Voćarstvo 51 197-198 PDF

Vo}arstvo Nau~ni ~asopis
Journal of Pomology Scientific Journal
VO]ARSTVO
Journal of Pomology
Nau~no vo}arsko dru{tvo Srbije

Scientific Pomological Society of Serbia
Vol. 51 * Br. 197‡198 (1‡2) * januar‡jun 2017.

Vol. 51 * No. 197‡198 (1‡2) * January‡June 2017
Vo}arstvo Nau~ni ~asopis
Journal of Pomology Scientific Journal
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Vo}arstvo ‡ Journal of Pomology Vol. 51, No. 197‡198, januar‡jun 2017.
SADR@AJ
Contents
Vu~eta Ja}imovi}, \ina Boòvi}, Biljana Lazovi}: Biolo{ke osobine autohtonih sorti kru{ke (Pyrus com-
munis L.) na podru~ju Gornjeg Polimlja . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Vu~eta Ja}imovi}, \ina Boòvi}, Biljana Lazovi}: Biological properties of autochthonous pear (Pyrus
communis L.) cultivars in Gornje Polimlje region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Boryana Stefanova, Georgi Popski: Comparative testing of four plum cultivars on four rootstocks in inten-
sive plantation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Boryana Stefanova, Georgi Popski: Uporedno ispitivanje ~etiri sorte {ljive na ~etiri podloge u intenzivnom
zasadu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Aleksandar Leposavi}, Darko Jevremovi}, Branko Popovi}, Olga Mitrovi}, Dragan \urovi}, Zoran
Keserovi}: Fenolo{ke osobine sorti visoko`bunaste borovnice (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) gajenih u
Zapadnoj Srbiji . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Aleksandar Leposavi}, Darko Jevremovi}, Branko Popovi}, Olga Mitrovi}, Dragan \urovi}, Zoran
Keserovi}: Phenological properties of highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) cultivars grown in
Western Serbia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Svetlana M. Paunovi}, Mihailo Nikoli}, Rade Mileti}, @aklina Karaklaji}-Staji}, Mira Milinkovi}, Jelena
Tomi}, Marijana Pe{akovi}: Interactive effect of soil management systems and cultivar on biological prop-
erties of black currant (Ribes nigrum L.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Svetlana M. Paunovi}, Mihailo Nikoli}, Rade Mileti}, @aklina Karaklaji}-Staji}, Mira Milinkovi}, Jelena
Tomi}, Marijana Pe{akovi}: Interakcijski efekat na~ina odràvanja zemlji{ta i sorte na biolo{ka svojstva
crne ribizle (Ribes nigrum L.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Aytekin A. Polat: Fig production in Turkey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

Aytekin A. Polat: Proizvodnja smokve u Turskoj . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Hakan Engin, Zeliha Gökbayrak: Flowers biology of some Turkish pomegranates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

Hakan Engin, Zeliha Gökbayrak: Biologija cvetanja nekih turskih sorti nara . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
NAU^NI RADOVI ‡ SCIENTIFIC PAPERS
Pregledni rad ‡ Review paper

Originalan nau~ni rad ‡ Original scientific paper
Kratko saop{tenje ‡ Short communication
Vo}arstvo, 51, 197‡198 (2017) 7‡11 UDK: 634.13:631.547.3/6
Journal of Pomology, 51, 197‡198 (2017) 7‡11 Kratko saop{tenje
Short communication
Biolo{ke osobine autohtonih sorti kru{ke (Pyrus communis L.) na podru~ju

Gornjeg Polimlja
Vu~eta Ja}imovi}, \ina Boòvi}, Biljana Lazovi}
Univerzitet Crne Gore, Biotehni~ki fakultet ‡ Podgorica, Mihaila Lali}a 1, 81000 Podgorica, Republika Crna Gora
E-mail: bdjina@yahoo.com
Primljeno: 27. oktobra 2016; prihva}eno: 10. aprila 2017.
Rezime. U periodu od dve godine (2014‡2015) na podru~ju Gornjeg Polimlja su prou~avane fenolo{ke i pomo-
lo{ke osobine 17 autohtonih sorti kru{ke u in situ uslovima. Ipitivane sorte su okalemljene na sejancu divlje
kru{ke i gajene u slobodnom porastu, bez primene savremenih agrotehni~kih mera za ovu vrstu vo}aka. Najranije
vreme sazrevanja ploda imala je sorta Pe}anka (po~etak avgusta), a najkasnije sorte Sijerak i Tur{ija~a (po~etak
oktobra). Prose~na masa ploda autohtonih sorti je varirala od 25,28 g (Crvenka) do 146,30 g (Begar). Sorte
Tur{ija~a, Jeribasma i Begar se odlikuju krupnim plodom. Visok sadràj rastvorljivih suvih materija utvr|en je
u plodovima sorti Begar (18,5%), Zelenka (19,0%) i Vidova~a (22,17%).
Klju~ne re~i: kru{ka, autohtona germplazma, fenolo{ke osobine, pomolo{ke osobine, Gornje Polimlje
Uvod Kru{ka se najvi{e gaji na podru~ju Gornjeg Po-

limlja. U strukturi sortimenta dominiraju autohtone
Kru{ka (Pyrus communis L.) je jabu~asta vrsta vo}aka sorte, koje se u pore|enju sa komercijalno zna~ajnim
umerene klimatske zone (Hussain et al., 2013). Njeni sortama odlikuju ve}om otporno{}u na mraz, su{u i
plodovi su vrlo cenjeni zahvaljuju}i niskoj kalorijskoj, patogene, kao i dugove~no{}u. Cilj ovog rada je da se
a visokoj nutritivnoj vrednosti i dobrom ukusu (Senser kroz evaluaciju najva`nijih biolo{kih osobina 17 au-
et al., 1999). Plodovi kru{ke sazrevaju od sredine juna tohtonih sorti, ispita i o~uva divergentnost autohtonog
do sredine oktobra, i koriste se za stonu upotrebu do genofonda kru{ke sa podru~ja Gornjeg Polimlja.
kraja aprila slede}e godine (Mi{i}, 2002). Osim za
sveù potro{nju, plodovi kru{ke se koriste kao sirovi-
na za razli~ite vidove prerade u doma}instvima i indu- Materijal i metode
striji: sok, kompot, slatko, marmelada, dèm, rakija,
su{ena kru{ka, itd. (Milo{evi}, 1997). Biljni materijal. U dvogodi{njem periodu (2014‡2015.
U Crnoj Gori gajenje kru{ke ima dugu tradiciju. godine), ispitivane su osobine 17 autohtonih sorti kru-
Prema statisti~kim podacima za 2011. godinu, broj {ke: Begar, Crvenka, Je~menka, Jeribasma, Ka~mor-
stabala kru{ke je bio 234.720, od ~ega rodnih 201.724 ka, Kali~anka, Koravac, Krividr{ka, Medunak, Pe}an-
(Monstat, 2012). Ukupno je proizvedeno 2.774 t plo- ka, Ramaganlija, Samoraska, Sijerak, Tur{ija~a, Vido-
dova, {to je iznosilo prose~no 13,8 kg/stablu. Gaje se va~a, Zelenka i @utica, u in situ uslovima Gornjeg Po-
kako komercijalne, tako i autohtone sorte. limlja. Sve sorte su okalemljene na sejancu divlje kru-
7
Ja}imovi} V. et al. Vol. 51, br. 197‡198, januar‡jun 2017.
{ke. Stabla su gajena u slobodnom porastu, a agroteh-

ni~ke mere za ovu vrstu vo}aka nisu primenjivane. Fenofaza sazrevanja. Ispitivane autohtone sorte kru-
Fenofaza sazrevanja. Vreme sazrevanja ispitivanih {ke su sazrevale u intervalu od dva meseca, od po~et-
sorti utvr|eno je po Gvozdenovi}u (1990). Sorte su na ka avgusta (Pe}anka) do po~etka oktobra (Sijerak i
osnovu vremena sazrevanja svrstane u grupe prema Tur{ija~a) (Tab. 1). Prema klasifikaciji [ebek (2010),
klasifikaciji [ebek (2010). ispitivane sorte se prema vremenu zrenja mogu svrsta-
Morfometrijske osobine ploda. Analiza morfometrij- ti u tri grupe:
skih osobina ploda obavljena je u fenofazi pune zrelo- 1. grupa: Pe}anka, Kali~anka, Medunak, Begar,
sti, na prose~nom uzorku od 10 plodova. Masa ploda Je~menka, @utica i Ramaganlija (sazrevaju krajem ju-
je utvr|ena merenjem na analiti~koj vagi i izraèna u la i tokom avgusta ‡ srednje rane);
gramima. Duìna i {irina ploda su merene {ublerom. 2. grupa: Crvenka, Jeribasma, Samoraska, Krivo-
Indeks oblika ploda je izraèn kao odnos izme|u duì- dr{ka, Koravac, Ka~morka, Vidova~a i Zelenka (sa-
ne i {irine. Sorte su klasifikovane u grupe na osnovu zrevaju tokom septembra ‡ srednje kasne);
krupno}e ploda ([ebek et al., 1997). 3. grupa: Tur{ija~a i Sijerak (sazrevaju tokom ok-
Organolepti~ke osobina ploda. Od organolepti~kih tobra ‡ kasne sorte).
osobina ploda utvr|eni su osnovna i dopunska boja Sli~an raspon zrenja autohtonih sorti kru{ke utvr-
pokoìce, kao i boja i ukus mesa ploda. Sadràj ras- dili su Selamovska et al. (2015) na podru~ju Prespe, a
tvorljivih suvih materija (RSM) je odre|en ru~nim re- znatno {iri interval zrenja imale su autohtone sorte
fraktrometrom u 2014. godini. kru{ke sa podru~ja zapadne Makedonije (Selamovska
Statisti~ka analiza. Ocena dobijenih podataka obavlje- et al., 2014). Sorte ranijeg zrenja se uglavnom koriste
na je analizom varijanse u programskom paketu IBM za jelo u sveèm stanju, a kasnijeg za proizvodnju ra-
SPSS statistics 21. Zna~ajnost razlika izme|u analizi- kije i drugih prera|evina.
ranih sorti ocenjena je primenom Duncan-ovog testa. Morfometrijske osobine ploda. Najmanja masa ploda
je utvr|ena kod sorte Crvenka (25,28 g), a najve}a kod
Rezultati i diskusija sorte Begar (146,30 g) (Tab. 1). Izme|u ispitivanih
Tab. 1. Vreme sazrevanja i morfolo{ke osobine autohtonih sorti kru{ke (prosek, 2014‡2015. godine)
Ripening time and fruit morphometric properties of autochthonous pear cultivars (average 2014‡2015)
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Masa ploda Duìna ploda [irina ploda
Sorta Vreme sazrevanja Fruit weight Fruit length Fruit width Indeks oblika ploda
Cultivar Ripening time (g) (mm) (mm) Fruit shape index
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Begar Kraj/End VIII 146,30 a* 76,47 a 62,06 a 1,23
Crvenka Sredina/Mid IX 25,28 j 28,27 h 36,49 h 0,77
Je~menka Kraj/End VIII 73,76 ef 53,64 d 53,56 c 1,00
Jeribasma Sredina/Mid IX 125,89 b 76,27 a 58,68 b 1,30
Ka~morka Sredina/Mid IX 46,76 ghi 44,24 f 44,69 ef 0,99
Kali~anka Sredina/Mid VIII 49,03 ghi 48,79 e 44,98 ef 1,08
Koravac Sredina/Mid IX 61,89 fg 48,62 e 49,20 d 0,99
Krividr{ka Po~etak/Beginning IX 38,51 ij 39,63 g 42,43 fg 0,93
Medunak Sredina/Mid VIII 54,55 gh 54,52 d 47,56 de 1,15
Pe}anka Po~etak/Beginning VIII 46,54 ghi 44,80 ef 46,11 de 0,97
Ramaganlija Kraj/End VIII 76,48 f 60,06 c 53,16 c 1,13
Samoraska Sredina/Mid IX 40,95 hi 43,77 f 42,02 fg 1,04
Sijerak Po~etak/Beginning X 35,55 ij 38,60 g 39,54 gh 0,98
Tur{ija~a Po~etak/Beginning X 107,75 c 68,16 b 58,32 b 1,17
Vidova~a Po~etak/Beginning IX 58,48 g 44,15 f 48,95 d 0,90
Zelenka Kraj/End IX 91,16 d 60,16 c 54,45 c 1,10
@utica Kraj/End VIII 58,13 g 55,79 d 47,08 de 1,09
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
* Zna~ajnost razlika je testirana Dankanovim testom vi{estrukih intervala (p < 0,05)/Significance of differences was tested by Duncan`s
Multiple Range test (p < 0,05)
8
Ja}imovi} V. et al. Vol. 51, No. 197‡198, January‡June 2017
sorti postoji velika varijabilnost u pogledu mase i di- lekcionoim radu. Prose~na masa ploda autohtonih sorti
menzija ploda. Masa ploda sorte Begar, koja je svrsta- kru{ke u zapadnoj Makedoniji varirala je u intervalu od
na u grupu sorti najkrupnijeg ploda, statisti~ki se zna- 13,8 g do 214,1 g (Selamovska et al., 2014), dok \uri}
~ajno razlikuje od ostalih sorti. Tako|e se i masa plo- et al. (2015) navode da se masa ploda autohtonih geno-
da sorte Crvenka (grupa sorti najsitnijeg ploda), stati- tipova kru{ke kolekcionisanih u severozapadnom delu
sti~ki zna~ajno razlikuje od drugih sorti. Ostale ispiti- Bosne i Hercegovine kretala u intervalu 31,10‡109,40
vane sorte se nalaze na prelazu izme|u ovih grupa. g. Na masu ploda, osim geneti~ke konstitucije, uti~u i
Prema klasifikaciji [ebek et al. (1997) ispitivane klimatski i zemlji{ni faktori, kao i primjenjena tehnolo-
sorte se prema krupno}i mogu svrstati u ~etiri grupe: gija gajenja.
1. grupa: Crvenka, Sijerak, Krivodr{ka, Samora- Dimenzije ploda ispitivanih sorti su u pozitivnoj
ska, Ka~morka, Kali~anka i Pe}anka (vrlo sitan plod; korelaciji sa masom, pa su najve}e dimenzije utvr|ene
< 50 g); kod sorti najve}e mase ploda. Sorta Begar je imala naj-
2. grupa: Je~menka, @utica, Koravac, Medunak, duè (76,47 mm) i naj{ire (62,06 mm) plodove, dok su
Vidova~a i Ramaganlija (sitan plod; 50‡80 g); plodovi sorte Crvenka imali najmanju duìnu (28,27
3. grupa: Zelenka (srednje krupan plod; 80‡100 g); mm) i {irinu (36,49 mm). Odnos duìne i {irine ploda je
4. grupa: Begar, Jeribasma i Tur{ija~a (krupan iznosio od 0,77 kod sorte Crvenka do 1,30 kod sorte Je-
plod; > 100 g). ribasma, koja je imala najizduènije plodove.
U ispitivanom autohtonom materijalu dominiraju Organolepti~ke osobine ploda. Karakteristike ploda
sorte kru{ke sitnog ploda. Sorte Tur{ija~a, Jeribasma i prou~avanih sorti kru{ke su prikazane u tabeli 2.
Begar se odlikuju krupnim plodom, pa se mogu prepo- Osnovna boja pokoìce ploda autohtonih sorti je
ru~iti za gajenje, ili kao po~etni materijal u daljem se- uglavnom ùta (~etiri sorte), zeleno-ùta (deset sorti) i
Tab. 2. Organolepti~ke osobine ploda autohtonih sorti kru{ke

Fruit organoleptic properties of autochthonous pear cultivars
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Sorta Osnovna boja pokoìce ploda Dopunska boja pokoìce ploda Boja mesa ploda Ukus ploda RSM
Cultivar Skin ground colour Skin over colour Flesh colour Taste Soluble solids (%)
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Begar @uta/Yellow / @uta/Yellow Sladak/Sweet 18,50 bc
Crvenka Zeleno-ùta/Green-yellow Narandàsta/Orange (do/up to 50%) @uta/Yellow Sladak/Sweet 13,67 g
Je~menka Zeleno-ùta/ Green-yellow Crvena/Red (do/up to 5%) @uta/Yellow Sladak/Sweet 16,67 cde
Jeribasma Zeleno-ùta/Green-yellow / Zeleno-bela/ Slatko-nakiseo/ 16,00 def
Greenish-white Sweet-sour
Ka~morka Zeleno-ùta/Green-yellow / @uto-bela/ Sladak/Sweet 14,83 efg
Yellowish-white
Kali~anka Zeleno-ùta/Green-yellow Crvena/Red (do/up to 50%) @uto-bela/ Sladak/Sweet 15,00 defg
Yellowish-white
Koravac Zeleno-ùta/Green-yellow / @uta/Yellow Slatko-nakiseo/ 13,83 fg
Sweet-sour
Krividr{ka Zeleno-ùta/Green-yellow / @uta/Yellow Sladak/Sweet 15,00 defg
Medunak @uta/Yellow Roze/Pink (do/up to 10%) Beli~asta/Whitish Sladak/Sweet 14,00 fg
Pe}anka Zeleno-ùta/Green- yellow / Beli~asta/Whitish Sladak/Sweet 11,68 e
Ramaganlija @uta/Yellow Crvena/Red (do/up to 10%) Beli~asta/Whitish Sladak/Sweet 13,73 g
Samoraska @uta/Yellow / @uta/Yellow Sladak/Sweet 15,67 defg
Sijerak Zelena/Green / Zeleno-bela/ Kiseo/Sour 17,00 cd
Greenish-white
Tur{ija~a Zeleno-ùta/Green-yellow / @uto-bela/ Slatko-nakiseo/ 14,67 efg
Yellowish-white Sweet-sour
Vidova~a Zelena/Green Narandàsta/Orange (do/up to 20%) Beli~asta/Whitish Slatko-gorkast/ 22,17 a
Sweet-bitter
Zelenka Zelena/Green / Beli~asta/Whitish Nakiselo-sladak/ 19,00 b
Sour-sweet
@utica Zeleno-ùta/Green-yellow Roze/Pink (do/up to 10 %) @uto-bela/ Slatko-nakiseo/ 13,67 g
Yellowish-white Sweet-sour
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
9
Ja}imovi} V. et al. Vol. 51, br. 197‡198, januar‡jun 2017.
zelena (tri sorte), dok je dopunska narandàsta, roze ili nu i kulturnu ba{tinu Crne Gore koju je neophodno sa-
crvena utvr|ena kod sedam autohtonih sorti. Domini- ~uvati. Formiranjem kolekcionih zasada ovih sorti
raju sorte slabo izraène dopunske boje. o~uva}e se bogatstvo autohtonog genofonda kru{ke.
Prou~avane sorte kru{ke su pokazale varijabilnost Sorte koje se odlikuju krupnim plodom i visokim
i u pogledu boje mesa ploda. Meso ùte boje je utvr- sadràjem rastvorljivih suvih materija mogu se prepo-
|eno kod {est sorti, beli~aste kod pet sorti, ùto-bele ru~iti za komercijalno gajenje u datim agroekolo{kim
kod ~etiri sorte i zeleno-bele kod dve sorte. Sli~na za- uslovima.
paànja u pogledu boje mesa ploda autohtonih sorti
kru{ke prikazali su Selamovska et al. (2014). Literatura
Kod plodova ispitivanih sorti preovladava sladak
ukus. Za vreme turske vladavine na podru~je Gornjeg \uri} G., @abi} M., Rodi} M., Stanivukovi} S., Bosan~i} B., Pa{a-
Polimlja uveden je sortiment kru{ke sa Bliskog istoka li} B. (2015): Biochemical and pomological assesment of Eu-
ropean pear accessions from Bosnia and Herzegovina. Horti-
prete`no slatkog ukusa, koji se zadrào do dana{njih
cultural Science (Prague), 42(4): 176‡184.
dana (Mi{i}, 1987). Gvozdenovi} D. (1900): Berba i ~uvanje vo}a. Nolit, Beograd.
Sadràj RSM u plodu ispitivanih sorti je imao Hussain S., Masud T., Ali S., Bano R., Ali A. (2013): Some physi-
vrednosti od 11,68% (Pe}anka) do 22,17% (Vidova- co-chemical attributes of pear (Pyrus communis L.) cultivars
~a). Visok sadràj RSM (> 15%) utvr|en je kod sorti grown in Pakistan. International Journal of Biosciences,
Begar, Je~menka, Jeribasma, Krivodr{ka, Samoraska, 3(12): 206‡215.
Milo{evi} T. (1997): Specijalno vo}arstvo. Agronomski fakultet,
Sijerak, Vidova~a i Zelenka, dok se najve}im sadrà- â~ak; Zajednica za vo}e i povr}e, Beograd.
jem RSM odlikuju plodovi sorti Begar, Zelenika i Vi- Mi{i}. P. (1987): Oplemenjivanje vo}aka. Nolit, Beograd.
dova~a (18,5%, 19,0% i 22,17%, po redosledu). Sorte Mi{i} P. (2002): Specijalno oplemenjivanje vo}aka. Institut za istra-
sa visokim sadràjem RSM se mogu koristiti za proiz- ìvanja u poljoprivredi „SRBIJA“ i Partenon, Beograd.
vodnju rakije, su{enje i razne druge vidove prerade. Selamovska A., Miskoska-Milevska E., Najdenovska O., Dimovska
D. (2014): Traditional pear varieties in the west region of Re-
\uri} et al. (2015) navode uì interval u variranju sa-
public of Macedonia. Acta Agriculturae Serbica, XIX(37):
dràja RSM (13,51‡19,72%) u plodovima autohtonih 47‡160.
sorti kru{ke na podru~ju Bosne i Hercegovine, dok su Selamovska A., Miskoska-Milevska E., Najdenovska O., Canev I.
Hussain et al. (2013) utvrdili niì nivo ovog parametra (2015): Fruit characteristics of some traditional pear varieties
(11,03‡14,42%) u plodovima lokalnih sorti kru{ke u in the Prespa region. Acta Agriculturae Serbica, XX(40):
107‡115.
Pakistanu.
Senser F., Scherz H., Munchen G. (1999): Tablasde composicion de
alimentos. 2nd edition (Editorial Acribia, Zaragoza).
Monstat (2012): Statisti~ki godi{njak Crne Gore, Zavod za statisti-
Zaklju~ak ku, Crna Gora.
[ebek G. (2010): Mogu}nost kori{}enja autohtonih sorti za organ-
Ispitivane autohtone sorte kru{ke na podru~ju Gornjeg ske kru{ike. Zbornik radova Prve me|unarodna konferencija
zdrave, ekolo{ke i organske proizvodnje hrane BioPlanet BO-
Polimlja pokazale su veliku varijabilnost u pogledu OK, Zlatibor (Srbija), 131‡140.
vremena zrenja, mase, dimenzija i oblika ploda, boje [ebek G., Pekovi} \., Veli~kovi} N., Ja}imovi} V. (1997): Morflo-
pokoìce i sadràja rastvorljive suve materije. {ke i organolepti~ke osobine ploda autohtonih sorti kru{aka
Autohtone sorte kru{ke su neizostavan deo krajo- Gornjeg Polimlja. Savremena poljoprivreda, 5/6: 45‡51.
lika podru~ja Gornjeg Polimlja i predstavljaju prirod-
10
Ja}imovi} V. et al. Vol. 51, No. 197‡198, January‡June 2017
BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF AUTOCHTHONOUS PEAR (Pyrus communis L.) CULTIVARS IN

