide Technology.

OPERATING SYSTEMS FOR MOBILE DEVICES

The operating systems that we've been talking about were designed to run on
desktop or laptop computers. Mobile devices such as phones, tablet computers,
and mp3 players are very different from desktop and laptop computers, so they
run operating systems that are designed specifically for mobile devices. Examples
of mobile operating systems include Apple iOS, Windows Phone, and
Google Android.
Windows 10 Mobile is a mobile operating system
developed by Microsoft. It is an iteration of the
Windows Phone product line and a successor to
Windows Phone 8.1,but is marketed as being an
edition of Windows 10, Microsoft's operating system
for personal computers, as part of Microsoft's plans to
unify Windows' application platform across multiple
device classes.
It is designed for use on smartphones and phablets,
running on ARM as well as IA-32 processor
architectures. Windows 10 Mobile entered public beta
for selected Lumia brand smartphones on February
12, 2015. The first Lumia smartphones powered by
Windows 10 Mobile were released on November 20,
2015 while eligible Windows Phone devices began

receiving updates to Windows 10 Mobile on March 17, 2016, pursuant to

manufacturer and carrier support.

Android "Q" is the upcoming tenth major release

and the 17th version of the Android mobile operating
system. The first beta of Android Q was released on
March 13, 2019 for all Google Pixel phones. The final
release of Android Q is scheduled to be released in the
third quarter of 2019.
Features of Android Q include:
Allows users to control when apps have permission to
see their location: never, only when the app is in use
(running), or all the time (when in the background).
 New permissions to access in background
photos, video and audio files.
 Built-in screen recorder.
 Background apps can no longer jump into the
foreground.
 Improved privacy: limited access to non-
resettable device identifiers.
 Sharing shortcuts, which allow sharing content
with a contact directly.
 Floating settings panel, that allow changing system settings directly from
apps.
 Dynamic depth format for photos, which allow changing background blur
after taking a photo.
 Support for the AV1 video codec, the HDR10+ video format and the Opus
audio codec.
 A native MIDI API, allowing interaction with music controllers.
 Better support for biometric authentication in apps.
 Built-in foldable phone support for apps and Android itself.
Android OS version history
 Versio Initial API
Code name
n level
numb release date
er
N/A 1.0 23 September 1
2008
1.1 9 February 2009 2
Cupcake 1.5 27 April 2009 3
Donut 1.6 15 September 4
2009
Eclair 2.0 – 2.1 26 October 2009 5–7
Froyo 2.2 – 2.2.3 20 May 2010 8
Gingerbread 2.3 – 2.3.7 6 December 2010 9–10
Honeycomb 3.0 – 3.2.6 22 February 2011 11–13
Ice
4.0 – 4.0.4 18 October 2011 14–15
Cream
Sandwich
Jelly Bean 4.1 – 4.3.1 9 July 2012 16–18
KitKat 4.4 – 4.4.4 31 October 2013 19–20
Lollipop 5.0 – 5.1.1 12 November 21–22
2014
Marshmallow 6.0 – 6.0.1 5 October 2015 23
Nougat 7.0 22 August 2016 24-25
Oreo 8-0-8.1 August 21,2017 26-27
Pie 9.0 August 6, 2018 28

Android Q No official
10 29
release date as
of April 2019
iOS 12 is the twelfth and current major release of
the iOS mobile operating system developed by Apple
Inc., being the successor to iOS 11. It was announced
at the company's Worldwide Developers Conference
on June 4, 2018. It is similar in aesthetics to iOS 11
but contains numerous performance and battery life
improvements and security updates, in addition to
added functionalities within native applications. It
was released to the public on September 17, 2018.
iOS version history

(c) Wikipedia
Operating Systems for mobile devices generally aren't as fully-featured as those
made for desktop or laptop computers, and they aren't able to run all of the same
software. However, you can still do a lot of things with them, such as watching
movies, browsing the internet, managing your calendar, playing games, and
more.
 SELF CHECK 1.2-1

Name:

Date:

I. Multiple Choice Directions: Read each question and their corresponding

answers carefully and completely. Choose the answer that best fits the question.
Please circle the appropriate letter.

1. What is OS?
a. Operating b. Operation c. Operate d. Operation
System System System Procedure

2. What is the correct sequence of diagram

describes the operation of operating system.
a. Hardware-Apps-User-OS
b. OS-User-Apps-Hardware
c. User-Apps-OS-Hardware
d. OS-User-Hardware-Apps
3. It lets you use your mouse to click on icons,
buttons, and menus, and everything is clearly
displayed on the screen using a combination of
graphics and text.
a. CLI b. GUI c. OS d. Apps

4. It manages the computer's memory, processes,

and all of its software and hardware.
a. Operating b. software c. Windows 7 d.
system Applicatio
n Software

5. According to StatCounter Global Stats, Linux

users account for less than % of the operating
systems market as of January 2013.
a. 1% b. 10% c. 100% d. 50%

II.Enumeration: Enumerate the following. 1-3.

Give three mobile operating system
4-5. Give two desktop operating system