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    Santos - Jiunior Problem Seminar - 2008 - 99-99

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    Lee Sun Tai
    The document discusses Pascal's triangle and the properties of binomial coefficients. It shows how the coefficients are arranged in the triangle and explains that they are symmetric and initially increase to a middle value then decrease symmetrically. It also defines the unimodality property of binomial coefficients where the coefficients reach a peak in the middle and defines Catalan numbers as integers involving binomial coefficients.

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    Santos - Jiunior Problem Seminar - 2008 - 99-99

    Uploaded by

    Lee Sun Tai
    20 views1 page
    The document discusses Pascal's triangle and the properties of binomial coefficients. It shows how the coefficients are arranged in the triangle and explains that they are symmetric and initially increase to a middle value then decrease symmetrically. It also defines the unimodality property of binomial coefficients where the coefficients reach a peak in the middle and defines Catalan numbers as integers involving binomial coefficients.

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    Santos_Jiunior problem seminar_2008_99-99

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    The document discusses Pascal's triangle and the properties of binomial coefficients. It shows how the coefficients are arranged in the triangle and explains that they are symmetric and initially increase to a middle value then decrease symmetrically. It also defines the unimodality property of binomial coefficients where the coefficients reach a peak in the middle and defines Catalan numbers as integers involving binomial coefficients.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    20 views1 page

    Santos - Jiunior Problem Seminar - 2008 - 99-99

    Uploaded by

    Lee Sun Tai
    The document discusses Pascal's triangle and the properties of binomial coefficients. It shows how the coefficients are arranged in the triangle and explains that they are symmetric and initially increase to a middle value then decrease symmetrically. It also defines the unimodality property of binomial coefficients where the coefficients reach a peak in the middle and defines Catalan numbers as integers involving binomial coefficients.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    You are on page 1of 1

    The Binomial Theorem 91

    Using Pascal’s Identity we obtain Pascal’s Triangle.


     
    0
      0  
    1 1
      0   1  
    2 2 2
      0   1   2  
    3 3 3 3
      0   1   2   3  
    4 4 4 4 4
      0   1   2   3   4  
    5 5 5 5 5 5
    0 1 2 3 4 5

    When the numerical values are substituted, the triangle then looks like this.

    1
    1 1
    1 2 1
    1 3 3 1
    1 4 6 4 1
    1 5 10 10 5 1

    We
     see from
     Pascal’s
     Triangle that binomial coefficients are symmetric. This symmetry is easily justified by the identity
    n n
    = . We also notice that the binomial coefficients tend to increase until they reach the middle, and that they
    k n−k  
    n
    decrease symmetrically. That is, the satisfy
    k
                   
    n n n n n n n n
    < < ··· < < > > > ··· > >
    0 1 [n/2] − 1 [n/2] [n/2] + 1 [n/2] + 2 n−1 n

    if n is even, and that


                     
    n n n n n n n n n
    < < ··· < < = > > > ··· > >
    0 1 [n/2] − 1 [n/2] [n/2] + 1 [n/2] + 2 [n/2] + 3 n−1 n

    for odd n. We call this 


    property
     the
     unimodality
     ofthe binomial
      coefficients.
      For example, without finding the exact numerical
    
    200 200 200 200 200
    values we can see that < and that = < .
    17 69 131 69 99
    We now present some examples on the use of binomial coefficients.

    615 Example The Catalan number of order n is defined as


     
    1 2n
    Cn = .
    n+1 n

    Prove that Cn is an integer for all natural numbers n.

    Solution: Observe that      


    1 2n 2n 2n
    = − ,
    n+1 n n n−1
    the difference of two integers.

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