GORNJE POLIMLJE REGION
Vu~eta Ja}imovi}, \ina Boòvi}, Biljana Lazovi}
University of Montenegro, Biotechnical Faculty ‡ Podgorica, Mihaila Lali}a 1, 81000 Podgorica, Republic of
Montenegro
E-mail: bdjina@yahoo.com
Abstract
In the period 2014‡2015, examination of autochthono- ‘Tur{ija~a’ (beginning of October). Fruit weight ran-
us pear cultivars in the Gornje Polimlje area was con- ged from 25.28 g (‘Crvenka’) to 146.30 g (‘Begar’).
ducted (in situ conditions). Cultivars were grafted on Cultivars ‘Tur{ija~a’, ‘Jeribasma’ and ‘Begar’ were
wild pear seedlings. The trees were in free growth, characterized by large fruit. The very high content of
without use of agro-technical measurments. The most soluble solids in the fruits was observed in ‘Begar’
important biological characteristics of 17 autochtho- (18.5%), ‘Zelenka’ (19.0%) and ‘Vidova~a’ (22.17%).
nous cultivars of pears from the area are presented. Keywords: pear, autochthonous germplasm, phenolo-
The earliest fruit ripening time observed in ‘Pe}anka’ gical properties, pomological properties, Gornje Po-
(beginning of August), and the latest in ‘Sijerak’ and limlje
11
Vo}arstvo, 51, 197‡198 (2017) 13‡19 UDK: 634.22:631.541/.543.2
Journal of Pomology, 51, 197‡198 (2017) 13‡19 Originalni nau~ni rad
Original scientific paper
Comparative testing of four plum cultivars on four rootstocks in intensive

plantation
Boryana Stefanova, Georgi Popski
Institute of Mountain Stockbreeding and Agricultire, Vasil Levski str. 281, 5600 Troyan, Bulgaria
E-mail: stefanova_b@abv.bg
Received: 28 September 2016; Accepted: 03 April 2017
Abstract. The experiment was conducted during the period 2013‡2015 in the intensive plum plantation of RIM-
SA Troyan, established in 2005 with cultivars ‘Stanley’, ‘â~anska Lepotica’, ‘Hanita’ and ‘Jojo’ grafted onto
four rootstocks: ‘Brompton’, ‘GF 655-2’, ‘Wavit’, and Myrobalan seedling, with planting distance 4 × 1.7 m.
The vegetative characteristics of the trees, such as: trunk cross-sectional area (cm2), volume (m3) and pro-
jection (m2) of the crown were studied, as well as productive characteristics: yield per tree (kg) and fruit weight
(g). Chemical analysis for identifying biochemical composition of fresh fruit was also conducted.
It was found that at the age of 10 years, at a time of full fruiting, trees from different cultivar/rootstock com-
binations had different strength of growth. ‘Stanley’ and ‘Jojo’ grafted on Myrobalan seedling had the largest vo-
lume of tree (21.56 m3; 15.86 m3, respectively) and projection of tree (13.04 m2; 10.46 m2, respectively), follo-
wed by ‘Stanley’ and ‘Jojo’ grafted on ‘Brompton’. The lowest tree vigour was found in all cultivars grafted on
‘Wavit’.
In the early ripening cultivar ‘â~anska Lepotica’, fruit weight ranged from 25 to 35 g. This cultivar had
the highest yield. ‘Jojo’ grafted on Myrobalan seedling had the largest fruit weight (42.45 g), but very low yield
per tree. Cultivar ‘Hanita’, especially with the strong growing rootstocks (Myrobalan seedling and ‘Brompton’),
had high yield per tree, but very small fruit weight, ranged from 19 to 23 g.
Key words: plum, cultivars, rootstocks, intensive orchard
Introduction otstocks with vegetative propagation are also signifi-

cant in plum production (‘Wangenheim’, ‘GF 655/2’
Plum cultivars from the breeding programmes of the and ‘St. Julien A’). Compared to the Damson seedling
Universities of Hohenheim and Geisenheim (Hart- rootstock, cultivars grafted on the semi-dwarfing root-
mann, 1998; Hartmann, 2007; Jacob, 2007) are grown stock ‘Wangenheim’, grew more slightly and were
widely in Europe. Some of them have been introduced less productive (Rozpara & Grzyb, 1998). The increa-
and tested in Bulgaria (Dinkova et al., 2012), Czech sed tree number led to lower yield per unit area, with
Republic, Poland, Serbia etc., and recommended for decrease in growth rate (Achim et al., 2010; Grzyb et
growing in new orchards with new technologies for al., 1998). The suitability of these cultivars and root-
plum production (Sosna, 2002; Blaèk & Pi{teková, stocks was studied in many countries in Europe and
2009). The challenge of modern technologies in fruit North America.
growing is the intensification of planting schemes, so In 2005 in RIMSA-Troyan some new vegetative
the growth rate influenced by the rootstock as a key in- rootstocks were introduced, such as ‘Bromptom’, ‘GF
dicator for that. Beside Myrobalan seedling, clonal ro- 655-2’, ‘St. Julien A’, ‘Wavit’ and ‘Wangenheims’.
13
Stefanova B. et al. Vol. 51, br. 197‡198, januar‡jun 2017.
They were being tested in comparation with Damson Results and Discussion
seedling rootstock for suitability to the specific soil
and climate conditions of Troyan plum production re- Trunk cross-section area of trees increased irregularly
gion. They have also been comparatively studied with each year in different cultivar/rootstock combinations.
four plum cultivars (Stefanova et al., 2012a; Stefano- The common trend showed the smallest growth on the
va et al., 2012b; Popski et al., 2013; Dragoyski et al., ‘Wangenheims’ rootstock, while the growth on Myro-
2014). balan seedling had been the largest.
The aim of present study is to make a comparati- The biggest trunk cross-section area had trees of
ve assessment of plum cultivars: ‘Stanley’, ‘Hanita’, ‘Jojo’, and the smallest trunk cross-section area was
‘Jojo’ and ‘â~anska Lepotica’, grafted on four diffe- observed in variants of ‘â~anska Lepotica’ on the ro-
rent rootstocks (‘Brompton’, ‘GF 655-2’, ‘Wavit’ and otstocks ‘Brompton’, ‘Hanita’ and ‘Wavit’.
Myrobalan seedling) in the conditions of Troyan mo- Vegetation period in 2015 characterized by equ-
untain region, in relation to their growth and fruit bea- ally distributed rainfalls in each month, which had an
ring. impact over the growth rate and increase in trunk
cross-section area of all cultivar/rootstock combinati-
ons, in comparison with previous two years. For ‘Stan-
Material and Methods ley’ grafted on ‘Brompton’ and ‘GF 655-2’ the growth
was balanced with 8‡10 cm for each year.
The experiment was conducted during the period The highest annual growth was noticed in ‘Jojo’,
2013‡2015 in the intensive plum plantation of RIMSA in all rootstock combinations. The greatest differences
Troyan, established in 2005 on a slope about 5-8°, in relation to rootstock were found in the cultivars
with cultivars ‘Stanley’, ‘â~anska Lepotica’, ‘Hanita’ grafted on Myrobalan seedling (> 15‡20 cm2) (Tab. 1).
and ‘Jojo’ grafted on four rootstocks: ‘Brompton’, ‘GF Cultivar ‘Stanley’ enlarged its volume in 2015
from 11 to 14 m3 on the rootstocks ‘Brompton’, ‘GF
655-2’, ‘Wavit’ and Myrobalan seedling, with a plan-
655-2’ and Mirobalan seedling; on the rootstock ‘Wa-
ting distance of 4 × 1.7 m. Standard cultural practices
vit’, volume enlarged only 3 m3. ‘Hanita’ and ‘Jojo’
were applied, without irrigation.
achieved the highest volume on ‘Brompton’ (10 m3)
The main morphological and biological characte-
and ‘Stanley’ (14 m3). That defines ‘Brompton’ as a
ristics of cultivar/rootstock combinations were studi-
highly vigorous rootstock. The influence on the crown
ed. The following vegetative properties were evalua-
volume of the Mirobalan seedling was the smallest in
ted: trunk cross-section area (cm2), volume (m3) and
‘Hanita’ (2.9 m3), and the largest in ‘Stanley’(16.69
projection of crown (m2), as well as productive charac- m3; Tab. 2); this parameter was the highly influenced
teristics: fruit weight (g) and stone weight (g), yield by the genetic characteristics of the cultivars.
per tree (kg) and yield efficiency (YE) (kg cm-2) as the The average fruit weight was in agreement with
ratio between the yield per tree and trunk cross-secti- cultivar specific traits and ranged from 19 to 23 g in
on area. Chemical composition of fruits was also eva- ‘Hanita’, and 33 to 42 g in ‘Jojo’. The rootstocks sho-
luated: wed statistically no significant influence on fruit weight
‡ Soluble solids content (refractometrically) ‡ (%); and stone weight among examined cultivars (Tab. 3).
‡ Sugars content according to Luff-Schoorl ‡ (%); The highest yield was recorded in the early culti-
‡ Total acids (presented as malic acid), by titration var ‘â~anska Lepotica’ (28.3 kg on ‘GF 655-2’ and
with 0.1 N KCl ‡ (%); 55,0 kg on Myrobalan seedling), whose fruits also had
‡ Tannins ‡ according to Levental-Neubauer ‡ (%); high fruit weight (25‡35 g) (Tab. 3). Cultivar ‘Jojo’
‡ Antocianins ‡ Filsky and Fransis (mg %). had the largest fruits in combination with the Myroba-
The study was conducted according to Methods lan seedling as rootstock (42.45 g), but the total yield
for Studying Plant Resources (Nedev et al., 1979). per tree was 50% to 75% lower than yield of ‘â~an-
Data in the present study were subjected by ska Lepotica’.
analysis of variance (ANOVA) and means were sepa- ‘Hanita’ had relatively high yields in all combina-
rated by LSD test at p < 0.05. tions, especially with the vigorous rootstocks Myroba-
14
Stefanova B. et al. Vol. 51, No. 197‡198, January‡June 2017
Tab. 1. Trunk cross-section area (cm2) of different cultivar/rootstock combinations in period 2013‡2015
Povr{ina popre~nog preseka debla (cm2) razli~itih kombinacija sota/podloga u periodu 2013‡2015. godina
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Cultivar/Rootstock Myrobalan seedling
Sorta/Podloga ‘Brompton’ ‘GF 655-2’ ‘Wavit’ Sejanac dànarike LSD 0.05
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
2013
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
‘Stanley’ 71.68 56.08 52.47 58.73 37.60
‘Hanita’ 49.97 55.28 51.43 53.82 14.84
‘Jojo’ 55.28 71.66 52.47 96.87 23.45
‘â~anska Lepotica’ 36.52 52.73 43.68 55.44 25.76
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
2014
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
‘Stanley’ 79.03 64.78 61.23 81.58 28.56
‘Hanita’ 61.07 68.74 65.66 59.55 13.93
‘Jojo’ 69.47 86.70 67.01 118.39 15.68
‘â~anska Lepotica’ 42.17 58.25 48.94 79.96 19.22
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
2015
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
‘Stanley’ 88.14 72.51 65.50 87.08 47.86
‘Hanita’ 67.01 71.82 71.49 60.23 38.71
‘Jojo’ 79.86 81.53 95.25 121.95 20.32
‘â~anska Lepotica’ 50.13 58.20 57.11 120.79 14.46
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Tab. 2. Crown volume (m3) of different cultivar/rootstock combinations in period 2013‡2015

Zapremina krune (m3) razli~itih kombinacija sorta/podloga u periodu 2013‡2015. godina
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
2013
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
‘Stanley’ 4.43 3.54 4.00 4.53 3.07
‘Hanita’ 3.27 5.87 4.27 3.85 2.40
‘Jojo’ 4.73 4.47 5.41 9.71 2.32
‘â~anska Lepotica’ 3.30 2.77 3.67 3.59 2.13
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
2014
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
‘Stanley’ 5.02 4.64 5.69 4.89 0.90
‘Hanita’ 2.93 3.45 3.04 3.14 0.62
‘Jojo’ 4.08 3.28 3.37 6.08 0.96
‘â~anska Lepotica’ 2.48 3.54 2.40 4.21 2.06
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
2015
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
‘Stanley’ 19.21 15.96 8.82 21.56 6.54
‘Hanita’ 13.24 10.60 7.61 6.04 4.20
‘Jojo’ 14.35 10.36 13.25 15.86 6.42
‘â~anska Lepotica’ 7.90 12.66 10.94 13.05 4.28
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
lan seedling and ‘Brompton’. Grzyb & Sitarek (2007) for planting on poor soils or under replanting conditi-
registered that ‘Hanita’ grafted on seedlings of ‘Wan- ons.
genheim Prune’ had the best yield per tree in relation In our study, the highest yield efficiency was ob-
to other generative and vegetative rootstocks. Due to served in ‘â~anska Lepotica’, on all the rootstocks;
relatively high vigour, ‘Hanita’ can be recommended yield efficiency was the largest in combination with
15
Tab. 3. Productive characteristics of different cultivar/rootstocks combinations in 2015

Proizvodne karakteristike razli~itih kombinacija sorta/podloga u 2015. godini
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Fruit weight/Masa ploda (g)
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
‘Stanley’ 28.74 28.94 30.72 28.14 3.96
‘Hanita’ 23.38 22.13 19.67 21.46 2.38
‘Jojo’ 25.17 33.82 31.11 42.45 5.45
‘â~anska Lepotica’ 31.65 34.34 27.46 34.07 2.94
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Stone weight/Masa ko{tice (g)
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
‘Stanley’ 1.87 1.96 2.23 2.00 0.19
‘Hanita’ 1.44 1.46 1.35 1.34 0.11
‘Jojo’ 1.97 2.12 1.83 2.36 0.20
‘â~anska Lepotica’ 1.54 1.48 1.46 1.44 0.11
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Yield per tree/Prinos po stablu (kg)
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
‘Stanley’ 5.5 3.3 0.6 0.5
‘Hanita’ 40.0 37.7 25.0 41.0
‘Jojo’ 15.5 12.0 9.0 10.5
‘â~anska Lepotica’ 35.0 28.3 45.0 55.0
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
‘Wavit’ (0.79), and the smallest in combination with ency and high TCSA values indicated that ‘Belo{ljiva’
Myrobalan seedling (0.46), which is in accordance to rootstock influenced relatively high vigour of ‘Stan-
results obtained by Glisi} et al. (2016). ley’ in their study.
‘Hanita’ also had high yield efficiency ranged Chemical composition of fruits in 2015 was ma-
from 0.68 (grafted on Mirobalan seedling) to 0.35 de for ‘Hanita’, ‘â~anska Lepotica’ and ‘Jojo’, graf-
(grafted on ‘Wavit’). This results confirmed previous ted on four rootstocks. The later ripening ‘Jojo’ culti-
reports (Milo{evi} et al., 2012), showing that the hig- var had the higher content of soluble solids, total su-
her yield efficiency of ‘Hanita’ resulted from its lower gars and tannins as well, compared to ‘Hanita’ and
vigour and higher bearing potential. The lowest yield ‘â~anska Lepotica’. In their fruits sucrose and acid
efficiency was determined in ‘Stanley’. It can be con- content don’t differ significantly under the influence
cluded that ‘Stanley’ is unsuitable for high density of the rootstocks, thus their content is determined ma-
planting system under Troyan conditions. Similar ob- inly by the cultivar. The highest soluble solids content
servations were found by Milo{evi} & Milo{evi} was found for ‘Jojo’ (17.5%), which was less than ob-
(2011), who reported that low values of yield effici- tained by Blazek & Pisteková (2009).
Tab. 4. Yield efficiency (kg cm-2) of different cultivar/rootstocks combinations in 2015

Rodni potencijal razli~itih kombincija sorta/podloga u 2015. godini
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
’Brompton’ ’GF 655-2’ ’Wavit’ Myrobalan seedling
Sejanac dànarike
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
‘Stanley’ 0.06 0.05 0.01 0.01
‘Hanita’ 0.60 0.52 0.35 0.68
‘Jojo’ 0.19 0.15 0.09 0.09
‘â~anska Lepotica’ 0.70 0.49 0.79 0.46
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
16
Tab. 5. Chemical composition of fresh plum fruits of ’Hanita’, ’Jojo’ and ’â~anska Lepotica’ cultivars grafted on different rootstocks in 2015
Hemijski sastav sveìh plodova sorti {ljive Hanita, Jojo i â~anska lepotica kalemljenih na razli~itim podlogama u 2015. godini
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Rootstock Soluble solids Total sugars Inverted sugars Sucrose Total acids Tannins Anthocyanins
Podloga Rastvorljive materije Ukupni {e}eri Invertni {e}eri Saharoza Ukupne kiseline Tanini Antociani
(%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (mg%)
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
‘Hanita’
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
‘Brompton’ 13.0 5.20 4.50 0.67 0.64 0.201 5.00
‘GF 655-2’ 13.5 7.20 6.15 1.00 0.79 0.062 7.42
‘Wavit’ 13.0 8.90 6.65 2.14 0.96 0.125 2.74
Myrobalan seedling/ 14.5 6.65 4.35 2.19 0.72 0.083 21.61
Sejanac dànarike
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
‘Jojo’
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
‘Brompton’ 17.5 10.40 7.85 2.42 0.70 0.145 7.42
‘GF 655-2’ 17.5 9.75 6.65 2.95 0.51 0.145 7.26
‘Wavit’ 20.0 10.25 7.70 2.42 0.51 0.208 7.74
Sejanac dànarike
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
‘â~anska Lepotica’
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
‘Brompton’ 17,2 10.60 9.20 1.33 0.34 0.148 9.35
‘GF 655-2’ 17.5 9.55 9.05 0.48 0.44 0.191 4.68
‘Wavit’ 18.0 11.60 9.55 1.95 0.54 0.191 0.97
Sejanac dànarike
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Conclusions The latest ripening cultivar ‘Jojo’ accumulated

more sugars and dry matter compared to the earlier ri-
The soil and climate conditions in the region of pening cultivar ‘Hanita’, regardless of the rootstock.
Troyan are favourable for growing plum cultivars Content of total acids in fruits of ‘â~anska Lepotica’
‘Stanley’, ‘Hanita’, ‘Jojo’ and ‘â~anska Lepotica’, in was the smallest. The cultivars were quite attractive
combinations with some vegetative weaker-vigorous and with good size and good chemical composition,
rootstocks with weaker growth. and can be recommended for fresh consumption, pro-
‘Hanita’ and ‘â~anska Lepotica’ had weaker cessing and drying.
growth in the intensive plum plantations grafted on
‘Wavit’ rootstock. References
Rootstocks Myrobalan seedling, ‘Brompton’ and
‘GF 655-2’ had more vigorous growth and cultivars Achim G., Botu I., Botu M., Preda S., Baciu A. (2010): Plum root-
stocks for intensive plum culture. Acta Horticulturae, 874:
‘Stanley’ and ‘Jojo’ grafted on these rootstocks, at the 299‡304.
age of 10 years and are not suitable for low distance in Blaèk J., Pi{teková I. (2009): Preliminary evaluation results of new
the rows. The application of winter pruning is necessary plum cultivars in a dense planting. Horticultural Science (Pra-
for these cultivar/rootstock combinations in order to gue), 36, 2: 45‡54.
Dinkova H., Stefanova B., Dragoyski K. (2012): Problems of culti-
establish optimal balance between growth and bearing. vation of the newly introduced plum cultivar ‘Hanita’ into the
‘Hanita’ and ‘â~anska Lepotica’ had the highest Troyan region. Jugoslovensko vo}arstvo, 46, 177/178: 17‡21.
yields in combinations with more vigorous rootstocks Dragoyski K., Popski G., Stefanova B., Dinkova H. (2014): Effect
‘Brompton’ and Myrobalan seedling. of applied pruning for restriction of crown sizes of plum trees
in dense planting schemes. Journal of Mountain Agriculture
There was no optimal yield recorded, neither fru- on the Balkans, 17, 1: 227‡237.
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ternatively fruit bearing. N. (2016): Tree vigour and yield of plum grown under high
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Milo{evi} N., Mratini} E., Gli{i} I., S., Milo{evi} T. (2012): Preco- Stefanova B., Dragoyski K., Dinkova H., Popski G. (2012b): Oppor-
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18
UPOREDNO ISPITIVANJE ÊTIRI SORTE [LJIVE NA ÊTIRI PODLOGE U INTENZIVNOM ZASADU
Boryana Stefanova, Georgi Popski
Institut za planinsko sto~arstvo i poljoprivredu, Vasil Levski str. 281, 5600 Troyan, Bugarska
E-mail: stefanova_b@abv.bg
Rezime
Eksperiment je sproveden u periodu 2013‡2015. godina sejancu dànarike su imale najve}i volumen (21,56
ne u intenzivnom zasadu {ljive Instituta RIMSA Tro- m3 i 15,86 m3, po redosledu) i projekciju krune (13,04
jan, koji je zasnovan 2005. godine sortama {ljive Stan- m2 i 10,46 m2, po redosledu), pa zatim sorte Stanley i
Jojo kalemljene na podlozi Brompton. Najmanja buj-
ley, â~anska lepotica, Hanita i Jojo kalemljenim na
nost je utvr|ena kod sorti kalemljenih na podlozi Wa-
~etiri podloge: Brompton, GF 655-2, Wavit i sejanac
vit.
dànarike, na rastojanju 4 × 1,7 m.
Kod rane sorte â~anska lepotica masa ploda se
Izu~avane su vegetativne karakteristike stabala, kretala od 25 do 35 g. Ova sorta je imala i najve}i pri-
kao {to su: povr{ina popre~nog preseka debla (cm2), nos. Sorta Jojo kalemljena na sejancu dànarike imala
zapremina krune (m3) i njena projekcija (m2), kao i je najve}u masu ploda (42,45 g), ali veoma nizak pri-
produktivne osobine: prinos po stablu (kg) i masa plo- nos po stablu. Sorta Hanita, naro~ito kalemljena na
da (g). Sprovedena je i hemijska analiza u cilju utvr|i- bujnim podlogama (sejanac dànarike i podloga
vanja biohemijskog sastava sveìh plodova. Brompton), imala je visoki prinos po stablu, ali veoma
Utvr|eno je da u 10. godini, u periodu pune rod- malu masu ploda koja se kretala od 19 do 23 g.
nosti, razli~ite kombinacije sorta/podloga imaju razli-
~iti potencijal rasta. Sorte Stanley and Jojo kalemljene Klju~ne re~i: {ljiva, sorte, podloge, intenzivni zasadi
19
Vo}arstvo, 51, 197‡198 (2017) 21‡29 UDK: 634.73:631.547.3/6
Journal of Pomology, 51, 197‡198 (2017) 21‡29 Originalni nau~ni rad
Original scientific paper
Fenolo{ke osobine sorti visoko`bunaste borovnice (Vaccinium corymbosum L.)

gajenih u Zapadnoj Srbiji
Aleksandar Leposavi}1, Darko Jevremovi}1, Branko Popovi}1, Olga Mitrovi}1, Dragan
\urovi}2, Zoran Keserovi}3
1Institut
za vo}arstvo, Kralja Petra I/9, 32000 â~ak, Republika Srbija
E-mail: aleksandarleposavic@yahoo.com
2Univerzitet u Kragujevcu, Agronomski fakultet, Cara Du{ana 34, 32000 â~ak, Republika Srbija
3Univerzitet u Novom Sadu, Poljoprivredni fakultet, Trg Dositeja Obradovi}a 8, 21000 Novi Sad, Republika Srbija
Primljeno: 18. oktobra 2016; prihva}eno: 17. marta 2017.
Rezime. Ekolo{ka i fiziolo{ka prou~avanja borovnice imaju za cilj, pre svega, definisanje abioti~kih faktora ko-
ji uti~u na mogu}nost gajenja i ostvarivanja potencijala za prinos odre|ene sorte u konkretnim agroekolo{kim
uslovima. U tom cilju, tokom trogodi{njeg perioda ispitivane su fenolo{ke osobine pet sorti visoko`bunaste bo-
rovnice u agroekolo{kim uslovima Zapadne Srbije. Ispitivanja su pokazala da ekolo{ki ~inioci i duìna vegeta-
cionog perioda ne predstavljaju ograni~avaju}e ~inioce za gajenje borovnice u delu Srbije u kojem je podignut
zasad.
Klju~ne re~i: visoko`bunasta borovnica, fenofaze, vegetacioni period
Uvod godna podru~ja sa umerenim dnevnim i niìm no}nim

temperaturama (Leposavi}, 2014).
Duboki zimski odmor visoko`bunaste borovnice (Vac- Prou~avaju}i fenolo{ke i vegetativne karakteristi-
cinium corymbosum L.), u zavisnosti od sorte, traje od ke ~etiri introdukovane sorte borovnice u uslovima
650‡850 ~asova (Darrow, 1942), {to je ne{to manje u Makedonije, Arsov et al. (2010) su utvrdili da je naj-
odnosu na ve}inu doma}ih sorti {ljive i jabuke. raniji po~etak vegetacije i najraniji po~etak cvetanja
Optimalna fotosintetska aktivnost tokom vegeta- imala sorta Duke, a najpozniji sorta Legacy. Isti auto-
cionog perioda za sortu Bluecrop se odvija pri tempe- ri navode da je najkra}i period fenofaze cvetanja ima-
raturama od 14 do 22 °C. Ukoliko temperature rastu la sorta Bluecrop (17 dana), a najduì sorta Legacy (29
iznad 20 do 30 °C, fotosintetska aktivnost se smanjuje dana). U istom istraìvanju sorta Duke imala je kra}i
za 30% kod sorte Bluecrop i 20% kod sorte Jersey period berbe (26 dana) od ostalih sorti (Bluecrop ‡ 28;
(Moon et al., 1987). Temperatura lista borovnice pri Legacy ‡ 32 i Toro ‡ 34 dana). Datum cvetanja, peri-
jakom osun~avanju moè biti vi{a od temperature va- od zrenja i vreme berbe veoma variraju kod visoko-
zduha za 15 °C, {to veoma negativno uti~e kako na `bunaste borovnice (Finn et al., 2003), pri ~emu posto-
biljke, tako i na kvalitet plodova (Retamales & Han- ji zna~ajna interakcija izme|u naslednih karakteristika
cock, 2012). Zbog toga su za gajenje borovnice po- sorte i temperature (Carlson & Hancock, 1991). Bo-
21
Leposavi} A. et al. Vol. 51, br. 197‡198, januar‡jun 2017.
rovnica se odlikuje relativno duga~kim periodom cve- Severnoj Americi iznosi od 176 do 285 dana (Hancock
tanja. U zavisnosti od lokaliteta i klimatskih uslova, & Draper, 1989).
ova fenofaza kod razli~itih sorti traje od 11 do 31 dan,
dok je ìvotni vek svakog pojedina~nog cveta u cvasti
od 3 do 13 dana (Boèk, 2009). Visoke temperature Materijal i metode
pra}ene niskom relativnom vla`no{}u vazduha u peri-
odu mart‡maj uslovljavaju ubrzani protok i skra}enje Istraìvanja su obavljena u periodu od 2008. do 2010.
trajanja fenofaza razvi}a jagodastog vo}a (Leposavi} godine, u oglednom zasadu borovnice koji je podignut
& Cerovi}, 2009). Uop{teno gledano, visoke prole}ne u prole}e 2006. godine na objektu „â~ak“, Instituta
temperature kod borovnice ubrzavaju proces cvetanja za vo}arstvo u â~ku, sa geografskim koordinatama
43°53.654’ severne geografske {irine i 20°20.619’ is-
i opadanja ~a{i~nih listi}a. U Lombardiji (Italija), bo-
to~ne geografske duìne, na nadmorskoj visini od 245
rovnica cveta od polovine aprila do prve dekade maja,
m. Teren na kome je zasad podignut je ravan sa prav-
a zri od juna do septembra (Cocetta, 2012).
cem redova sever‡jug.
Bez obzira na ~injenicu da sorta Ozarkblue ima
pribli`no jednovremeno cvetanje sa sortom Bluecrop, Za zasnivanje zasada kori{}ene su trogodi{nje,
u svojoj studiji Clark et al. (1996) isti~u da plodovi sertifikovane sadnice visoko`bunaste borovnice, koje
ove sorte, tokom petogodi{njeg ogleda, sazrevaju u su posa|ene na rastojanju 2,5 × 1,5 m.
proseku 9 dana kasnije od sorte Bluecrop, i imaju du- Kao materijal za uporedno prou~avanje biolo{kih
ì period berbe za 7 do 14 dana. Giacalone et al. osobina visoko`bunaste borovnice odabrano je po 15
(2002) ukazuju da, prema vremenu zrenja plodova u biljaka sorti Duke, Reka, Nui, Ozarkblu i sorta Bluec-
Italiji, sorta Earliblue spada u grupu ranih (sazreva sre- rop kao standard (kontrola). Imaju}i u vidu ~injenicu
dinom juna), Berkeley u grupu srednjestasnih (oko 15. da virusi koji zaraàvaju borovnicu mogu, u zavisno-
jula) i Lateblue u grupu poznosazrevaju}ih sorti (prva sti od osetljivosti sorte, uticati na pojedine fenolo{ke i
polovina avgusta). pomolo{ke karakteristike borovnice (Martin et al.,
Prou~avaju}i vegetativne karakteristike i prinos 6 2012), sve biljke su analizirane na prisustvo: virusa su-
sorti visoko`bunaste borovnice u Lublinu (Poljska), {enja borovnice (Blueberry scorch virus), virusa {oka
Wach (2008) je utvrdio da visoke letnje temperature borovnice (Blueberry shock virus), virusa nitavosti bo-
uti~u na raniji po~etak i ubrzano sazrevanje plodova. rovnice (Blueberry shoestring virus), virusa {arenila
Najraniji po~etak zrenja plodova u ovim istraìvanji- lista borovnice (Blueberry leaf mottle virus), virusa pr-
ma imala je sorta Northland, srednje rani sorta Bluec- stenaste pegavosti paradajza (Tomato ringspot virus) i
rop, a najpozniji sorta Darrow. Na osnovu rezultata virusa prstenaste pegavosti duvana (Tobacco ringspot
ogleda u Trojanu (Bugarska) sa dve sorte visoko`bu- virus). Ispitivanje je ura|eno ELISA metodom sa rea-
naste borovnice, Georgiev et al. (2011) navode da plo- gensima Agdia Inc. (SAD) i BIOREBA AG ([vajcar-
dovi sorte Bluecrop prose~no po~inju da sazrevaju 20. ska) po protokolima preporu~enim od strane proizvo-
juna, a sorte Brigitta Blue u istim uslovima tri dana ka- |a~a. U ispitivanim uzorcima borovnice nije utvr|eno
snije. Isti autori isti~u da je berba u {estogodi{njem pe- prisustvo nijednog od ispitivanih virusa.
riodu trajala prose~no 20 dana kod sorte Bluecrop, a Fenolo{ka ispitivanja obavljena su na osnovu pre-
15 dana kod sorte Brigitta Blue. gleda fenofaza godi{njeg ciklusa borovnice (Baggioli-
Biljke borovnice prekidaju sa rastom kada je ni & Sassela, 1995).
srednja dnevna temperatura ispod 3 °C. Duìna vege- Ispitivani su slede}i parametri:
tacionog perioda ra~una se od poslednjeg prole}nog ‡ Fenofaza listanja: po~etak listanja (faza u kojoj
do prvog jesenjeg mraza (Gough, 1994). Kod pozno- je 25% pupoljaka otvorilo i formiralo lisnu rozetu);
sazrevaju}ih sorti, potrebna duìna vegetacionog peri- puno listanje (80% pupoljaka formiralo lisnu rozetu i
oda iznosi 160 dana, neke rane i srednje rane mogu listove); i kraj listanja;
uspevati i u uslovima gde je ovaj period kra}i (od 120 ‡ Fenofaza cvetanja: po~etak cvetanja (vreme u
do 140 dana), me|utim podru~ja sa tako kratkim vege- kome je otvoreno 25% cvetova); puno cvetanje (otvo-
tacionim periodom nisu pogodna za komercijalnu pro- reno 80% cvetova); kraj cvetanja (cvetanje preostalih
izvodnju (Kender & Brithwell, 1966). U zavisnosti od 20% cvetova); trajanje fenofaze cvetanja; i obilnost
oblasti gajenja, vegetatacioni period za borovnicu u cvetanja (brojanjem i ocenom od 1 do 5);
22
Leposavi} A. et al. Vol. 51, No. 197‡198, January‡June 2017
‡ Fenofaza zrenja ploda: po~etak zrenja (pojava Rezultati i diskusija

25% zrelih plodova); puno zrenje (pojava 80% zrelih
plodova); kraj zrenja (zrenje preostalih 20% plodova); Fenofaza listanja. Lisni pupoljci borovnice po~inju da
i trajanje zrenja plodova; se uve}avaju u rano prole}e, kao rezultat kombinova-
‡ Fenofaza otpadanja li{}a: po~etak otpadanja ne meristemske aktivnosti i internodijalnog izduìva-
(otpadanje li{}a na kraju vegetacije sa 25% posmatra- nja. Prekid mirovanja i rast pupoljaka je pod kontro-
nih izdanaka); kraj otpadanja (potpuno otpadanje li{}a lom nekoliko unutra{njih i spolja{njih faktora. Od
na vi{e od 80% posmatranih izdanaka); trajanje otpa- spolja{njih faktora, najzna~ajniji su temperatura i sve-
danja li{}a; i duìna vegetacionog perioda (od momen- tlost, a od unutra{njih vodni balans i sadràj hormona
ta bubrenja pupoljaka do po~etka otpadanja li{}a). u tkivu (Gough, 1994).
Radi potpunije i lak{e interpretacije dobijenih re-
Sve sorte visoko`bunaste borovnice se odlikuju
zultata, na grafikonu 1 prikazane su srednje mese~ne
ujedna~enim po~etkom fenofaze listanja (Tab. 1). Vre-
temperature u periodu istraìvanja. Meteorolo{ki po-
me po~etka vegetacije bilo je isto kod sorti Duke, Nui
daci za ovaj period su dobijeni iz meteorolo{ke stani-
i Reka (05. april), dok su sorte Ozarkblue i Bluecrop
ce Poljoprivredne stru~ne slu`be â~ak.
imale ne{to kasniji po~etak fenofaze listanja (06.
Najnià zabeleèna temperatura tokom zimskih
april).
meseci 2008. godine zabeleèna je 4. januara, i iznosi-
la je -10 °C. Srednja godi{nja temperatura u 2009. go- Najkra}e trajanje fenofaze listanja je zabeleèno
dini bila je 13,3 °C, sa najniòm temperaturom od kod sorte Duke (18 dana), najduè kod sorte Ozar-
-19 °C (06. januara). kblue (21 dan), dok su ne{to kra}e trajanje ove fenofa-
Po~etak 2010. godine obeleèn je izuzetno du- ze imale ostale sorte (19 dana).
gom i hladnom zimom i hladnim i vla`nim prole}em, Po~etak vegetacije je u 2010. godini kasnio u od-
dok u ostalom delu godine nisu zabeleèna zna~ajnija nosu na prethodne dve godine kod svih sorti visoko-
odstupanja u pogledu temperature u odnosu na vi{ego- `bunaste borovnice (Tab. 1), uglavnom zbog izuzetno
di{nji prosek. Najnià temperatura tokom ove godine duge i o{tre zime i hladnog i vla`nog prole}a. Iz istog
zabeleèna je 03. februara i iznosila je -12,4 °C, dok je razloga je i fenofaza listanja u ovoj godini kod svih
srednja godi{nja temperatura bila 12,5 °C. sorti trajala kra}e.
Temperatura/Temperature (°C)
30
25
20
15
2008.
10
2009.
5
2010.
0
ua ar
Ju Jul
ril l
be ar
Ju Jun
gu st
ar rt
be r
ar r
M aj
Ap pri
ob ar
m a
nu ua
br ru
be ar
M Ma
Au gu
em b
ry
ve mb
M
ly
ne
r
S st
ch
ay
ct b
r
er
y
pt em
A
em b
Fe Feb
Ja Jan
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O kto
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ec em
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No ove
Se ept
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N
Graf. 1. Srednje mese~ne temperature vazduha (°C) u periodu od 2008. do 2010. godine
Graph 1. Mean monthly air temperatures (°C) in the period 2008‡2010
23
Tab 1. Fenofaza listanja sorti visoko`bunaste borovnice, objekat „â~ak“, od 2008. do 2010. godine
Phenophase of leafing of the highbush blueberry cultivars, object ‘â~ak’, in the period 2008‡2010
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Sorta/Cultivar Godina/Year Po~etak/Beginning Puno/Full Kraj/End
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Duke 2008. 3. 04. 12. 04. 20. 04.
2009. 5. 04. 13. 04. 22. 04.
2010. 6. 04. 13. 04. 23. 04.
Prosek/Average 5. 04 13. 04. 22. 04.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Nui 2008. 4. 04. 13. 04. 21. 04.
2009. 5. 04. 14. 04. 23. 04.
2010. 6. 04. 14. 04. 24. 04.
Prosek/Average 5. 04. 14. 04. 23. 04.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Reka 2008. 4. 04 13. 04. 22. 04.
2009. 6. 04. 14. 04. 23. 04.
2010. 6. 04. 14. 04. 23. 04.
Prosek/Average 5. 04. 14. 04. 23. 04.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Ozarkblue 2008. 5. 04. 15. 04. 24. 04.
2009. 7. 04. 16. 04. 25. 04.
2010. 7. 04. 17. 04. 26. 04.
Prosek/Average 6. 04. 16. 04. 25. 04.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Bluecrop 2008. 4. 04. 14. 04. 23. 04.
2009. 7. 04. 16. 04. 24. 04.
2010. 6. 04. 16. 04. 24. 04.
Prosek/Average 6. 04. 15. 04. 24. 04.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Fenofaza cvetanja. Cvetovi borovnice su zvonastog ili Ne{to duì period fenofaze cvetanja u odnosu na
loptastog oblika, do oplodnje okrenuti na dole. Feno- kontrolnu sortu (u proseku za tri dana) imala je sorta
faza cvetanja se odvija od vrha ka dnu izdanka, tako Ozarkblue. U odnosu na kontrolu, sorta Reka je cveta-
{to se prvo otvaraju cvetovi u vr{nim cvastima, a po- la dva dana duè (21 dan). Najkra}e trajanje fenofaze
slednji cvetovi u cvastima pri dnu rodne gran~ice cvetanja imala je sorta Nui (16 dana), dok je ova feno-
(Hindle et al., 1957). faza kod sorte Duke trajala jedan dan kra}e u odnosu
Vreme fenofaze cvetanja, njeno trajanje i obilnost na kontrolnu sortu. Prou~avaju}i trajanje pojedinih fe-
u periodu ispitivanja (od 2008. do 2010. godine) kod nofaza tokom ~etvorogodi{njeg perioda (od 2001. do
odabranih sorti prikazani su u tabeli 2. 2004. godine) kod {est sorti visoko`bunaste borovni-
Najraniji prose~ni po~etak cvetanja u trogodi- ce, Boèk (2009) navodi da je ukupno trajanje fenofa-
{njem periodu imala je sorta Duke (19. april), a najka- ze cvetanja, u zavisnosti od sorte i agroekolo{kih uslo-
sniji sorta Ozarkblue (25. april). Sorta Nui prose~no je va od 11 do 31 dan. Rezultati dobijeni u ovim istraì-
cvetala jedan dan ranije u odnosu na kontrolnu sortu i vanjima u saglasnosti su sa rezultatima prethodnog au-
sortu Reka, koje su jednovremeno cvetale. Sorta Ozar- tora, koji navodi da je sorta Bluecrop imala prose~nu
kblue je 5 dana kasnije cvetala u odnosu na sortu Blu- duìnu trajanja fenofaze cvetanja od 19 dana. Sli~ne
ecrop, {to je u suprotnosti sa navodima Clark et al. podatke o duìni trajanja fenofaze cvetanja u Strumici
(1996). Rezultati ovih istraìvanja koji se odnose na (Makedonija) navode i Arsov et al. (2010), prema ~i-
po~etak i duìnu trajanja fenofaze cvetanja u saglasno- jim rezultatima je u dvogodi{njem periodu najkra}e
sti su sa navodima Cocetta (2012) i rezultatima do ko- trajanje fenofaze cvetanja imala sorta Bluecrop (17 da-
jih je do{ao Hanson (2000). Prema ovom autoru, sorta na), a najduè sorta Legacy (29 dana).
Bluecrop je u toku {estogodi{njeg perioda imala veo- Najve}i broj cvetova, kao i najve}u ocenu za obil-
ma male oscilacije u pogledu po~etka fenofaze cveta- nost cvetanja, imale su sorte Reka (4,8) i Ozarkblue
nja (od 18. do 22. maja), kao i njenog trajanja. (4,5). Ne{to manja obilnost cvetanja u odnosu na kon-
24
Tab. 2. Fenofaza cvetanja sorti visoko`bunaste borovnice, objekat „â~ak“, od 2008. do 2010. godine
Phenophase of flowering of the highbush blueberry cultivars, object ‘â~ak’, in the period 2008‡2010
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Sorta/Cultivar Godina/Year Po~etak/Beginning Puno/Full Kraj/End Trajanje/Duration Obilnost/Abundance
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Duke 2008. 18. 04. 26. 04. 04. 05. 17 3,5
2009. 19. 04. 27. 04. 06. 05. 18 3,2
2010. 19. 04. 27. 04. 06. 05. 18 3,5
Prosek/Average 19. 04. 27. 04. 05. 04. 18 3,4
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Nui 2008. 20. 04. 26. 04. 04. 05. 15 2,0
2009. 21. 04. 28. 04. 07. 05. 17 2,5
2010. 22. 04. 29. 04. 07. 05. 16 3,0
Prosek/Average 21. 04. 28. 04. 06. 04. 16 2,5
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Reka 2008. 19. 04. 28. 04. 10. 05. 22 4,5
2009. 20. 04. 28. 04. 09. 05. 20 5,0
2010. 21. 04. 30. 04. 11. 05. 21 5,0
Prosek/Average 20. 04. 29. 04. 10. 05. 21 4,8
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Ozarkblue 2008. 24. 04. 01. 05. 15. 05. 22 4,5
2009. 26. 04. 02. 05. 17. 05. 22 4,2
2010. 26. 04. 03. 05. 18. 05. 23 4,8
Prosek/Average 25. 04. 02. 05. 17. 05. 22 4,5
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Bluecrop 2008. 19. 04. 26. 04. 07. 05. 18 3,7
2009. 21. 04. 28. 04. 09. 05. 19 3,8
2010. 19. 04. 27. 04. 08. 05. 19 3,9
Prosek/Average 20. 04. 27. 04. 08. 05. 19 3,8
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
trolnu sortu zabeleèna je kod sorte Duke (3,4), dok je Bluecrop navodi i Wach (2008), prou~avaju}i vegeta-
sorta Nui imala dosta niù ocenu (2,5) u odnosu na tivne karakteristike i prinos 6 sorti visoko`bunaste bo-
ostale sorte. Prinos po `bunu i jedinici povr{ine u di- rovnice u blizini Lublina u Poljskoj.
rektnoj je zavisnosti od obilnosti cvetanja i broja cve- Znatno topliji period u toku prvog dela vegetaci-
tova, {to potvr|uje navode Retamales & Hancock je 2008. godine uticao je na raniji po~etak i zavr{etak
(2012) da sorta Nui spada u grupu srednje prinosnih sazrevanja kod svih sorti borovnice, {to potvr|uje na-
sorti. vode Leposavi} & Cerovi} (2009) da visoke tempera-
Fenofaza sazrevanja plodova. U zavisnosti od sorte i ture pra}ene niskom relativnom vla`no{}u vazduha u
~inilaca sredine, razvoj ploda visoko`bunaste borovni- periodu mart‡maj uslovljavaju ubrzano protok fenofa-
ce traje od 42 do 90 dana (Darnel, 2006). za i skra}enje njihovog trajanja kod jagodastih vrsta
Po~etak fenofaze sazrevanja plodova (Tab. 3) u vo}aka.
saglasnosti je sa po~etkom fenofaze cvetanja, {to po- Sorta Nui je najranije zavr{ila fenofazu zrenja
tvr|uje navode Hancock et al. (1991) da sorte koje ra- (10. 07), dok je sorta Ozarkblue imala najpozniji zavr-
nije cvetaju imaju i raniji po~etak zrenja plodova. {etak fenofaze sazrevanja plodova (21. 07).
Najraniji po~etak fenofaze zrenja plodova imale Najkra}i period berbe u proseku za tri godine
su sorte Duke (prose~no 15. jun) i Nui i Reka (17. jun), imala je sorta Nui (24 dana), a najduì sorta Reka (31
{to ih prema Giacalone et al. (2002) svrstava u sorte dan), dok je trajanje ovog perioda kod sorti Duke, Blu-
veoma ranog, odnosno ranog vremena sazrevanja. ecrop i Ozarkblue bilo pribli`no jednako (27, 28, od-
Sorta Ozarkblue je u proseku imala 7 dana kasni- nosno 29 dana, po redosledu). Nasuprot tome, Clark et
ji po~etak zrenja plodova u odnosu na kontrolnu sortu al. (1996) navode da je sorta Ozarkblue imala za oko
Bluecrop, kod koje je po~etak ove fenofaze u proseku 7 do 14 dana duì period berbe u odnosu na Bluecrop.
bio 18. juna, {to je tako|e svrstava u grupu sorti sred- Ovakva neusagla{enost u pogledu duìne trajanja peri-
nje ranog vremena sazrevanja. Sli~ne podatke za sortu oda berbe kod ove dve sorte se moè povezati sa raz-
25
Tab. 3. Fenofaza zrenja plodova sorti visoko`bunaste borovnice, objekat „â~ak“, od 2008. do 2010. godine
Phenophase of fruit ripening of the highbush blueberry cultivars, object „â~ak“, in the period 2008-2010
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Sorta/Cultivar Godina/Year Po~etak/Beginning Puno/Full Kraj/End Trajanje/Duration
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Duke 2008. 13. 06. 25. 06. 08. 07. 26
2009. 16. 06. 27. 06. 13. 07. 28
2010. 17. 06. 28. 06. 12. 07. 26
Prosek/Average 15. 06. 27. 06. 11. 07. 27
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Nui 2008. 15. 06. 25. 06. 08. 07. 24
2009. 16. 06. 26. 06. 10. 07. 25
2010. 19. 06. 27. 06. 12. 07. 24
Prosek/Average 17. 06. 26. 06. 10. 07. 24
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Reka 2008. 15. 06. 27. 06. 15. 07. 31
2009. 17. 06. 27. 06. 17. 07. 31
2010. 19. 06. 28. 06. 20. 07. 32
Prosek/Average 17. 06. 27. 06. 17. 07. 31
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Ozarkblue 2008. 23. 06. 03. 07. 21. 07. 29
2009. 22. 06. 02. 07. 20. 07. 29
2010. 26. 06. 06. 07. 23. 07. 28
Prosek/Average 24. 06. 04. 07. 21. 07. 29
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Bluecrop 2008. 17. 06. 28. 06. 14. 07. 28
2009. 17. 06. 29. 06. 15. 07. 29
2010. 20. 06. 30. 06. 17. 07. 28
Prosek/Average 18. 06. 29. 06. 15. 07. 28
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
likama u agroekolo{kim uslovima podru~ja u kojima Vegetacioni period sorti visoko`bunaste borovni-
su izvedena ova dva ogleda. ce, koji po~inje bubrenjem pupoljaka i traje do kraja
Dobijeni rezultati su tako|e u suprotnosti sa na- fenofaze otpadanja li{}a, bio je najkra}i kod sorte
vodima Georgiev et al. (2011), u ~ijim je istraìvanji- Ozarkblue (227 dana), a najduì kod sorti Nui i Bluec-
ma period berbe sorte Bluecrop u {estogodi{njem pe- rop (229 dana).
riodu bio prose~no 20 dana, {to se moè povezati sa Kao posledica biolo{kih osobina sorti i meteoro-
konkretnim agroekolo{kim uslovima u kojima je ogled lo{kih uslova u toku trajanja ogleda, razlike u duìni
izveden (hladniji i vla`niji klimat). vegetacije su se kretale u rasponu od 7 do 16 dana.
Fenofaza otpadanja li{}a. Skra}enjem jesenjih dana li- Da je pojava niskih temperatura klju~ni faktor,
{}e borovnice dobija atraktivnu crvenu boju i po~inje kako za po~etak i duìnu trajanja otpadanja li{}a, tako
da opada kada se minimalne temperature pribliè tem- i za duìnu vegetacionog perioda, govori i podatak da
peraturi smrzavanja (Retamales & Hancock, 2012). su sve sorte u drugoj godini imale kra}e trajanje vege-
Na pojavu niskih temperatura u trogodi{njem pe- tacionog perioda u odnosu na prvu i tre}u godinu.
riodu prva je reagovala sorta Duke, koja je imala naj- Na osnovu rezultata ovih istraìvanja, a imaju}i u
raniji po~etak otpadanja li{}a, u proseku 31. oktobra vidu navode Kender & Brithwell (1966) i Hancock &
(Tab. 4). Ostale sorte imale su isti datum po~etka otpa- Draper (1989), koji ukazuju da je proizvodnja borov-
danja li{}a (02. novembar). Sorte Nui i Duke su imale nice mogu}a u uslovima u kojima se vegetacioni peri-
najkra}e odnosno najduè trajanje fenofaze otpadanja od kre}e u intervalu od 176 do 285 dana, moè se
li{}a (22 odnosno 24 dana, po redosledu), dok je kod zaklju~iti da duìna vegetacionog perioda nije ograni-
sorti Reka, Ozarkblue i Bluecrop ova fenofaza trajala ~avaju}i ~inilac za gajenje borovnice u delu Srbije u
podjednako (23 dana). kojem je zasad podignut.
26
Tab. 4. Fenofaza otpadanja li{}a i duìna vegetacionog perioda sorti visoko`bunaste borovnice, objekat „â~ak“, od 2008. do 2010. godine
Phenophase of leaf falling and the lenght of the vegetetion period of the highbush blueberry cultivars, object „â~ak“, in the period 2008‡2010
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Sorta Godina Po~etak Kraj Trajanje Duìna vegetacionog perioda
Cultivar Year Beginning End Duration Lenght of the vegetetion period
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Duke 2008. 12. 11. 22. 11. 11 233
2009. 15. 10. 13. 11. 30 222
2010. 22. 10. 21. 11. 31 229
Prosek/Average 31. 10. 18. 11. 24 228
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Nui 2008. 12. 11. 24. 11. 13 234
2009. 15. 10. 13. 11. 30 223
2010. 29. 10. 21. 11. 24 229
Prosek/Average 02. 11. 19. 11. 22 229
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Reka 2008. 12. 11. 24. 11. 13 234
2009. 15. 10. 14. 11. 31 222
2010. 29. 10. 21. 11. 24 229
Prosek/Average 02. 11. 20. 11. 23 228
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Ozarkblue 2008. 12. 11. 24. 11. 13 233
2009. 15. 10. 14. 11. 31 221
2010. 29. 10. 21. 11. 24 228
Prosek/Average 02. 11. 20. 11. 23 227
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Bluecrop 2008. 12. 11. 27. 11. 13 237
2009. 15. 10. 14. 11. 31 221
2010. 29. 10. 21. 11. 24 229
Prosek/Average 02. 11. 20. 11. 23 229
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Zaklju~ak i Bluecrop, {to ukazuje na ~injenicu da duìna vegeta-

cionog perioda ne predstavlja ograni~avaju}i ~inilac
Na osnovu obavljenih trogodi{njih istraìvanja i dobi- za gajenje borovnice u delu Srbije u kojem je zasad
jenih rezultata prou~avanja fenolo{kih osobina pet sor- podignut.
ti visoko`bunaste borovnice: Reka, Duke, Nui, Ozar-
kblue i Bluecrop (kontrola) mogu se izvesti slede}i
zaklju~ci: Zahvalnica/Acknowledgements
‡ Ispitivane sorte visoko`bunaste borovnice se
odlikuju ujedna~enim po~etkom vegetacije i malim Istraìvanja u ovom radu su deo projekata ev. br TR-
oscilacijama u pogledu po~etka i duìne trajanja feno- 31064 i TR-3109, finansiranih od strane Ministarstva
faze cvetanja. Najranije cvetanje, kao i po~etak sazre- prosvete, nauke i tehnolo{kog razvoja RS.
vanja plodova imala je sorta Duke, dok je sorta Ozar-
kblue najkasnije cvetala i imala najpozniji po~etak
zrenja plodova. Va`no je ista}i da se fenofaza cvetanja Literatura
svih 5 ispitivanih sorti tokom tri godine istraìvanja u
najve}oj meri preklapala, {to predstavlja osnovni Arsov T., Kiprijanovski M., Gjamovski V. (2010): Research on hig-
preduslov za me|usobno opra{ivanje i oplo|enje; hbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) cultivated in
‡ Izuzev sorte Ozarkblue, sve ostale sorte se u is- Macedonia. Savremena poljoprivreda, 59, 1/2: 99‡104.
pitivanom lokalitetu prema vremenu zrenja, mogu svr- Baggiolini M., Sassela A. (1995): Les stades phénologiques du
myrtillier géant américain (Vaccinium corymbosum L.). Re-
stati u grupu sorti veoma ranog, odnosno ranog vreme- vue Suisse Viticole Arboricole Horticole, 27: 17-20.
na sazrevanja; Bozek M. (2009): Flowering and fruit set of six cultivars of hig-
‡ Duìna vegetacionog perioda se kretala od 227 hbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) in the conditi-
dana, kod sorte Ozarkblue, do 229 dana, kod sorti Nui ons of the Lublin region. Acta Agrobotanica, 62(1): 91‡96.
27
Carlson J.D., Hancock J.F. (1991): A methodology for determining Hancock J.F., Sakin M., Callow P.W. (1991): Heritability of flowe-
suitable heat-unit requirements for harvest of highbush blue- ring and harvest dates in Vaccinium corymbosum. Fruit Vari-
berry. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Sci- eties Journal, 45: 173‡176.
ence, 116: 774‡779. Hanson E.J. (2000): Foliar boron sprays do not affect highbush blu-
Clark R.J., Moore N.J., Draper D.A. (1996): ’Ozarkblue’ southern eberry production. Small Fruit Review, 1: 35-41.
highbush blueberry. HortScience, 31(6): 1043‡1045. Hindle R.Jr., Shutak V.G., Christopher E.P., (1957): Growth studi-
Cocetta G. (2012): Characterization of bioactive compounds and ques of the highbush blueberry fruit. Proceedings of the Ameri-
ality attributes in highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbo- can Society for Horticultural Science, 69: 282‡287.
sum L.) during ripening and storage in controlled atmosphere. Kender W.J, Brightwell W.T. (1966): Environmental relationships.
Thesis of Doctoral Dissertation, Università degli studi di Mi- In: ‘Blueberry culture’, Eck P., Childers N.F. (eds.), New
lano. Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, pp. 75‡93.
Darnell R.L. (2006): Blueberry botany/environmental physiology. Leposavi} A. (2014): Pomolo{ke osobine novointrodukovanih sorti
In: ‘Blueberries for growers, gardeners and promoters’, Chil-
visoko`bunaste borovnice (Vaccinium corymbosum L.). Dok-
ders N.F., Lyrene P.M. (eds), Dr Norman F. Childers Publica-
torska disertacija. Univerzitet u Novom Sadu, Poljoprivredni
tions, Gainsveville, Florida, pp. 5‡13.
fakultet, 1‡127 + 29.
Darrow G.M. (1942): Rest period requirements of blueberries. Pro-
Leposavi} A., Cerovi} R. (2009): Climate change and small fruits
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production in the Republic of Serbia. Proceedings of the Wor-
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Finn C.E., Hancock J.F., Mackey T., Serçe S. (2003): Genotype × kshop on Berry Production in Changing Climate Conditions
environment interactions in highbush blueberry (Vaccinium and Cultivation Systems in the context of COST ‡ Action 863,
sp. L.) families grown in Michigan and Oregon. Journal of the Acta Horticulturae, 838: 55‡58.
American Society for Horticultural Science, 128, 2: 196‡200. Martin R.R., Polashock J.J., Tzanetakis I.E. (2012): New and emer-
Georgiev D., Georgieva M., Dinkova H. (2011): Growth and deve- ging viruses of blueberry and cranberry. Viruses, 4(11):
lopment of blueberry variety Brigitta Blue in the region of 2831‡2852.
Troyan. Book of Abstracts Proceedings of 46th Croatian & 6th Moon J.W., Flore J.A., Hancock J.F. (1987): A comparison of car-
International Symposium on Agriculture, Opatija, 21. bon and water vapor gas exchange characteristics between a
Giacalone G., Peano C., Guarinoni A., Beccaro G., Bounous G. diploid and highbush blueberry. Journal of the American So-
(2002): Ripening curve of early, midseason and late maturing ciety for Horticultural Science, 112: 134‡138.
highbush blueberry cultivars. Acta Horticulturae, 574: Retamales J.B., Hancock J.F. (2012): Blueberries. CAB Internatio-
119‡121. nal, Wallingford, UK.
Gough R.E. (1994): The highbush blueberry and its management. Wach D. (2008): Estimation of growth and yielding of highbush
Food Production Press, Haworth Press, Inc. New York. blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) cultivated on soil de-
Hancock I.F., Draper A.D. (1989): Blueberry culture in North Ame- veloped from weakly loamy sand. Folia Horticulturae, 20/2:
rica. HortScience, 24: 551‡556. 47‡55.
28
PHENOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF HIGHBUSH BLUEBERRY (Vaccinium corymbosum L.)

CULTIVARS GROWN IN WESTERN SERBIA
Aleksandar Leposavi}1, Darko Jevremovi}1, Branko Popovi}1, Olga Mitrovi}1, Dragan

\urovi}2, Zoran Keserovi}3
1FruitResearch Institute, Kralja Petra I/9, 32000 â~ak, Republic of Serbia
E-mail: aleksandarleposavic@yahoo.com
2University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Agronomy, Cara Du{ana 34, 32000 â~ak, Republic of Serbia
3University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Agriculture, Trg Dositeja Obradovi}a 8, 21000 Novi Sad, Republic of Serbia
Abstract
Ecological and physiological studies of highbush blu- Western Serbia. The study showed that environmental
eberry are primarily aimed to define abiotical factors factors and the length of the vegetation period do not
that affect the possibility of growing and achieving the represent limiting factors for growing highbush blue-
yielding potential of a particular cultivar in given berries in this part of Serbia.
agro-ecological conditions. To this end, during three
years we studied phenological properties of five hig- Key words: highbush blueberry, phenophases, vege-
hbush cultivars in the agro-ecological conditions of tation period
29
Vo}arstvo, 51, 197‡198 (2017) 31‡38 UDK: 634.723:631.544.7
Journal of Pomology, 51, 197‡198 (2017) 31‡38 Original scientific paper
Originalni nau~ni rad
Interactive effect of soil management systems and cultivar on biological

properties of black currant (Ribes nigrum L.)
Svetlana M. Paunovi}1, Mihailo Nikoli}2, Rade Mileti}1, @aklina Karaklaji}-Staji}1,
Mira Milinkovi}1, Jelena Tomi}1, Marijana Pe{akovi}1
1FruitResearch Institute, Kralja Petra I/9, 32000 â~ak, Republic of Serbia
E-mail: svetlana23869@gmail.com
2University of Belgrade, Faculty of Agriculture, Nemanjina 6, 11081 Zemun ‡ Belgrade, Republic of Serbia
Received: 1 December 2016; Accepted: 3 April 2017
Abstract. This experiment evaluated the effect of soil management system on the vegetative growth potential
(number of shoots per bush, shoot length and bush volume), generative potential (berry weight and yield per
bush) and chemical fruit properties including soluble solids content, individual invert sugars (glucose, fructose,
sucrose), individual organic acids (citric and malic acid), and vitamin C of black currant cultivars. Three soil ma-
nagement systems were used: treatment 1 ‡ bare fallow i.e. continuous tillage; treatment 2 ‡ sawdust mulch; and
treatment 3 ‡ black polyethylene foil mulch. Four black currant cultivars were included ‡ ‘Ben Sarek’, ‘Titania’,
‘â~anska Crna’ and ‘Tisel’. Soil management systems and cultivars showed highly significant impact on the te-
sted parameters. Soil management system × cultivar interaction was observed in the vegetative growth and ge-
nerative potential, but not in the fruit chemical properties, except in the soluble solids content.
Key words: black currant, cultivar, soil management systems, productivity, fruit quality
Introduction dant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and anticarci-

nogenic activities to the fruit (Mazza, 2007). Black
The currant (Ribes sp.) is a soft fruit crop that has a currants are noted for their modest requirements and
adaptability to different soil types and soil manage-
high nutritional value. Black currant (Ribes nigrum L.)
ment systems. Continuous tillage i.e. bare fallow is the
fruits stand out among soft fruits for their high content
most common soil management system in black cur-
of biologically active compounds. Berries are rich so-
rant orchards. More recently, mulching orchard soils
urce of vitamin C which, along with bioactive pheno- with sawdust or foil has been increasingly used. Nu-
lic compounds, accounts for the high antioxidant acti- merous studies have shown that sawdust or foil mulch
vity of the fruit (Karjalainen et al., 2008; Hummer & favours bush growth, increases shoot number and sho-
Dale, 2010). Lister et al. (2002) found that black cur- ot length, improves yield, and enhances total ant-
rant outperforms blueberry in the content of antioxi- hocyanin and ascorbic acid contents in black currants
dant components, primarily phenols and ascorbic acid, (Larsson, 1997; Dale, 2000; Kivijarvi et al., 2005).
with considerable variations across cultivars. The high The objective of this study was to evaluate the ef-
vitamin C and polyphenol contents confer the antioxi- fect of soil management system on the vegetative
31
Paunovi} S. et al. Vol. 51, br. 197‡198, januar‡jun 2017.
growth potential, generative potential and chemical 2. Invert sugars (glucose, fructose, sucrose), de-
fruit properties of the tested black currant cultivars, termined by high-performance liquid chromatography
and the combined/interactive effect of soil manage- (HPLC; Waters Breeze, Milford, USA). The detection
ment systems and cultivars. of sugars was performed on a 2465 Waters electroche-
mical detector (Waters, Milford, USA). The column
was CarboPac PA1 (Dionex, Sunnyvale, CA, USA)
Material and Methods operated at 30 °C. The absorbance was measured bet-
ween 210 nm to 327 nm. Results are expressed as mil-
The research was conducted at the Fruit Research In- ligrams per gram of fresh weight (mg g-1 FW);
stitute, â~ak, Western Serbia, Republic of Serbia 3. Organic acids (citric and malic acid), detected
(43°54’ N latitude, 20°21’ E longitude, 242 m a.s.l.). using a Hewlett-Packard HP1100 system equipped
Three soil management systems were used: treatment with a photo diode array detector (Palo, Alto, CA,
1 ‡ bare fallow i.e. continuous tillage; treatment 2 ‡ USA). The column was Aminex ‡ HPX-87H column
sawdust mulch and treatment 3 ‡ black polyethylene (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Hercules, CA, USA) operated
foil mulch. Black currants were grown as bushes at a at 40 °C. The absorbance was measured from 490 nm
spacing of 3 m between rows and 1 m in the row. Fo- to 600 nm. Results are expressed as milligrams per
ur black currant cultivars were included ‡ ‘Ben Sarek’, gram of fresh weight (mg g-1 FW);
4. Vitamin C, determined using Perkin Elmer
‘Titania’, ‘â~anska Crna’ and ‘Tisel’. The experi-
UV/VIS spectrometer (Lombda 25). The absorbance
ment was laid out in a randomised block design with
was measured at 665 nm. Results are expressed as mil-
four cultivars, three replications and three soil mana-
ligrams of ascorbic acid per gram of fresh weight (mg
gement systems, giving a total of 180 black currant
g-1 FW).
bushes. Standard cultural, training and pruning practi-
The experimental data obtained during the three-
ses, and drip irrigation were used.
year research period were subjected to statistical
The number of shoots per bush was counted and analysis using Fisher’s two-factor analysis of variance
shoot length per bush was measured with a metric ru- ‡ ANOVA. The significance of differences between
ler at the end of the growing season. Bush volume was the mean values of the tested factors and the interacti-
calculated using the truncated cone formula: on means was determined by LSD test at P < 0.01 and
P < 0.05 significance levels. The results are presented
in figures and tables.
H ‡ bush height (m) Results and Discussion

R ‡ radius of the bush at the top (m)
r ‡ radius of the bush at the base (m) The vegetative growth and generative potential para-
meters were highly significantly affected by soil ma-
Berry weight was determined on a Mettler 0.01 g nagement systems, cultivars and the soil management
precision scale (Switzerland). Berry weight was determ- system × cultivar interaction (Tab. 1).
ined by measuring 250 fruits randomly selected from 5 The number of shoots per bush was the highest in
bushes: bare fallow (4 cultivars × 3 replications × 250 ‘Tisel’, whereas the highest values for shoot length
fruits), sawdust mulch (4 cultivars × 3 replications × and bush volume were obtained in ‘â~anska Crna’.
250 fruits) and foil mulch (4 cultivars × 3 replications × The berry weight was highest in ‘Ben Sarek’,whereas
250 fruits), giving a total of 9,000 fruits of black currant. the lowest in ‘Tisel’ and ‘â~anska Crna’. As regards
Yield per bush was determined by weighing harvested yield, no differences were observed between ‘Titania’,
fruits on an ACS system electronic scale. ‘Tisel’ and ‘â~anska Crna’, whereas ‘Ben Sarek’ had
Chemical analysis of the fruit included the follo- the lowest yield. Bare fallow and sawdust mulch treat-
wing parameters: ments showed no differences in the tested parameters,
1. Soluble solids content, determined by a digital but they gave significantly higher values compared to
refractometer (Kruss, Germany); foil mulch treatment.
32
Paunovi} S. et al. Vol. 51, No. 197‡198, January‡June 2017
Tab. 1. Influence of soil management systems and cultivar on the vegetative growth and generative potential of black currant
Uticaj na~ina odràvanja zemlji{ta i sorte na vegetativni i generativni potencijal crne ribizle
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Cultivar/Treatment Number of shoots per bush Shoot length Bush volume Berry weight Yield per bush
Sorta/Tretman Broj izbojaka po `bunu Duìna izbojaka Zapremina `buna Masa bobice Prinos po `bunu
(cm) (cm3) (g) (kg)
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
‘Ben Sarek’ 4.48 ± 0.44 b* 69.7 ± 2.99 d 0.44 ± 0.05 d 1.58 ± 0.07 a 1.58 ± 0.12 b
Cultivar/Sorta (A) '‘Titania’ 4.84 ± 0.46 b 94.0 ± 3.42 c 0.76 ± 0.10 c 1.07 ± 0.01 b 1.83 ± 0.17 a
‘â~anska Crna’ 2.18 ± 0.24 c 111.6 ± 3.07 a 1.54 ± 0.18 a 0.99 ± 0.01 c 1.74 ± 0.23 a
‘Tisel’ 6.01 ± 0.53 a 104.3 ± 2.52 b 0.91 ± 0.09 b 1.01 ± 0.01 c 1.78 ± 0.20 a
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Bare fallow/Jalovi ugar 4.52 ± 0.44 a 98.9 ± 3.91 a 1.02 ± 0.13 a 1.18 ± 0.05a 1.79 ± 0.16 a
Treatment/Tretman (B) Sawdust/Strugotina 4.89 ± 0.46 a 96.6 ± 3.83 a 1.04 ± 0.13 a 1.18 ± 0.05a 1.88 ± 0.17 a
Foil/Folija 3.72 ± 0.40 b 89.3 ± 3.21 b 0.68 ± 0.07 b 1.13 ± 0.04b 1.53 ± 0.14 b
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
ANOVA ** ** ** ** **
Cultivar/Sorta (A) ** ** ** ** **
Treatment/Tretman (B) ** ** ** ** **
AxB ** ** ** ** **
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
* Means followed by different letters within the cultivar and treatment columns are significantly different at P < 0.01 and P < 0.05 according
to LSD test and ANOVA (F-test) results/Srednje vrednosti u kolonama za sorte, tretmane i godine ozna~ene razli~itim slovima zna~ajno se
razlikuju na nivou P < 0,01 i P < 0,05 na osnovu LSD-testa i rezultata ANOVA (F-test)
The soil management system × cultivar interacti- fallow treatment, and that in ‘Ben Sarek’ and ‘Titania’
on showed that the cultivars performed differently de- under sawdust mulch (Fig. 3). Berry weight increased
pending on the soil management system. All cultivars in ‘Ben Sarek’ and’ Tisel’ under bare fallow, in ‘Tita-
had more shoots per bush under sawdust mulch treat- nia’ under sawdust mulch treatment and in ‘â~anska
ment (Fig. 1). Shoot length under bare fallow treat- Crna’ under foil mulch treatment (Fig. 4). ‘Ben Sarek’,
ment was higher in ‘Ben Sarek’, ‘â~anska Crna’ and ‘â~anska Crna’ and ‘Tisel’ achieved higher yields
‘Tisel’, whereas under sawdust mulch higher values per bush under sawdust mulching treatment, as oppo-
were recorded in ‘Titania’ (Fig. 2). Bush volume in sed to ‘Titania’ which had higher values for these pa-
‘â~anska Crna’ and ‘Tisel’ was greater under bare rameters under bare fallow treatment (Fig. 5).
8 140
7 120
6
100
5
Bare fallow/ 80
Jalovi ugar Bare fallow/
4
Jalovi ugar
Sawdust/ 60
3 Strugotina Sawdust/
Strugotina
Foil/ 40
2 Folija Foil/
Folija
20
1
0 0
‘Ben Sarek’ ‘Titania’ ‘â~anska Crna’ ‘Tisel’ ‘Ben Sarek’ ‘Titania’ ‘â~anska Crna’ ‘Tisel’
Fig. 1. Interactive effect of soil management systems Fig. 2. Interactive effect of soil management systems and cultivar
and cultivar on number of shoots per bush on shoot length
Sl. 1. Interakcijski efekat na~ina odràvanja zemlji{ta i Sl. 2. Interakcijski efekat na~ina odràvanja zemlji{ta i sorte na
sorte na broj izbojaka po `bunu duìnu izbojaka
33
2 1,8
1,8 1,6
1,6
1,4
1,4
1,2
1,2 Bare fallow/
Jalovi ugar 1 Bare fallow/
1 Jalovi ugar
8,8
8,8 Sawdust/
Strugotina Sawdust/
0,6 0,6 Strugotina
0,4 Foil/ 0,4

Folija Foil/
0,2 0,2 Folija
0 0
‘Ben Sarek’ ‘Titania’ ‘â~anska Crna’ ‘Tisel’
‘Ben Sarek’ ‘Titania’ ‘â~anska Crna’ ‘Tisel’
Fig. 3. Interactive effect of soil management systems and cul- Fig. 4. Interactive effect of soil management systems and cultivar on
tivar on bush volume berry weight
Sl. 3. Interakcijski efekat na~ina odràvanja zemlji{ta i sorte Sl. 4. Interakcijski efekat na~ina odràvanja zemlji{ta i sorte na masu
na zapreminu `buna bobice
2,5 16,5
16
2
Bare fallow/ 15,5
Bare fallow/
Jalovi ugar
Jalovi ugar
1,5
Sawdust/ 15
Sawdust/
Strugotina
Strugotina
1 14,5
Foil/
Foil/
Folija
14 Folija
0,5
13,5
0 13
‘Ben Sarek’ ‘Titania’ ‘â~anska Crna’ ‘Tisel’ ‘Ben Sarek’ ‘Titania’ ‘â~anska Crna’ ‘Tisel’
Fig. 5. Interactive effect of soil management systems and cul- Fig. 6. Interactive effect of soil management systems and cultivar on
tivar on yield per bush soluble solids content in the fruit
Sl. 5. Interakcijski efekat na~ina odràvanja zemlji{ta i sorte Sl. 6. Interakcijski efekat na~ina odràvanja zemlji{ta i sorte na sadr-
na prinos po `bunu àj rastvorljive suve materije u plodu
The analysis of the data in Tables 2 and 3 indica- cultivar interactions were not exhibited for almost all
tes highly significant differences in soluble solids, ci- tested parameters of fruit chemical properties.
tric acidand vitamin C content among cultivars and Soluble solids and citric acid contents ranked the
treatments. Individual invert sugars andmalic acid highest in ‘Tisel’, and the highest glucose content was
content were highly significantly differed among the measured in ‘Titania’. ‘â~anska Crna’ had the hig-
tested cultivars, whereas no differences among the tre- hest values for all other tested parameters of fruit che-
atment swere observed. Soil management system × mical properties. Foil mulch treatment expressed posi-
34
Tab. 2. Influence of soil management systems and cultivar on soluble solids contentand individual invert sugars in the fruit
Uticaj na~ina odràvanja zemlji{ta i sorte na sadràj rastvorljivih suvih materija i individualnih invertnih {e}era u plodu
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Cultivar/Treatment Soluble solids content Fructose Glucose Sucrose
Sorta/Tretman Rastvorljive suve materije Fruktoza Glukoza Saharoza
(%) (mg g-1) (mg g-1) (mg g-1)
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
‘Ben Sarek’ 14.6 ± 0.11 c* 126.5 ± 1.44 b 75.2 ± 2.74 d 9.71 ± 0.86 d
Cultivar/Sorta (A) ‘Titania’ 15.4 ± 0.15 b 125.8 ± 2.72 b 82.1 ± 3.02 a 14.2 ± 1.48 b
‘â~anska Crna’ 14.8 ± 0.08 c 135.5 ± 3.07 a 80.1 ± 1.47 b 16.9 ± 1.74 a
‘Tisel’ 16.1 ± 0.11 a 122.0 ± 1.68 c 78.1 ± 3.44 c 12.8 ± 1.76 c
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Bare Fallow/Jalovi Ugar 15.1 ± 0.12 b 127.5 ± 2.14 78.9 ± 2.39 13.4 ± 1.37
Treatment/Tretman (B) Sawdust/Strugotina 15.0 ± 0.14 b 127.3 ± 2.16 79.5 ± 2.34 13.3 ± 1.39
Foil/Folija 15.6 ± 0.14 a 127.6 ± 2.22 78.3 ± 2.54 13.5 ± 1.35
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
ANOVA
Cultivar/Sorta (A) ** ** ** **
Treatment/Tretman (B) ** ns ns ns
AxB ns ns ns ns
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
tive influence on soluble solids content, while sawdust tent under foil mulch treatment (Fig. 6).
mulch treatment significantly enhanced citric acid and The experimental results revealed a significant
vitamin C contents in black currant fruit. No differen- effect of soil management systems on the vegetative
ces among the treatments were observed in the content growth potential and generative potential of the tested
of individual invert sugars and malic acid. The soil black currant cultivars. Foil mulch treatment led to the
management system × cultivar interactions showed poorest performance in terms of the tested parameters.
that all cultivars gave the highest soluble solids con- It can be assumed that foil mulching due to its ability
Tab. 3. Influence of soil management systems and cultivar on individual organic acids and vitamin C content in the fruit
Uticaj na~ina odràvanja zemlji{ta i sorte na sadràj individualnih organskih kiselina i vitamina C u plodu
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Cultivar/Treatment Citric acid Malic acid Vitamin C
Sorta/Tretman Limunska kiselina Jabu~na kiselina Vitamin C
(mg g-1) (mg g-1) (mg g-1)
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
‘Ben Sarek’ 0.98 ± 0.06 d* 0.34 ± 0.05 b 2.15 ± 0.41 b
Cultivar/Sorta (A) ‘Titania’ 1.40 ± 0.14 c 0.32 ± 0.03 c 2.08 ± 0.35 c
‘â~anska Crna’ 1.45 ± 0.11 b 0.38 ± 0.04 a 2.28 ± 0.49 a
‘Tisel’ 1.65 ± 0.15 a 0.32 ± 0.05 c 2.03 ± 0.35 d
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Bare Fallow/Jalovi Ugar 1.35 ± 0.11 b 0.33 ± 0.03 2.14 ± 0.37 ab
Treatment/Tretman (B) Sawdust/Strugotina 1.40 ± 0.11 a 0.35 ± 0.05 2.17 ± 0.40 a
Foil/Folija 1.36 ± 0.11 b 0.34 ± 0.04 2.09 ± 0.39 b
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
ANOVA
Cultivar/Sorta (A) ** ** **
Treatment/Tretman (B) ** ns ns
AxB ns ns ns
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
35
to absorb much sunlight directly increases soil tempe- ‘Ben Sarek’, ‘Titania’, ‘â~anska Crna’ and ‘Tisel’
rature throughout the growing season and conserves had excellent fruit chemical properties. However, ‘â-
more soil moisture compared to sawdust mulch and ~anska Crna’ outperformed the other cultivars in most
bare fallow. Dale (2000) and Kivijarvi et al. (2005) fo- tested parameters. Soil management system × cultivar
und that mulching black currant orchard soil with foil interaction effects were observed for the vegetative
contributes to increased bush volume and improves growth potential and generative potential, which sho-
yields. Dale (2000) reported a 26% increase in yield uld be considered when establishing commercial black
per bush under foil mulch treatment compared to un- currant orchards and choosing soil management sys-
mulched soil. The author recommended the use of fo- tems.
il mulch in northwestern parts of Europe because it re-
duces water loss from the soil, thereby contributing to
increased yield. Pedersen (2002) recorded lower yields Acknowledgement
in ‘Titania’ under different mulches compared to the
results of the present experiment. Conversely, Robin- This study was conducted under Research project TR-
son (1991) stressed that sawdust mulch has a direct ef- 31093, financed by Ministry of Education, Science
fect in increasing bush size by 30‡40% compared to and Technological Development of the Republic of
foil mulch and unmulched soil. Larsson (1997) ob- Serbia.
served positive effects of sawdust and foil mulches on
bush growth and development, yield and growth of
one- and two-year-old shoots, but not on fruit size, the References
lowest value of which was recorded in currants on fo-
il mulch-treated soil. However, the author pointed out Dale A. (2000): Black plastic mulch and between-row cultivation
that prolonged use of sawdust and foil mulches resul- increase black currant yields. HortTechnology, 10: 307‡308.
ted in decreased bush growth and yield in later years Hummer E.K., Dale A. (2010): Horticulture of Ribes. Forest Patho-
logy, 40, 3/4: 251‡263.
of planting life.
Kaldmae H., Kikas A., Arus L., Libek A. (2013): Genotype and
In terms of fruit chemical properties, the results microclimate conditions influence ripening pattern and qua-
of this research are not consistent with those of Peder- lity of blackcurrant (Ribes nigrum L.) fruit. Zemdirbyste-
sen & Andersen (2012) and Kaldmae et al. (2013) who Agric, 2, 100: 164‡174.
recorded higher values for soluble solids content but Karjalainen R., Anttonen M., Saviranta N., Hilz H., Stewart D.,
lower values for citric acid and vitamin C. Kazimier- Mcdougall G.J., Mattila P., Torronen R. (2008): A review on
czak et al. (2008) reported that organically grown bioactive compounds in black currants (Ribes nigrum L.) and
their potential health-promoting properties. Acta Horticultu-
black currants showed an average increase of 35 to
rae, 839: 301‡307.
40% in vitamin C compared to conventional growing Kazimierczak R., Hallmann E., Rusaczonek A., Rembialkowska E.
methods. Vagiri et al. (2013) and Vagiri (2014) tested (2008): Antioxidant content in black currant from organic and
organically grown black currant under foil mulch tre- conventional cultivation. Electronic Journal of Polish Agricul-
atment and obtained lower vitamin C content but an tural Universities. http://www.ejpau.media.pl//volume 11/is-
identical content of soluble solids compared to the re- sue2/art-28.html.
Kivijarvi P., Tuovinen T., Kemppainen R. (2005): Mulches and phe-
sults of the present experiment.
romones ‡ plant protection tools for organic black currant pro-
duction. In: ‘NJF Report’, Nordic Association of Agricultural
Scientists, 1, 1: 87‡90.
Conclusion Larsson L. (1997): Evaluation of mulching in organically grown
black current (Ribes nigrum) in terms of its effects on the crop
Over the three-year period, the research on three soil and the environment. Acta Universitatis Agriculturae Sueciae,
management systems and four cultivars indicated im- Agraria, 28: 1‡26.
Lister E.C., Wilson E.P., Sutton H.K., Morrison C.S. (2002): Under-
portant relationships between cultivar and soil mana-
standing the health benefits of blackcurrants. Acta Horticultu-
gement system. The lowest values for all tested para- rae, 585: 443‡449.
meters were exhibited by currants grown under foil Mazza G. (2007): Anthocyanins and heart health. Ann Ist Super Sa-
mulch treatment, except for soluble solids content. nita, 43, 4: 369‡374.
36
Pedersen L.H., Andersen L. (2012): Black and red currant cultivars Vagiri M., Ekholm A., Oberg E., Johansson E., Andersson C.S.,
for organic production. Proceedings to the 15th International Rumpunen K. (2013): Phenols and ascorbic acid in black cur-
Conference on Organic Fruit-Growing, Hohenheim, (Germ- rants (Ribes nigrum L.): Variation due to genotype, location,
any), pp. 215‡220. and year. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 61:
Pedersen L.H. (2002): Covercrops in blackcurrant (Ribes nigrum). 9298‡9306.
Acta Horticulturae, 585, 2: 633‡639. Vagiri R. M. (2014): Phenolic compounds and ascorbic acid in
Robinson M. (1991): Mulches ‡ alternatives to peat and their use. black currant (Ribes nigrum L.). PhD Thesis, Swedish Univer-
The Robinson Garden at Earlscliffe, Baily, Co. Dublin, Ire- sity of Agricultural Sciences Alnarp, pp. 1‡68.
land. http://www.earlscliffe.com/mulches.htm.
37
INTERAKCIJSKI EFEKAT NAÎNA ODR@AVANJA ZEMLJI[TA I SORTE NA BIOLO[KA

SVOJSTVA CRNE RIBIZLE (Ribes nigrum L.)
Svetlana M. Paunovi}1, Mihailo Nikoli}2, Rade Mileti}1, @aklina Karaklaji}-Staji}1,

Mira Milinkovi}1, Jelena Tomi}1, Marijana Pe{akovi}1
1Institut za vo}arstvo, â~ak, Kralja Petra I/9, 32000 â~ak, Republika Srbija
E-mail: svetlana23869@gmail.com
2Univerzitet u Beogradu, Poljoprivredni fakultet, Nemanjina 6, 11080 Zemun ‡ Beograd, Republika Srbija
Rezime
U eksperimentu je pra}en uticaj na~ina odràvanja obuhva}ene ~etiri sorte crne ribizle: Ben Sarek, Tita-
zemlji{ta na vegetativni potencijal (broj izbojaka po nia, â~anska crna i Tisel. Na~ini odràvanja zemlji-
`bunu, duìna izbojaka i zapremina `buna), generativ- {ta i sorte me|usobno su se visoko zna~ajno razlikova-
ni potencijal (masa bobica i prinos po `bunu) i hemij- li u ispitivanim parametrima. Ispoljeni su interakcijski
ske osobine ploda (sadràj rastvorljive suve materije; odnosi izme|u na~ina odràvanja zemlji{ta i sorti kod
pojedina~nih i invertnih {e}era ‡ glukoze fruktoze, sa- vegetativnog i generativnog potencijala, ali ne i kod is-
haroze; pojedina~nih organskih kiselina ‡ limunska i pitivanih parametara hemijskih osobina plodova, osim
jabu~na kiselina; i vitamina C) ispitivanih sorti crne ri- kod sadràja rastvorljivih suvih materija.
bizle. Primenjena su tri na~ina odràvanja zemlji{ta: 1.
‡ jalovi ugar odnosno stalna obrada zemlji{ta; 2. ‡ za- Klju~ne re~i: crna ribizla, sorta, na~in odràvanja
stiranje zemlji{ta strugotinom i 3. ‡ zastiranje zemlji- zemlji{ta, produktivnost, kvalitet ploda
{ta crnom polietilenskom folijom. Istraìvanjima su
38
Vo}arstvo, 51, 197‡198 (2017) 39‡46 UDK: 634.37(560)
Journal of Pomology, 51, 197‡198 (2017) 39‡46 Original scientific paper
Originalni nau~ni rad
Fig production in Turkey

Aytekin A. Polat
Mustafa Kemal University, Agriculture Faculty, Department of Horticulture, Tayfur Sokmen Campus, 31034
Hatay, Turkey
E-mail: aapolat@mku.edu.tr
Received: 20 October 2016; Accepted: 13 April 2017
Abstract. Turkey lead fig-producing countries with 300,600 metric tons, accounting for 27% of total world pro-
duction in 2015. Turkey has a share of about 50‡55% in dried fig production and 52‡58% in fig exports. A por-
tion close to the total of fig production (85‡90%) is exported. Although the number of countries importing Tur-
kish figs is increasing, more than 70% is sent to the EU markets. An important amount of dried fig production
in Turkey is carried out in Aydin province in the Aegean region of Turkey. The main variety for drying is ‘Sa-
rilop’ (‘Calimyrna’) in Turkey. ‘Sarilop’ cultivar, which is favored in all fig producing countries for its quality,
is grown only in the Küçük and Büyük Menderes river basins in the Aegean region in Turkey. Fresh fig produc-
tion in Turkey is seldom found in dedicated orchards except in the regions of Bursa, Içel (Mut), Manisa (Turgu-
tlu-Salihli), and Hatay. ‘Bursa Siyahi’ is one of the most preferable and the highest quality for fresh fig in the
world market and is exported increasingly. However, there are many other good quality fresh fig cultivars such
as ‘Yediveren’,’Goklop’, ‘Morguz’, ‘Sari Zeybek’, and ‘Yesilguz’ cultivars.
Keywords: Ficus carica L., cultivars, production, cultivation, marketing
Introduction for dry consumption. The leading fig exporting coun-

try was Turkey, followed by USA, Iran, Germany and
According to FAO statistics, world fig production Morocco. Although the number of countries importing
amounted 1.117,452 tonnes (t) in 2013. The top-ten fig Turkish figs is increasing, more than 70% of the pro-
producing, exporting, and importing countries are duct is sent to the European Union markets. Most of
shown in Table 1. dried fig production, which has an important place in
the Turkish economy, is exported and 100 million-dol-
Turkey leads fig producing countries with
lar foreign currency are annually obtained through dri-
298,914 metric tons, accounting for 27% of total
ed fig exportation. As being the biggest producer and
world production; Egypt ranked second with 153,089
exporter country, prices of dried fig in Turkey determ-
metric tons or 13.7% share of the world production in ine and affect the prices of the dried fig in the world to
2013. About 70% of Turkey’s total fig production is a great extent.
39
Polat A. et al. Vol. 51, br. 197‡198, januar‡jun 2017.
Tab. 1. Top-ten fig producing, exporting, and importing countries by quantity (metric tons)
Deset najzna~ajnijih zemalja proizvo|a~a, izvoznika i uvoznika po koli~inama (metri~ke tone)
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Producers Exporters (fig dried) Importers
Proizvo|a~i 2013 Izvoznici (su{ena smokva) 2013 Uvoznici 2013
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Turkey 298,914 Turkey 76,268 France 9,529
Egypt 153,089 lm Afghanistan 6,502 India 9,198
Algeria 117,100 * United States of America 4,596 Germany 8,662
Morocco 101,989 lm Greece 3,305 United States of America 7,043
Iran (Islamic Republic of) 78,392 Spain 3,083 Italy 4,425
Syrian Arab Republic 46,443 Germany 2,568 Russian Federation 4,393
Spain 30,400 Netherlands 1,654 United Kingdom 2,980
Brazil 28,253 United Arab Emirates 1,467 Netherlands 2,654
United States of America 26,212 lm Austria 1,351 Austria 2,313
Afghanistan 24,000 A Syrian Arab Republic 1,338 Saudi Arabia 2,306
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Source: FAOSTAT, FAO (2016); Official data, A: Aggregate, may include official, semi-official, estimated or calculated data, *: Unofficial
figure, Im: FAO data based on imputation methodology, F: FAO estimate/ Izvor: FAOSTAT, FAO (2016); Zvani~ni podaci, A: Skupina, mogu
uklju~ivati zvani~ne, polu-zvani~ne, procenjene ili izra~unate podatke, *: Nezvani~ne informacije, Im: FAO podaci zasnovani na metodi
imputacije, F: FAO procena
Present Status Most of the dried fig production in Turkey comes

from Aydin province in the Aegean region of Turkey.
Fig trees are widely distributed throughout Turkey ne- The fig plantations in the Aegean Region are mainly
ar the Black Sea, the Marmara region, the Aegean and composed of ‘Sarilop’ variety (99.98%). Aydin pro-
Mediterranean coastal regions, southern Anatolia, and vince and places around, where the world’s highest
the interior valleys of central Anatolia (Polat & Cali- quality and most delicious dried figs grown, export
skan, 2008). Turkey is the major fig producer and ex- 80% of dried figs to world markets, Europe in particu-
porter country in the world. Turkey has a share of abo- lar. 5% of the figs produced in Aydin are marketed as
ut 50‡55% in dried fig production (Tab. 2) and fresh figs; the remaining fig is processed as dried figs.
52‡58% in fig exports. Dried fig production in Aydin is approximately about
A portion close to the total of fig production 50 thousand tons. The crop produced in the Aegean
(85‡90%) is exported. EU countries are the major gro- Region is commercially sun dried, mostly for the ex-
up in dried fig importers. France, Austria, Germany, port market. The main variety for drying is ‘Sarilop’
the United Kingdom, and the Netherlands were the top (‘Calimyrna’) in Turkey. ‘Sarilop’ variety, which is
five fig-importing countries (Tab. 3). favored in all fig producing countries for its quality, is
Tab. 2. Major dried fig producing countries by quantity (metric tons)

Najzna~ajnije zemlje proizvo|a~i su{ene smokve po koli~inama (metri~ke tone)
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Countries/Zemlje 2007/08 2008/09 2009/10 2010/11 2011/12 2012/13
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Turkey 48,012 50,604 56,590 58,662 55,653 56,935
Iran 25,000 22,000 23,000 22,500 23,000 22,000
USA 13,100 11,000 12,000 10,000 11,000 9,250
Greece 10,000 8,000 9,000 7,500 8,000 7,600
Spain 5,000 4,500 5,000 5,000 5,000 6,000
Italy 4,000 4,000 4,000 3,500 4,500 3,900
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Total, World/Ukupno u svetu 105,112 100,104 109,590 107,162 107,153 105,685
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Source: Republic of Turkey, Ministry of Customs and Trade, 2015/Izvor: Republika Turska, Ministarstvo carine i trgovine, 2015.
40
Polat A. et al. Vol. 51, No. 197‡198, January‡June 2017
Tab. 3. Turkey's dried figs exports by countries (metric tons)

Zemlje uvoznici su{ene smokve iz Turske po koli~inama (metri~ke tone)
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Countries/Zemlje 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
France 8,838 8,580 8,720 5,181 4,592 7,851 7,403 6,792 6,106 6,706
Germany 6,386 7,167 7,727 4,712 5,034 7,757 7,497 6,638 5,449 6,164
Netherland 2,018 2,398 1,905 1,029 914 1,527 1,872 1,872 2,053 1,345
Italy 5,041 4,883 5,392 2,754 2,641 3,515 3,974 3,492 3,057 3,317
Spain 2,690 2,402 2,009 1,149 1,031 1,256 1,206 1,046 1,320 2,091
Russian Federation 2,982 2,129 2,989 2,477 1,432 1,704 1,388 1,013 1,855 3,683
Israil 1,419 1,400 1,420 699 787 1,095 985 672 747 981
Switzerland 1,932 2,207 2,193 1,692 1,665 1,713 1,841 1,588 1,560 1,724
Other Countries 16,447 12,211 20,057 11,546 9,590 11,699 12,778 12,965 16,927 22,271
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Total 47,753 48,745 52,412 31,239 27,686 45,169 45,690 40,220 40,840 57,609
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Source: Republic of Turkey, Ministry of Customs and Trade, 2015/Izvor: Republika Turska, Ministarstvo carine i trgovine, 2015
grown only in the Küçük and Büyük Menderes river lor, long storage life as well as its alluring shape and
basins in the Aegean region in Turkey. Both dried and size. However, there are many other good quality fresh
fresh Turkish figs are accepted as ‘number one’ in the fig cultivars such as ‘Yediveren’,’Goklop’, ‘Morguz’,
world, because of the big size. The Mediterranean sho- ‘Sari Zeybek’, and ‘Yeşilguz’ cultivars and ‘01-IM-
re and South-East Anatolia have especially suitable 02,’ ‘31-IN-01’ and ‘31-IN-16’ selections. Based on
conditions for fresh fig production. Fresh fig producti- the recent breeding efforts, ‘Yediveren,’ ‘Goklop’ and
on in Turkey is seldom found in dedicated orchards ‘31-IN-16’ could be alternatives to ‘Bursa Siyahi’,
except in the regions of Bursa, Içel (Mut), Manisa currently the most favored fresh table fig cultivar.
(Turgutlu-Salihli), and Hatay. Bursa is the largest These new cultivars have a potential for both local
fresh fig region in Turkey with extensive fresh fig ex- consumption and the export markets (Çaliskan & Po-
ports. Among the fig varieties, ‘Bursa Siyahi’ which is lat, 2008). Moreover, ‘31-IN-01,’ ‘31-IN-08,’ ‘31-IN-
produced in Bursa region, is one of the most prefera- 10,’ ‘31-IN-12,’ ‘31-IM-13’ fig types have also been
ble and the highest quality for fresh fig in the world found promising (Polat & Ozkaya, 2005). Differences
market. According to data of Bursa region, the produc-
in fruit quality parameters such as ripening period and
tion value of ‘Bursa Siyahi’ is 75% and its exporting
sugar/acid ratio among the new entries could help fill
ratio is 78%. Main export markets are in France, the
different market niches. ‘Bursa Siyahi,’ ‘Yediveren’,
UK, the Netherlands and Germany.
‘Göklop,’, ‘01-IM-02,’ and ‘31-IN-16’ have been re-
commended for establishing new fresh fig orchards in
Cultivars the Mediterranean region (Polat & Çaliskan, 2008;
Çaliskan & Polat, 2008).
The Turkey fig industry is essentially based on six cul-
tivars: ‘Sarilop’, ‘Bursa Siyahi’, ‘Göklop’, ‘Morguz’,
‘Yediveren’, ‘Sari Zeybek’ and ‘Yeşilguz’ (Polat & Propagation and Orchard Establishment
Çaliskan, 2008). The most important commercial fig
cultivars are ‘Sarilop’ as dried, ‘Bursa Siyahi’ as fresh Fig plants are usual propagated by cuttings. The fig
fig (in Turkey, and also in the world). Both ‘Sarilop’ plantations are established by rooted hardwood cuttings
and ‘Bursa Siyahi’ cultivars are valued worldwide for with a spacing ranging from 7 × 7 or 8 × 8 m in older
their premium quality, mainly due to their large size. low-land orchards, to 5 × 6 or 6 × 6 m on the slopes.
‘Sarilop’ (‘Calimyrna’) is accepted as a standard fig Thus, the average yield per tree varies from 10 to 30 kg
cultivar for drying, due to its high fruit quality all over on dried fruit for ‘Sarilop’; 60 to 100 kg on fresh fruit
the world. ‘Bursa Siyahi’ has distinctive features in- for ‘Bursa Siyahi’, depending on the vigour of the tree.
clude it’s amazing taste, hard flesh structure, black co- Although an increasing trend in the number of fig trees
41
is apparent, the most important change has been observ- are uniformly spaced around the tree, with wide
ed in the shifting of the fig plantations from the low branch angles, and not directly across from another
lands to the steep slopes during the last two decades. scaffold. Other branches, not selected, should be re-
moved. The scaffold branches on the tree should be
shorted to 30‡50 cm in the same year. After the first
Orchard Management year of growth, 2‡3 new lateral branches should be
maintained from each main branch, to give a balanced
Irrigation. Optimum rainfall requirement of fig tree is shape of the tree. In the following year, interference
625 mm. If rainfall drops is less than 550 mm, supple- with the tree should be limited to taking dead or dise-
mentary irrigation is practiced. Normally, fig nurseri- ased branches.
es are irrigated reach up to 4‡5 years. Fig saplings are Harvesting. Fresh figs are picked when they begin to
irrigated from May to mid of September in 7‡10 day soften, and the color change indicates maturity. Since
intervals, depending on climate and soil conditions, fresh figs ripen irregularly, picking should be done da-
and then these young trees don’t need additional irri- ily during the long harvest period (4‡6 weeks). Figs
gation in the following years. For the irrigation of a must be allowed to ripen fully on the tree before they
mature fig orchard, the most common method is basin, are picked. They will not ripen if picked when imma-
furrow and drip irrigations. In these orchards, irrigati- ture. Since fresh figs ripen sequentially along the sho-
on is practiced between the end of the rainy season in ot, picking should be done repeatedly during the harv-
spring and the start of the rainy season in fall. est period. The selective harvesting of suitable fruit
Caprification. ‘Sarilop’ variety is a ‘Smyrna’ type fig, demands experienced and trained pickers. Harvesting
requiring fertilization of the fruit by a process called ‘Bursa Siyahi’ figs before full ripeness (firmness of
caprification in order to set, develop and mature fruits. 3.7 N/cm2 vs 1.5 N/cm2 in a ripe fruit) extended their
In the Region, the male (caprifig) fig trees are found as storage potential from 4 to 6 weeks, but did not allow
scattered trees, being more concentrated in some villa- the fruit to achieve optimum quality (Türk, 1989; Ce-
ges which sell caprifig fruits on a commercial scale. likel & Karacali, 1998). Nonetheless, the quality atta-
Male fruits are picked when their pollens ripen (gene- ined was somewhat higher than that of many cultivars
rally during the second half of June) and then hung on- available in the market.
to the female trees with the help of a weed stem. Ca-
prifig fruits are known to be vectors of some fungi ca-
using internal rot; therefore, precautions need to be ta- Postharvest Physiology and Storage
ken in order to produce healthy male fruits.
Pruning. In Turkey, the most common production mi- Fully mature fresh figs are soft, prone to bruise easily,
stake is the ignorance of pruning. The growers do not and highly perishable. Hand-picked figs are hand pic-
either understand the importance of pruning or do not ked and packed in a one-layer box. Figs packed in that
know proper pruning techniques. In some regions, manner should be immediately refrigerated. The fresh
pruning is restricted to taking off dead branches. As a figs do not keep well and can be stored in the refrige-
result, the trees overdevelop and the canopies are mi- rator for only 2‡3 days. Since the 1990s, there has be-
xed. Therefore, sunlight cannot penetrate the plant ca- en an increasing demand of fresh figs (Aksoy, 1995;
nopy very well, causing problems in fruit set and qua- Tous & Ferguson, 1996). The worldwide trade in fresh
lity. Finally, the fruiting branches die. It is highly im- figs became possible mainly due to technological de-
portant to educate growers on proper pruning techni- velopments in the area of postharvest fruit handling
ques. Pruning is applied regularly in intensive or- technologies.
chards, but not always for scattered trees. Generally,
fig trees are trained in open-centre system. To train the
fig trees to open-centre, after one year from planting, Fig Processing and Processed Products
the middle apical branch should be removed from the
bottom and then a good shape should be given to the The major form of processed figs is the dried figs. So-
other 3‡4 scaffold branches which emerge from the me fruit is made into jam, paste for use in making fig
main trunk. It is the best to select 3 to 4 scaffolds that bars, and culinary applications (baked goods, pastries,
42
and fruit salads). Only a small part of figs production foreign objects and become suitable for processing.
is canned. Owing to the extreme perishability of fresh Washed figs are nested for a while. They are kept in
fruit, for centuries, the processed (mainly dried) pro- drying stores where required.
duct has been the major form of fig available to the Monitoring aflatoxin contamination in dried figs.
consumers. Aflatoxins are toxic secondary metabolites of fungi
Harvesting and preparation for drying. Figs, when namely of Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiti-
grown for drying, are allowed to fully ripen and parti- cus. Among products possessing risk for aflatoxin
ally dry on the tree. Subsequently, fruits fall to the gro- contamination, dried fig fruit became a target species
und where they continue to dry. The moisture content since 1980s. Pioneering research showed a significant
in the semidried figs at this stage is 30‡50% (Aksoy, relationship between presence of aflatoxins and BGY
1997). The orchard surface below the tree is appropri- fluorescence on fig fruit under long wave UV light. As
ately prepared by weeding and sometimes it maybe major producer of dried fig, Turkey faces problems in
covered with cloth or plastic canvas (Özen at al., the world trade especially with the European Union as
2009). In Turkey, the dropped fruit are collected ma- the major market for Turkish figs and because of the
nually from the ground normally once a day or weekly low allowable limits of 2 ppb for aflatoxin B1 and 4
(Aksoy, 1997). After harvest, the semi-dried figs are ppb for total aflatoxins until December 2012. After
washed and may be stored for a few days at 0 to 1 °C. this date, these limits were applied as 6 ppb for aflato-
Further drying is done in the sun or in commercial xin B1 and 10 ppb for total aflatoxins. Besides the of-
dryer at a temperature of 60 to 70 °C. Alternatively, ficial control system, a monitoring system is establis-
the fruits may be picked from the tree or gathered hed by the Aegean Exporters Union. In Turkey, dried
normally or by mechanical sweepers after they fall to figs are screened under UV lamps and figs with BGY
the ground. Harvested fruits are spread out in the sha- fluorescence are removed to lower aflatoxin levels.
de for a day before being transported to processing Each year, a committee determines the average per-
plants in 10‡15 kg (22 to 33 lbs) wooden boxes. centage of figs with BGY fluorescence, and the expor-
Admission of dried fig by cooperatives. Taris Dried ters are required to deliver the contaminated figs in or-
Fig Processing and Storing Facilities are situated in der to be reimbursed for the discarded portion. The
Germencik, which is one of the provinces where fig contaminated figs are collected in a warehouse and
production is the most common and intensive and as then destroyed as hazardous waste.
this province having the advantage of being the closest Pests. The sun-dried figs’ contact with soil and their
to the area of raw material, product arrives at the fac- prolonged exposure to orchard environment favor not
tory within the shortest period. After the products, bro- only Aspergillus infection but also fruit infestation
ught in plastic boxes by the producers who are registe- with insect pests. One of the major pests found in the
red at 15 Fig Agriculture Sales Cooperatives in Aege- figs is dried-fruit beetle (Carpophilus hemipterus), re-
an Region, are checked and issued by the experts, they adily penetrating the overripe fallen fruit, but not at-
are sent to Taris Fig Processing and Storing Facilities tracted by undamaged healthy figs or by fruits that are
in Germencik within 24 hours. very dry or far advanced in decay. However, larvae
Fumigation and aflatoxin control. The dried figs that begin growth in overripe figs may continue their
which are sent to the factory after the expertise of the development after the fruit is fairly dry. Other impor-
Union are fumigated. Every kind of contamination, tant insect pests of dried figs are the moths (Plodia in-
which can be brought from the areas of fig trees, is terpunctella and Cadra cautella) and the mite (Car-
prevented through fumigation. Products are sorted and poglyphus lactis) (Erakay & Ozar, 1979).
stored after fumigation. Methyl bromide (MBr) fumigation has been the
Dried figs, the production of which is program- main instrument to control pest development in dried
med according to the orders, pass through aflatoxin figs (Erakay & Ozar, 1979). However, this application
control after storage stage. Figs control at least two ti- is being phased out in accordance with the Montreal
mes to sort out aflatoxin contaminated dried figs under Protocol (UNIEP) (2006), due to its ozone-depleting
UV lamps. During this control, other mouldy figs are effect. A range of treatments are being investigated as
also removed. All products are washed and cleared of possible substitutes of MBr for pest control in the dri-
43
ed fig industiy. In particular, these alternative fumi- In the world market, there is an increasing de-
gants have been tested: phosphine (PH,) released by mand for fresh figs, therefore production with standard
the hydrolysis of magnesium phosphide (Aksoy et al., cultivars accompanied by advanced handling, packa-
2008; Meyvaci et al., 2009); sulfuryl fluoride (Meyva- ging and transportation facilities will enable to esta-
ci et al., 2009); CO2 (Emekçi et al., 2003; Meyvaci et blish a strong and long lasting chain between the pro-
al., 2009), controlled atmospheres (Damarli et al., ducer and the consumer.
1998).
Fig processing, premium fig production and packa-
ging. Dried figs are processed in different types accor- Conclusion
ding to customer request (Lerida, Layer, Chocolate
Premium, Makaroni). After the stem and eye of the Due to the wealth in terms of the ecological conditions
best quality figs are cut, they are wrapped individually and gene resources, Turkey is leading in the world in
and presented to customer in its special packaging. dry and fresh fig cultivation. Fig production in the
Dried figs are packed in various types according to cu- world do not have cultivars with quality as ‘Bursa
stomer request. All packed products pass through me- siyahi’ (for fresh fig), and ‘Sarilop’ (for dry fig). Alt-
tal detector control. hough this provides competitive advantage over Euro-
pean countries, Turkey can not be able to fully use the
export potential. Although production of figs Turkey
Future Prospects has great potential, there are disturbances especially in
drought years, including many factors that lead to the
Although dried figs obtained from ‘Sarilop’ cultivar degradation of quality. The ability to identify factors
has been a traditional crop for the Aegean grower, pro- affecting the quality criteria is of great importance in
blems of poor quality are still on the agenda. Factors increasing our exports.
that have adverse effects on fig production including
the drought conditions during the last five years and
their impact on the vegetative growth, yield and qua- References
lity are already identified. However, the solution is in
the modernization and improvement of the infrastruc- Aksoy U., Anac D. (1994): Factors affecting quality of fresh and
ture that needs investment. Production of healthy nur- dried fig fruits. Acta Horticulturae, 368: 763‡776.
sery stock from the selected ‘Sarilop’ clones may help Aksoy U. (1995): Present status and future prospects of underutili-
to solve the problems. The microclimatic conditions zed fruit production in Turkey. In: ‘Underutilized fruit crops
in the mediterranean region’, Llacer G., Aksoy U., Mars M.
that provide the highest dried fruit quality is already (eds). Ciheam-iamz, Zaragoza. pp. 97‡107.
set up, so the future prospect could be increasing the Aksoy U. (1997): Fruit formation and development. Advanced Co-
yield and quality per unit area rather than expanding urse on Fig Production, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey.
the acreage. Aksoy U., Sen F., Meyvaci K.B. (2008): Effect of magnesium
The fresh figs can be grown in all the coastal are- phosphide, an alternative to methyl bromide, on dried fig qu-
ality. Acta Horticulturae, 798: 285‡292.
as. Establishing intensive orchards with different cul- Çaliskan O., Polat A.A. (2008): Fruit characteristics of fig cultivars
tivars (starting with the Breba crop and ending with and genotypes grown in Turkey. Scientia Horticulturae, 115:
the late ripening ones) and at different latitudes and al- 360‡367.
titudes will provide the opportunity to extend the mar- Celikel F.G., Karacali I. (1998): Effects of harvest maturity and pre-
keting season. Aksoy et al. (1994) have recommended cooling on fruit quality and longevity of ‘Bursa Siyah’ figs
(Ficus carica L.). Acta Horticulturae, 480: 283‡288.
early (‘Breba’) and early-mid cultivars for the Aegean Damarli E., Gun H., Ozay G., Bulbul S., Oechsle P. (1998): An al-
Region. Investigations of adaptability should follow ternative method instead of methyl bromide for insect disinfe-
these studies in order to observe the effect of environ- station of dried figs: controlled atmosphere. Acta Horticultu-
mental conditions on fruit quality. Parthenocarpic cul- rae, 480: 209‡214.
tivars bearing one-two crops per year should receive Emekçi M., Ferizli A.G., Tütüncü S., Navarro S. (2003): Modified
atmosphere as an alternative to MBr in the dried fig sector in
more attention. Pruning trials should be performed Turkey. In: ‘Annual Intl Res Conf on Methyl Bromide Alter-
with the varieties grown for the ‘Breba’ crop in order natives and Emissions Reductions’, San Diego, CA.
to increase the yield per tree. Erakay S., Ozar A.H. (1979): Preliminary investigations on infesta-
44
tion rates and control measures concerning insects injurious to Polat A.A., Özkaya M. (2005): Selection studies on fig in the Medi-
dried figs in the Aegean region. Bitki-Koruma Bülteni, 19: terranean region of Turkey. Pakistan Journal Botany, 37:
159‡173 (in Turkish). 567‡574.
Meyvaci K.B.F., Sen Aksoy U. (2009): Methyl bromide alternatives Polat A.A., Caliskan O. (2008): Fruit characteristics of table fig cul-
to control major storage pests in turkish dried fig industry. tivars in subtropical climate conditions of Mediterranean regi-
Abstract Book of Fourth International Symposium on Fig, on. New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science,
Meknes (Morocco), p. 69. 36: 107‡115.
Özen M., Çobanoglu F., Özkan R., Konak R., Tutmus E. (2009): Ef- Tous J., Ferguson L. (1996): Mediterranean fruits. In: ‘Progress in
fect of drying in tunnel and different harvest methods on so- new crops’, Janick (ed.), ASHS Press, Arlington, VA, pp.
me quality parameters and aflatoxin in storage, in sarilop fig 416-430.
cultivar. Abstract Book of Fourth International Symposium on Türk R. (1989): Effects of harvest time and precooling on fruit qua-
lity and cold storage of figs (F. carica L. cv. ‘Bursa Siyahi’).
Fig, Meknes (Morocco), p.116.
Acta Horticulturae, 258: 279‡25.
45
PROIZVODNJA SMOKVE U TURSKOJ
Aytekin A. Polat
Mustafa Kemal Univerzitet, Poljoprivredni fakultet, Departman za hortikulturu, Tayfur Sokmen Campus, 31034
Hatay, Turska
E-mail: aapolat@mku.edu.tr
Rezime
Turska je po proizvodnji plodova smokve vode}a Küçük i Büyük Menderes u Egejskom regionu Turske.
zemlja u svetu sa 300.600 metri~kih tona, {to ~ini 27% Proizvodnja sveìh plodova smokve je retka u namen-
svetske proizvodnje u 2015. godini. Udeo Turske u skim zasadima i to jedino u regionima Bursa, Içel
proizvodnji su{ene smokve iznosi 50‡55%, a u izvozu (Mut), Manisa (Turgutlu-Salihli) i Hatay. Sorta Bursa
52‡58%. Skoro celokupna proizvodnja smokve Siyahi spada u najtraènije sorte, visokog kvaliteta
(85‡90%) odlazi u izvoz. Iako je broj zemalja uvozni- ploda za sveù potro{nju, i stoga se sve vi{e izvozi.
ca smokve iz Turske u stalnom porastu, vi{e od 70% Me|utim postoji veliki broj drugih visoko kvalitetnih
odlazi na Evropsko trì{te. Zna~ajan deo proizvodnje sorti pogodnih za sveù potro{nju plodova kao {to su
su{ene smokve u Turskoj je skoncentrisan u provinci- sorte Yediveren, Goklop, Morguz, Sari Zeybek i
ji Aydin koja pripada Egejskom regionu Turske. Naj- Yeşilguz.
zna~ajnija sorta smokve za su{enje u Turskoj je Sari-
lop (Calimyrna). Ova sorta, koja je ina~e najcenjenija Klju~ne re~i: Ficus carica L., sorte, proizvodnja, ga-
zbog svog kvaliteta, gaji se jedino u basenu reka jenje, marketing
46
Vo}arstvo, 51, 197‡198 (2017) 47‡52 UDK: 634.64:631.547.4
Journal of Pomology, 51, 197‡198 (2017) 47‡52 Short communication
Kratko saop{tenje
Flowers biology of some Turkish pomegranates

Hakan Engin, Zeliha Gökbayrak
Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Horticulture, 17020 Çanakkale, Turkey
E-mail: zgokbayrak@comu.edu.tr
Received: 15 November 2016; Accepted: 19 April 2017
Abstract. Studying flower morphology of fruiting species provides insight into their pollination and fertilizati-
on biology. Flower biology of a certain species might show differences in different environmental conditions. In
order to assess floral morphology of Turkish pomegranate cultivars ‘Asinar’ and ‘Caner II’, opened flowers we-
re collected (bisexual and funcional male) and positions on the branch (single, lateral and terminal) were recor-
ded. All bisexual flowers were assessed for their characteristics (ovary width, base to sepal notch length, total pi-
stil length, stigma + style length and stigma diameter). Flowering of the cultivars ‘Asinar’ and ‘Caner II’ occur-
red 35 and 45 days after bud break, respectively. About 61.5% and 73.3% of the flowers were single, followed
by 31% and 22% laterals in the cultivars, respectively. Bisexual flowers were 21% in ‘Asinar’ and 14% in ‘Ca-
ner II’. In each cultivar heterostyly is quite common. Flowers had varying length of the style. Flower size para-
meters such as ovary width (≈25 mm), base to sepal notch length (≈16 mm) and total pistil length (≈30 mm) of
cultivars were approximately similar, except for stigma + style length and stigma diameter.
Key words: Punica granatum, floral morphology, bisexual, functional male, heterostyly
Introduction flat and circular stigma, a solitary elongated style and

many stamens. Martinez et al. (2010) reported that bi-
Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) is an andromono- sexual flowers contain wider ovaries, set more fruits
ecious species having two types of flowers, hermap- than the functional male flowers, and that cultivars and
hrodite (bisexual) and male, in the same plant. Some- seasons cause different proportions of flower types in
a tree. Studies showed that male flowers can reach up
times, the pomegranate tree can contain three types of
to 60‡70% in one season (Chaudhari & Desai, 1993;
flowers ‡ hermaphrodite, male and intermediate
Mars, 2000). Under field conditions, ratio of bisexual
forms. Rana et al. (2010) defined the form of the se-
and functional male flowers in pomegranates can im-
pals of the bisexual flowers as urceolate, and the se- pact crop productivity and yield (El Sese, 1988; Cha-
pals of the male flowers as bell-shaped. They indica- udhari & Desai, 1993). Bearing capacity was found to
ted that hermaphrodites have wider ovary, while the be closely related to the amount of hermaproditic flo-
male ones contained an incomplitely developed ovary. wers.
According to Wetzstein et al. (2011), pomegranate flo- Environmental conditions, causing ratio of flower
wers on the same tree were classified in to two types: types, could be advantage. High share of female flo-
hermaphroditic bisexual flowers and functionally ma- wer type can be favorised under not so supportive en-
le flowers. Bisexual flowers were described having a vironmental conditions, and this might be a way of
47
Engin H. et al. Vol. 51, br. 197‡198, januar‡jun 2017.
maintaining in unfavorable conditions. In addition, male flowers per tree was determined. Bisexual flo-
male flowers are more successful in spreading pollen; wers were categorized into three different groups de-
therefore, high share of male flowers can ensure gene pending on their formation ‡ as a single flower, a
expansion (Herlihy & Eckert, 2002; Tanurdzic & terminal flower on a cluster, and a lateral flower on a
Banks, 2004). cluster (Fig. 1a, b, c).
Although pomegranate has been grown in many Different sections of bisexual flower type were
geographical regions of Turkey since ancient times, measured:ovary width, base to sepal notch length, to-
especially in the Mediterranean region, basic informa- tal pistil length, stigma + style length, and stigma dia-
tion on aspects of floral biology, including male and meter (Fig. 2).
female flowering, is lacking. The present work aims to Statistical analysis. The experiment was designed as
describe the morphology of bisexual and functionally completely randomized, with three replications conta-
male flower types in some Turkish pomegranate vari- ining one tree per replicate. The statistical analysis
eties. was performed using statistical analysis Minitab soft-
ware (Minitab Inc., ver.16), and the significant means
were compared using Tukey’s test.
Materials and Methods
Plant material. The pomegranate orchard was located Results and Discussion
at 5 m above the sea level, at the Horticulture Experi-
mental Farm of Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University in Flowering of the pomegranate cultivars after bud bre-
Çanakkale, Turkey. A total of 12 pomegranate trees of ak occurred in 35 days in ‘Asinar’ and in 45 days in
‘Asinar’ and ‘Caner II’ cultivars were selected for the ‘Caner II’, on newly developed branches of the same
research. Samples were collected from 11-year-old year, mostly on spurs or short branches. In each culti-
trees, planted at a distance of 5 × 3 m. var, flowers can appear single, terminal or lateral in a
Measurements. From all the trees per cultivar, and cluster. These pomegranate cultivars have hermaphro-
from uniform branches of each tree, one hundred flo- ditic (bisexual) and functional male flowers. Both of
wers of both types were collected at the open petal sta- flowers were nearly sessile and were either as a single
ge, and taken to the laboratory for measurements. Size (Fig. 1a) or in clusters (Fig. 1b, c), where one terminal
of the pistil were used to separate bisexual flowers flower subtended by three or four lateral flowers. At
from the functional male ones, which contained shor- the distal portion of a cluster, unopened buds appear
tened styles. The number of bisexual and functional usually four buds (Fig. 1b and 1c).
Fig.1. Pomegranate flowers: a) Single near sessile flower; b) Terminal flower. Flower cluster with a central flower subten-
ded by closed buds; c) Lateral flower. Flower cluster with a lateral flower subtended by closed buds
Sl. 1. Cvet nara: a) Sede}i cvet; b) Vr{ni cvet. Cvetni klaster sa centralnim cvetom okruènim zatvorenim pupoljcima; c)
Bo~ni cvet. Cvetni klaster sa bo~nim cvetom okruènim zatvorenim pupoljcima
48
Engin H. et al. Vol. 51, No. 197‡198, January‡June 2017
dance to Wetzstein et al. (2011). In contrast, Nalavadi

et al. (1973) and Chaudhari & Desai (1993), classified
pomegranate flowers as male, hermaphroditic, and in-
termediate.
The number of functional male flowers are signi-
ficantly higher than bisexual flowers in both cultivars
(Tab. 2). The percentage of bisexual flowers in ‘Asi-
nar’ was higher than in the ‘Caner II’ cultivar. El Sese
(1988) carried out trials in Egypt to study the distribu-
tion of whole and partial flowers during the flowering
season and fruit set in pomegranate. According to the-
se results, there is a positive correlation between the
percentage of perfect (bisexual) flowers and the pro-
duction capacity of the plant; percentage of perfect
Fig. 2. Sections of the bisexual flower used for the measurements:
flowers in ‘Manfalouty’ and ‘Nab El-Gamal’ was hig-
(1) ovary width, (2) base to sepal notch length, (3) total pistil length, her than those in ‘Arabi’.
(4) stigma + style length, and (5) stigma diameter. When flowers were bisected longitudinally, diffe-
Sl. 2. Delovi dvopolnog cveta kori{}eni u merenju: (1) {irina plod- rences in pistil development were discernable in both
nika, (2) rastojanje od baze cveta do zareza ~a{i~nih listi}a, (3)
flower types. Bisexual flowers had a discoid stigma
ukupna duìna tu~ka, (4) ìg + duìna stubi}a i (5) pre~nik ìga.
covered with copious exudates, elongated stigmatic
papillae, a single elongated style and numerous sta-
Differences between the cultivars studied in the mens inserted on the inner walls of the calyx tube.
total number of lateral flowers are presented in Table Anthers surround an elongated style, which at the ba-
1. In both cultivars, single flowers were predominant se broadens into a conical-shaped stylopodium. The
in the total flowers developing. ovary was inferior and the numerous stamens with yel-
Two types of flowers on the same plant were de- low anthers were attached to long red filaments (Fig.
termined in both cultivars (Fig. 3), which is in accor- 3a). Bisexual flowers had a well-developed pistil with
Table 1. Percentage of bisexual and functional male flowers at different positions in trees
Procenat dvopolnih i funkcionalnih mu{kih cvetova na razli~itim pozicijama na stablu
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Position of flower/Pozicija cveta
______________________________________________________________________________________
Cultivar/Sorta Terminal/Vr{ni Lateral/Bo~ni Single/Pojedina~ni
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
‘Asinar’ 7.69 a* 30.76 a 61.53 a
‘Caner II’ 4.44 a 22.22 b 73.33 a
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
* Means within a column with different letters are significantly different at p < 0.005/Prose~ne vrednosti u istoj koloni pra}ene razli~itim
slovima su statisti~ki zna~ajno razli~ite za p < 0,005
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Table 2. The ratio (%) of bisexual and functional male flowers in ‘Asinar' and ‘Caner II’ pomegranate cultivars
Procenat dvopolnih i funcionalno mu{kih cvetova kod sorti nara Asinar i Caner II
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Type of flower/Tip cveta
__________________________________________________________________________
Cultivar/Sorta Bisexual/Dvopolni Functional male/Funkcionalni mu{ki
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
‘Asinar'’ 21.05 ± 7.8 b* 78.95 ± 14.3 a
‘Caner II’ 14.28 ± 5.5 b 85.71 ± 18.1 a
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
* Means within a column with different letters are significantly different at p < 0.005/Prose~ne vrednosti u istoj koloni pra}ene razli~itim slovi-
ma su statisti~ki zna~ajno razli~ite za p < 0,005
49
Fig. 3. a) Bisexual flower showing anthers with red filaments inserted on the inner surface of the calyx tube. Fully open flower showing oran-
ge-red petals with ovary width and base to sepal notch length; b) Formed ovules from a bisexual flower; c) Functionally male flower showing
well developed stamens but an underdeveloped pistil (arrow); d) Underdeveloped ovules formed from a functionally male flower. Bars: 900
μm.
Sl. 3. a) Antere dvopolnog cveta sa crvenim filamentima na unutra{njoj strani ~a{ice cveta. Narandàsto-crveni kruni~ni listi}i otvorenog cve-
ta sa prikazom {irine plodnika i rastojanja od baze do zareza ~a{i~nih listi}a; b) Formirane ovule u dvopolnom cvetu; c) Funkcionalni mu{ki
cvet sa dobro razvijenim pra{nicima i nedovoljno razvijenim tu~kom (strelica); d) Nedovoljno razvijene ovule formirane od funkcionalnih mu-
{kih cvetova. Bar: 900 μm.
an elongated style that extends at above or near the he- stil length (≈ 30 mm) of both cultivars were similar,
ight of anthers, and a prominent U-shaped ovary con- except for stigma + style length and stigma diameter
taining numerous elliptical ovules (Fig. 3b). We ob- (Tab. 3). In bisexual flowers, the length of the stigma
served that the length of flowers from the tip of sepals + style was longer in ‘Asinar’ than in ‘Caner II’. Stig-
to the base of ovary was long in bisexual flowers. Bi- ma diameter of bisexual flowers in ‘Asinar’ was also
sexual flowers are primarily the result of more exten- wider than in ‘Caner II’ cultivar. As in this study,
sive growth of the ovary width, base to sepal notch Wetzstein et al. (2013) documented that flower size
length, pistil and stigma + style lengths. characteristics could be quite variable among the cul-
The styles in functional male flowers, on the ot- tivars.
her hand, were shorter than the stamens (Fig. 3c). We also observed that in the investigated pome-
They also contained a V-shaped ovary with rudimen- granate cultivars, heterostyly is common. The style in
tary pistils and degenerate ovules (Fig. 3d). Ovules bisexual flowers was longer than the stamens, or both
were rudimentary and dark cream-colored, and had so- lengths were equal.
me gaps. Functional male flowers were smaller than In the cultivar ‘Asinar’, flowers had either short
bisexual. or long style; flowers of ‘Caner II’ had styles with dif-
Flower size parameters such as ovary width (≈ 25 ferent lengths (short, long or rarely equal). Flowers
mm), base to sepal notch length (≈ 16 mm) and total pi- with short styles were never fertilized and soon shed
Tab. 3. Flower characteristics of bisexual flower organs in ‘Asinar’ and ‘Caner II’ pomegranate cultivars
Karakteristike dvopolnih cvetnih organa kod sorti nara Asinar i Caner II
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Flower characteristics/Karakeristike cveta (mm) ‘Asinar’ ‘Caner II’
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Ovary width/[irina plodnika 25.38 a* 25.04 a
Base to sepal notch length/Rastojanje od baze cveta do zareza ~a{i~nih listi}a 15.87 a 17.41 a
Total pistil length/Ukupna duìna tu~ka 29.18 a 30.23 a
Stigma + style length/@ig + duìna stubi}a 16.67 a 12.13 b
Stigma diameter/Pre~nik ìga 1.219 a 0.862 b
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
* Means within a column with different letters are significantly different at p < 0.005/Prose~ne vrednosti u istoj koloni pra}ene razli~itim
slovima su statisti~ki zna~ajno razli~ite za p < 0,005
50
Engin H. et al. Vol. 51, No. 197‡198, January‡June 2017
(Martinez et al., 2000). Jaime et al. (2013) reported References

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cultivars and seasons. Flowers occasionally have Chaudhari S.M., Desai U.T. (1993): Effects of plant growth regula-
styles equal to the length of the long-styled flowers, or tors on flower sex in pomegranate (Punica granatum L.). In-
dian Journal of Agricultural Science, 63: 34‡35.
as short as the short-styled ones. Those with long El Sese A.M. (1988): Physiological studies on flowering and frui-
styles occasionally become fertilized, but only rarely ting habits of some pomegranate cultivars under Assiut condi-
bear mature fruits, and are almost always malformed tions. Journal of Agricultural Science, 19: 320‡336.
and defective. Long-styled flowers usually develop at Herlihy C.R., Eckert C.G. (2002): Genetic cost of reproductive as-
surance in a self-fertilizing plant. Nature, 416: 320‡323.
the older branches, whereas the short-styled flowers Jaime A., Teixeira S., Ranac T.S., Narzaryd D., Vermae N., Mes-
develop on younger tree; their relative proportion is hramf D.T., Ranadeg A. (2013): Pomegranate biology and bi-
affected by various factors (Jaime et al., 2013). otechnology: A review. Scientia Horticulturae, 160: 85‡107.
Mars M. (2000): Pomegranate plant material: Genetic resources and
breeding, a review. Options Mediterraneennes Serie A, 42:
55‡62.
Conclusion Martinez J.J., Melgarejo P., Martinez F. (2000): Study of the floral
morphology of the pomegranate clones PTO8, CRO1 and
Evaluation of flower characteristics in two pomegra- ME14. Advances in Research and Technology, 42: 105‡113.
Nalavadi U.G., Farasoqvi A.A., Dasappa M.A., Narayana R., Suli-
nate cultivars indicates that bisexual flowers can vary keri G.S., Nalini A.S. (1973): Studies on the floral biology of
in size, positions and ratio. The ratio of different type pomegranate (Punica granatum L.). Mysore Journal of Agri-
of flowers can vary with season and time of bloom. cultural Science, 7: 213‡225.
Determiniation of functional male and bisexual flo- Rana T.S., Narzary D., Ranade S.A. (2010): Systematics and taxo-
nomic disposition of the genus Punica L. In: ‘Pomegranate’,
wers may be contributing to sex determination. Favo- Chandra R. (ed.), Fruit, Vegetable and Cereal Science and Bi-
ring the development of a larger number of bisexual otechnology, 4, 2: 19‡25.
flowers with a strong development of the style can be Tanurdzic M., Banks J.A. (2004): Sex-determining mechanisms in
the way to optimize fruit set and yield increase in poland plants. Plant Cell, 16: S61‡S71.
Wetzstein H.Y., Yi W., Porter J.A. (2013): Flower position and size
megranate orchards. impact ovule number per flower, fruitset, and fruit size in po-
megranate. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural
Science, 138(3): 159‡166.
Wetzstein H.Y., Ravid N., Wilkins E., Martinelli A.P. (2011): A
morphological and histological characterization of bisexual
and male flower types in pomegranate. Journal of the Ameri-
can Society for Horticultural Science, 136(2): 83‡92.
51
BIOLOGIJA CVETANJA NEKIH TURSKIH SORTI NARA
Hakan Engin, Zeliha Gökbayrak
Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Univerzitet, Poljoprivredni fakulet, Departman za hortikulturu, 17020 Çanakkale, Turska
E-mail: zgokbayrak@comu.edu.tr
Rezime
Izu~avanje morfologije cveta razli~itih vrsta vo}aka va je iznosio 61,5% i 73,3%, dok je procenat bo~nih
obezbe|uje uvid u njihovu biologiju opra{ivanja i bio manji i iznosio 31% i 22%, po redosledu. Procenat
oplo|enja. Biologija cvetanja odre|enih vrsta moè dvopolnih cvetova se kretao od 21% kod sorte Asinar
pokazati razlike u razli~itim uslovima ìvotne sredine. do 14% kod sorte Caner II. Kod obe sorte utvr|ena je
U cilju izu~avanja morfologije cveta turskih sorti nara heterostilija. Cvetovi imaju varijabilnu duìnu stubi}a.
Asinar i Caner II, sakupljeni su otvoreni cvtovi (dvo- Parametri veli~ine cveta kao {to su {irina plodnika
polni i funkcionalni mu{ki) i utvr|en je njihov poloàj (≈25 mm), rastojanje od baze cveta do zareza ~a{i~nih
na granama (pojedina~ni, vr{ni ili bo~ni). Ispitane su listi}a (≈16 mm) i ukupna duìna tu~ka (≈30 mm) su
slede}e karakteristike svih dvopolnih cvetova: {irina bili pribli`no sli~ni kod ispitivanih sorti, sa izuzetkom
plodnika, rastojanje od baze cveta do zareza ~a{i~nih parametara ìg + duìna stubi}a i pre~nik ìga.
listi}a, ukupna duìna tu~ka, ìg + duìna stubi}a i
pre~nik ìga. Cvetanje sorti Asinar i Caner II se de{a- Klju~ne re~i: Punica granatum, morfologija cveta,
va 35 do 45 dana posle kretanja pupoljaka, po redosle- dvopolno, funkcionalni mu{ki, heterostilija
du. Kod ispitivanih sorti procenat pojedina~nih cveto-
52
LISTA RECENZENATA
LIST OF REVIEWERS
1. Dr Alena Gajdo{ova, Institute of Plant Genetics and Biotechnology Slovak Academy of Sciences, Nitra,
Slovak Republic
2. Prof. dr Aleksa Obradovi}, Poljoprivredni fakultet, Zemun-Beograd
3. Dr Argir Zhivondov, Fruit Growing Institute, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
4. Doc. dr Boban \or|evi}, Poljoprivredni fakultet, Zemun-Beograd
5. Prof. dr Branislava Golo{in, Poljoprivredni fakultet, Novi Sad
6. Prof. dr Branislav Zlatkovi}, Poljoprivredni fakultet, Zemun-Beograd
7. Prof. dr Predrag Vukosavljevi}, Poljoprivredni fakultet, Zemun-Beograd
8. Prof. dr Branka Krsti}, Poljoprivredni fakultet, Zemun-Beograd
9. Prof. dr Bruno Mezzetti, Universita Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
10. Prof. dr êdo Oparnica, Poljoprivredni fakultet, Zemun-Beograd
11. Doc. dr Dejan \urovi}, Poljoprivredni fakultet, Zemun-Beograd
12. Doc. dr Dragana Paunovi}, Poljoprivredni fakultet, Zemun-Beograd
13. Prof. dr Dragan Milatovi}, Poljoprivredni fakultet, Zemun-Beograd
14. Prof. dr Dragan Nikoli}, Poljoprivredni fakultet, Zemun-Beograd
15. Dr Dragan Radivojevi}, Poljoprivredni fakultet, Zemun-Beograd
16. Dr \ina Boòvi}, Biotehni~ki institut, Podgorica
17. Dr \ur|ina Ruì}, Institut za vo}arstvo, â~ak
18. Prof. dr Evica Nenadovi}-Mratini}, Poljoprivredni fakultet, Zemun-Beograd
19. Prof. dr Franci [tampar, University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Ljubljana, R. Slovenia
20. Prof. dr Gordana Vukeli}, Poljoprivredni fakultet, Zemun-Beograd
21. Dr Hrotkó Károly, Corvinus University of Budapest, Budapest, Hungary
22. Prof. dr Jasminka Milivojevi}, Poljoprivredni fakultet, Zemun-Beograd
23. Prof. dr Jelena Nini} Todorovi}, Poljoprivredni fakultet, Novi Sad
24. Prof. dr Ljiljana Babi}, Poljoprivredni fakultet, Novi Sad
25. Prof. dr Marjan Kiprijanovski, Faculty of Agriculture, Skopje, R. Macedonia
26. Prof. dr Milovan Veli~kovi}, Poljoprivredni fakultet, Zemun-Beograd
27. Dr Mihail Coman, Research Institute for Fruit Growing, Pitesti, Romania
28. Prof. dr Mihailo Nikoli}, Poljoprivredni fakultet, Zemun-Beograd
29. Prof. dr Mirko Babi}, Poljoprivredni fakultet, Novi Sad
30. Prof. dr Mirko Uro{evi}, Poljoprivredni fakultet, Zemun-Beograd
31. Dr Neboj{a Milo{evi}, Institut za vo}arstvo, â~ak
32. Prof. dr Ninoslav Niki}evi}, Poljoprivredni fakultet, Zemun-Beograd
33. Dr Olga Mitrovi}, Institut za vo}arstvo, â~ak
34. Prof. dr Radmila Petanovi}, Poljoprivredni fakultet, Zemun-Beograd
35. Prof. dr Radmila Stiki}, Poljoprivredni fakultet, Zemun-Beograd
36. Dr Radosav Cerovi}, Inovacioni centar Tehnolo{ko-metalur{kog Fakulteta, Beograd
37. Prof. dr Radoslava Spasi}, Poljoprivredni fakultet, Zemun-Beograd
38. Dr Rade Mileti}, Institut za vo}arstvo, â~ak
39. Dr Sanja Radi~evi}, Institut za vo}arstvo, â~ak
40. Dr Sla|ana Mari}, Institut za vo}arstvo, â~ak
41. Dr Svetlana Paunovi}, Institut za vo}arstvo, â~ak
42. Prof. dr Slobodan Cerovi}, Poljoprivredni fakultet, Novi Sad
43. Dr Tatjana Vujovi}, Institut za vo}arstvo, â~ak
44. Prof. dr Todor Vuli}, Poljoprivredni fakultet, Zemun-Beograd
45. Prof. dr Vladislav Ognjanov, Poljoprivredni fakultet, Novi Sad
46. Prof. dr Vlado Li~ina, Poljoprivredni fakultet, Zemun-Beograd
47. Prof. dr Zlatko ^melik, Agronomski fakultet, Zavod za vo}arstvo, Zagreb, Hrvatska
48. Prof. dr Zoran Keserovi}, Poljoprivredni fakultet, Novi Sad
53
UPUTSTVO ZA PISANJE RADOVA PO KRITERIJUMIMA ÂSOPISA „VO]ARSTVO“
Kategorizacija radova
âsopis „Vo}arstvo“ objavljuje recenzirane radove, a zatim naziv i ustanovu/e gde je autor/i zaposlen. U
svrstane u slede}e kategorije: fusnoti prve stranice teksta napisati kategoriju rada,
akademsku titulu i punu adresu ustanove ‡ organizaci-
Originalan nau~ni rad ‡ Sadrì neobjavljene rezulta- je u kojoj je prvi autor zaposlen.
te nau~nih istraìvanja. Od{tampani tekst, ulju~uju}i
Saètak ili rezime i klju~ne re~i
tabele, grafikone, slike i literaturu ne treba da pre|e 8
stranica (polovina autorskog tabaka). Rezime treba da bude kratak (100‡150 re~i), informa-
Pregledni rad ‡ Sadrì originalan i celovit analiti~ki tivan, u kome treba izneti svrhu rada sa najva`nijim re-
pregled i kriti~ki prikaz istraìva~kog problema ili zultatima.
podru~ja. Od{tampani tekst, uklju~uju}i tabele, grafi- Klju~ne re~i (maksimum 10) odabrati pa`ljivo jer
kone, slike i literaturu ne treba da pre|e 25 stranica. pomaù sagledavanju usmerenosti rada.
Uslov za kvalifikciju autora za pisanje preglednog ra-
da je najmanje 10 objavljenih radova iz oblasti rada Tekst rada
(autocitati).
Kratko, ili prethodno saop{tenje ‡ Sadrì neobjav- Tekst rada treba da sadrì slede}a poglavlja: Uvod;
ljene rezultate nau~nih istraìvanja u ograni~enom Materijal i metode; Rezultati; Diskusija (Rezultati i di-
obimu (do 4 stranice). skusija); Zaklju~ak (Diskusija i zaklju~ak); Zahvalni-
Autor predlaè kategoriju rada, ali redakcija ~aso- ca (naziv i broj projekta u okviru koga je nau~ni rad
pisa, na predlog recenzenta, donosi kona~nu odluku. nastao ili institucije koja je finansirala projekat ili is-
Recenzenta odre|uje isklju~ivo redakcioni odbor, a traìvanja); Literatura; Apstrakt na engleskom jeziku.
tajnost recenzije je zagarantovana. Radove recenziraju
dva, a po potrebi i vi{e nezavisnih recenzenata. Rado- Tabele
vi upu}eni na popravku posle recenzije moraju se vra- Tabele obeleène arapskim brojevima pra}ene naslo-
titi uredni{tvu u roku od 20 dana. Posle ovoga roka vom, otkucati odvojeno od teksta, na posebnoj strani,
smatra se da je autor/i odustao/li od publikovanja rada kao i grafikone, slike i dr. ilustracije. Treba izbegava-
u ovom ~asopisu. ti vertikalne crte, a broj kolona ograni~iti da tabela ne
U kategoriji „Novosti iz vo}arstva“ mogu se pu- bi ispala pre{iroka.
blikovati i:
Stru~ni ~lanci ‡ iskustva korisna za unapre|enje Ilustracije
prakse;
Prikazi ‡ knjiga, monografija, radova i dr; Grafikoni i crteì trebaju biti ura|eni na ra~unaru. Sva-
Informativni prilozi ‡ nau~ni doga|aji, uvodnici, ko- ka tabela, grafikon, crte` i slika moraju biti pomenuti
mentari i dr. u tekstu. Na desnoj margini strane obeleìti gde treba
Priloge recenzira i odobrava glavni i odgovorni da stoji tabela, grafikon, slika i dr. u tekstu. Fotografi-
urednik. je moraju biti visokog kvaliteta da bi se tehni~ki mo-
gle dobro reprodukovati. Ako autor èli moè poslati i
Priprema rukopisa za {tampu skenirane fotografije u .TIF, ili .JPG formatu. Fotogra-
fije se {tampaju crno bele.
Originalan nau~ni rad treba da bude pripremljen pre- Radovi izlaze na srpskom ili na engleskom jezi-
ma slede}em redosledu: ku.
Naslov rada Na engleski, odnosno srpski jezik (ako je rad na
engleskom), prevode se naslovi i tekstualni delovi ta-
Naslov treba da bude kratak ali informativan. Ispod bela, grafikona, crteà i slika i to otkucavanjem prevo-
naslova napisati puno ime i prezime autora, bez titule, da ispod izvornog teksta.
54
Skra}enice i jedinice Za publikacije sa nau~nih skupova:
Treba koristiti jedinice me|unarodnog sistema SI i pi- Ruì} Dj., Vujovi} T., Ostrolucka M.G., Cerovi} R.,
sati ih slovima italic. Skra}enice se mogu koristiti i za Gajdosova A. (2009): Mikropropagacija in vitro
druge izraze pod uslovom da se ti izrazi navedu u pu- visoko`bunaste borovnice (Vaccinium corymbo-
nom obliku prilikom prvog pominjanja, sa skra}enim sum L.) i brusnice (Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.).
oblikom u zagradi. Program i izvodi saop{tenja XVII simpozijuma
Dru{tva za fiziologiju biljaka Srbije, Vr{ac, 54.
Literatura Mitrovi} M., Ruì} \., Mileti} R. (2008): Long-term
Literatura obuhvata samo literaturne podatke citirane results of study of some hazelnut cultivars grown
u glavnom tekstu. Literaturni podatak treba da sadrì: in the region of â~ak. Book of Abstracts, 7th In-
autora (ili autore), godinu, naziv rada, ~asopis, broj ternational Congress on Hazelnut, Viterbo (Italy),
volumena i stranice. 121.
Citiranje u tekstu vr{iti na slede}i na~in: (Kart- Abstract
ha,1985; Murashige & Skoog, 1962; Sulaiman et al.,
1991), ili kada se pozivate na autore: Kartha (1985); Abstract otkucati na posebnoj strani i to na engleskom
Murashige & Skoog (1962); Sulaiman et al. (1991). jeziku. Abstract treba napisati najvi{e do jedne strani-
Citiranje i diskusija literature samo navedene u uvodu ce i da sadrì najva`nije rezultate istraìvanja.
kao: „Ovim problemom u svetu i kod nas bavilo se vi- Pregledni rad treba da sadrì: naslov rada sa autori-
{e autora (Jardin, 1988; Bell et al., 1990 ....)“ je nepri- ma; sadràj; klju~ne re~i: analizu/diskusiju odre|ene
merena nau~nom radu i smatra}e se kao da literatura teme; literaturu i rezime.
nije ni konsultovana.
Kratko saop{tenje pripremiti prema uputstvu za ori-
U popisu literature podatke navoditi slede}im re-
ginalni nau~ni rad.
dosledom:
Za periodi~an ~asopis: Rukopis mora biti otkucan sa duplim proredom na ra-
~unaru (font Times New Roman, 12 pt) i poslat od-
Sutherland B.G., Cerovi} R., Robbins T.P., Tobutt {tampan u dva primerka sa CD. Umesto CD, rad se
K.R. (2009): The myrobalan (Prunus cerasifera moè poslati E‡mail‡om kao attachment na adresu:
L.): a useful diploid model for studying the mole- jugvocca@eunet.rs
cular genetics of self‡incompatibility in plums. Prvi autor dobija deset separata svoga rada. Od janu-
Euphytica, 166: 385‡398. ara 2010. godine cena jedne {tamparske strane je
Milatovi} D. (1999): Kontrola vegetativnog rasta i 10 u dinarskoj protivvrednosti.
rodnosti jabuke primenom retardanata. Jugoslo-
vensko vo}arstvo, 33, 127/128: 134‡152. Molimo budu}e saradnike da rad pripreme prema
Za knjige i poglavlja u knjigama: ovim uputstvima, kako bi olak{ali posao Redakciji
~asopisa. Ukoliko se rad ne pripremi po ovom
Mi{i} P., Nikoli} M. (2003): Jagodaste vo}ke. Institut uputstvu ne}e biti prihva}en za eventualno publi-
za istraìvanja u poljoprivredi SRBIJA, Beograd. kovanje.
Vasil I.K. (1974): The histology and physiology of
pollen germination and pollen tube growth on the Radove slati na adresu:
stigma and in the style. In: „Fertilization in Hig- Redakcija ~asopisa „Vo}arstvo“
her Plants“, Linskens, H.F. (ed.), North‡Holland, Institut za vo}arstvo
American Elsevier, Amsterdam, NewYork, pp. Kralja Petra I/9, 32000 â~ak, Srbija
105‡118. E-mail: jugvocca@eunet.rs
55
INSTRUCTIONS FOR WRITING PAPERS IN COMPLIANCE WITH THE CRITERIA
OF THE ‘JOURNAL OF POMOLOGY’
Paper categories
Journal of Pomology publishes revised papers which The title of the paper
are classified into the following categories: The title of the paper should be brief, but informative.
The forename and surname of each author without title,
Original scientific paper ‡ contains unpublished re- coupled with the institution for which he/she works are
sults of the scientific studies. Printed text, including ta- to be stated below. The category of the paper, an aca-
bles, graphs, figures and references should not exceed demic degree and complete address of the institution ‡
8 pages (a half of authors sheet). company, for which the first author works, must be
Review paper ‡ contains original and complete written in the footnote on the first page.
analytical survey of the specific scientific issue and
theme. Printed text, including tables, graphs, figures The abstract (content) and key words
and references should not exceed 25 pages. The requ- The abstract should be brief (100‡150 words), inform-
irement for the author qualification in terms of writing ative, with the cited aim of the paper and major results.
review paper is at least 10 published papers within the Key words (maximally 10) must properly be selected
concerned issue (auto citation). for information retrieval.
Short or previous communication ‡ contains unpu-
blished results of the scientific studies within limited The text of the paper
scope (up to 4 pages). The text of the paper should be developed under the
Author suggests the paper category. However, the following headings: Introduction, Materials and Met-
Editorial Board will bring the final decision in compli- hods, Results, Discussion (Results and Discussion),
ance with the reviewers proposal. Reviewer is exclusi- Conclusion (Discussion and Conclusion), Acknowled-
vely chosen by the Editorial Board, the secrecy being gment (title and number of project within the paper de-
guaranteed. The papers are revised by two reviewers, veloped or the institution name which financed this
or, if necessary, by several independent ones. The pa- project or investigations), References and Abstract.
pers which are upon the revision returned in order to
Tables
be corrected, have to be sent to the editorship within
20 days. Upon the stated deadline, it would be assu- Each table should be submitted on a separate sheet,
med that the author/s abandoned the publication of the numbered with arabic numerals with a brief descripti-
paper in this journal. ve title. The same holds true for graphs, figures and ot-
In the category Pomology highlights it is possible her illustrations. The use of the vertical rules should be
to publishe: avoided and the number of columns restricted to avo-
Technical papers ‡ experience useful for practise im- id broadside presentation.
provement; Illustrations
Books, monographies and papers overview;
Informative contributions ‡ scientific events, prefa- Graphs and drawings must be processed on the com-
ces, comments, etc. puter. Each table, graph, drawing or figure must be ci-
This category is reviewed and approved by editor ted in the text. The position of each table, graph, figu-
in chief. re, etc, in the text is to be indicated in the right‡hand
margin of the manuscript. In terms of technical repro-
duction, photographs should be of top quality. If it is
Preparation of the manuscript for in compliance with the authors wish, photographs
the publication scanned in .TIF and .JPG formats are welcome. Photo-
graphs are printed in black and white.
Original scientific paper should be presented in the Papers will be published on Serbian or English
following manner: language.
56
Textual parts of the tables, graphs, drawings and For publications from the scientific meetings:
figures are translated into English, i.e. Serbian (if the
paper is in English). The translation is printed below Ruì} Dj., Vujovi} T., Ostrolucka M.G., Cerovi} R.,
the original text. Gajdosova A. (2009): Mikropropagacija in vitro
visoko`bunaste borovnice (Vaccinium corymbo-
Abbreviations and units sum L.) i brusnice (Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.).
Program i izvodi saop{tenja XVII simpozijuma
SI units of the international system should be used.
Dru{tva za fiziologiju biljaka Srbije, Vr{ac, 54.
Abbreviations may be used for other expressions pro-
Mitrovi} M., Ruì} \., Mileti} R. (2008): Long-term
vided that, when first mentioned, they are defined in
results of study of some hazelnut cultivars grown
full, followed by the abbreviation in parenthesis and in the region of â~ak. Book of Abstracts, 7th In-
used consistently thereafter. ternational Congress on Hazelnut, Viterbo (Italy),
References 121.
References include only the literature data cited in the Abstract
main text. References should contain: author(s), year,
Abstract should be submitted on a separate sheet in
title, journal, volume number, and inclusive page num-
Serbian. It must not exceed one page and the major
bers.
study results are to be cited.
Citation in the text must be done in the following
manner: (Kartha, 1985; Murashige & Skoog, 1962; Review paper should contain the title with the aut-
Sulamain et al., 1991) or if a number of authors is re- hors, abstract (content), key words, analysis‡discussi-
ferred to: Kartha (1985); Murashige & Skoog (1962); on of the specific theme, references and abstract‡sum-
Sulaiman et al. (1991). The citation and discussion of mary.
the references only in the introduction such as: The Short communication is to be prepared in complian-
stated issue has been dealt with by a number of authors ce with the instruction for the original scientific paper.
in both Yugoslavia and worldwide (Jardin, 1988; Bell
et al., 1990...) is regarded as inappropriate for the sci- The manuscript is to be typed clearly, dou-
entific paper and it will be assumed that the reference ble‡spaced on the computer (font: Times New Roman,
has not been consulted. 12 pt). It should be forwarded in two copies with the
In terms of the references, data should be listed as CD enclosed. Instead of on a CD, the manuscripts can
follows: also be sent via E‡mail as attachments to the following
For periodical journals: address: jugvocca@eunet.rs
The first author receives ten offprints of the pa-
Sutherland B.G., Cerovi} R., Robbins T.P., Tobutt per. The price of one printed page will be 10 from
K.R. (2009): The myrobalan (Prunus cerasifera January 2010.
L.): a useful diploid model for studying the mole-
cular genetics of self‡incompatibility in plums. We would greatly appreciate if the prospective aut-
Euphytica, 166: 385‡398. hors prepare the manuscripts in compliance with
Milatovi} D. (1999): Kontrola vegetativnog rasta i the above stated instruction as to facilitate the
rodnosti jabuke primenom retardanata. Jugoslo- work of the editorship. If the paper is not presented
vensko vo}arstvo, 33, 127/128: 134‡152. according to the stated requirements, it will not be
For books and review papers in books: accepted for the possible publication.
Vasil I.K. (1974): The histology and physiology of The papers should be forwarded to the following
pollen germination and pollen tube growth on the
address:
stigma and in the style. In: ‘Fertilization in Hig-
her Plants’, Linskens, H.F. (ed.), North‡Holland,
Editorialship of the Journal of Pomology
American Elsevier, Amsterdam, NewYork, pp.
Fruit Research Institute
105‡118.
Mi{i} P., Nikoli} M. (2003): Jagodaste vo}ke. Institut Kralja Petra I 9, 32000 â~ak, Serbia
za istraìvanja u poljoprivredi SRBIJA, Beograd. E-mail: jugvocca@eunet.rs
57
CIP ‡ Katalogizacija u publikaciji
Narodna biblioteka Srbije, Beograd
634.1/.8
VO]ARSTVO = Journal of Pomology /

glavni i odgovorni urednik dr Sanja Radi~evi}.
- Vol. 51, br. 197‡198 (2017) ‡ â~ak
(Kralja Petra I br. 9): Nau~no vo}arsko
dru{tvo Srbije, 2016 ‡ (â~ak: „[tamparija
Svetlost“ d.o.o.).
26 cm
Tromese~no - Nastavak publikacije:

Jugoslovensko vo}arstvo = ISSN 0350-2155
ISSN 1820-5054 = Vo}arstvo
COBISS.SR.-ID 120509708

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What are the main characteristics of the studied pear varieties?

What are the main characteristics of the studied pear varieties?

What are the main findings regarding the mass and dimensions of the fruits of the studied pear varieties?

What are the main findings regarding the mass and dimensions of the fruits of the studied pear varieties?

Vo}arstvo Nau~ni ~asopis

Journal of Pomology Scientific Journal

Nau~no vo}arsko dru{tvo Srbije

Vol. 51 * Br. 197‡198 (1‡2) * januar‡jun 2017.

REDAKCIONI ODBOR ‡ EDITORIAL BOARD

GLAVNI I ODGOVORNI UREDNIK ‡ EDITOR IN CHIEF

TEHNI^KI UREDNIK I KOREKTOR ‡ TECHNICAL EDITOR AND PROOF READER

IZDAVA^KI SAVET ‡ PUBLISHING COUNCIL

U sufinansiranju ~asopisa u~estvuju ‡ Publication is co-financed by

^asopis izlazi tromese~no ‡ Published quarterly

Uredni{tvo i administracija ‡ Editorial board and administration:

Tira` ‡ Circulation: 200

Aytekin A. Polat: Fig production in Turkey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

Hakan Engin, Zeliha Gökbayrak: Flowers biology of some Turkish pomegranates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

Pregledni rad ‡ Review paper

Biolo{ke osobine autohtonih sorti kru{ke (Pyrus communis L.) na podru~ju

Primljeno: 27. oktobra 2016; prihva}eno: 10. aprila 2017.

Uvod Kru{ka se najvi{e gaji na podru~ju Gornjeg Po-

{ke. Stabla su gajena u slobodnom porastu, a agroteh-

Tab. 2. Organolepti~ke osobine ploda autohtonih sorti kru{ke

BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF AUTOCHTHONOUS PEAR (Pyrus communis L.) CULTIVARS IN

Vu~eta Ja}imovi}, \ina Bo`ovi}, Biljana Lazovi}

Comparative testing of four plum cultivars on four rootstocks in intensive

Received: 28 September 2016; Accepted: 03 April 2017

Key words: plum, cultivars, rootstocks, intensive orchard

Introduction otstocks with vegetative propagation are also signifi-

Tab. 2. Crown volume (m3) of different cultivar/rootstock combinations in period 2013‡2015

Tab. 3. Productive characteristics of different cultivar/rootstocks combinations in 2015

Tab. 4. Yield efficiency (kg cm-2) of different cultivar/rootstocks combinations in 2015

Conclusions The latest ripening cultivar ‘Jojo’ accumulated

UPOREDNO ISPITIVANJE ^ETIRI SORTE [LJIVE NA ^ETIRI PODLOGE U INTENZIVNOM ZASADU

Boryana Stefanova, Georgi Popski

Fenolo{ke osobine sorti visoko`bunaste borovnice (Vaccinium corymbosum L.)

Primljeno: 18. oktobra 2016; prihva}eno: 17. marta 2017.

Klju~ne re~i: visoko`bunasta borovnica, fenofaze, vegetacioni period

Uvod godna podru~ja sa umerenim dnevnim i ni`im no}nim

‡ Fenofaza zrenja ploda: po~etak zrenja (pojava Rezultati i diskusija

Zaklju~ak i Bluecrop, {to ukazuje na ~injenicu da du`ina vegeta-

PHENOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF HIGHBUSH BLUEBERRY (Vaccinium corymbosum L.)

Aleksandar Leposavi}1, Darko Jevremovi}1, Branko Popovi}1, Olga Mitrovi}1, Dragan

Interactive effect of soil management systems and cultivar on biological

Received: 1 December 2016; Accepted: 3 April 2017

Introduction dant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and anticarci-

H ‡ bush height (m) Results and Discussion

0,4 Foil/ 0,4

INTERAKCIJSKI EFEKAT NA^INA ODR@AVANJA ZEMLJI[TA I SORTE NA BIOLO[KA

Svetlana M. Paunovi}1, Mihailo Nikoli}2, Rade Mileti}1, @aklina Karaklaji}-Staji}1,

Fig production in Turkey

Received: 20 October 2016; Accepted: 13 April 2017

Keywords: Ficus carica L., cultivars, production, cultivation, marketing

Introduction for dry consumption. The leading fig exporting coun-

Present Status Most of the dried fig production in Turkey comes

Tab. 2. Major dried fig producing countries by quantity (metric tons)

Tab. 3. Turkey's dried figs exports by countries (metric tons)

PROIZVODNJA SMOKVE U TURSKOJ