LINUX SYSTEM AND 


NETWORK ADMINISTRATION

RHCSA/RHCE
Course Content

Module I
Lecture/Lab 1
– Introduction to UNIX

- UNIX Operating System Architecture
– Linux Operating System
– Users, Groups and Permissions

- Examining Permissions
Lecture/Lab 2
– Linux Installation
– Hard Disk Partition Details
– Linux File System

- ext2 / ext3
– Dual Boot Installation
Lecture/Lab 3
– Desktop Familiarization 

- Text and GUI Mode

- Virtual Terminals 

- GNOME and KDE Desktop
Course Content

Module I
Lecture/Lab 4 & 5
– UNIX Shell
– UNIX Commands
– Shell Commands

- File System Management

- File Management and Viewing 

- Help, Job and Process Management

- Network Management 

- System Management 

- User Management

- Printing and Programming 

- Document Preparation 

- Miscellaneous
Lecture/Lab 6
– System Initialization and Services

- Boot Sequence, Runlevels & Daemon Processes
– User Administration

- User Creation/ Suspension & Deletion

- Group Administration
Course Content
Module I
Lecture/Lab 7
– Network Configuration

- Configuration Utilities

- Multiple NICs
– Task Schedulers

- cron daemons
– Disk quota management
– Backup and Restore
Lecture/Lab 8
– Adding and Removing Software Packages
• RPM Package Management
– Setting Printer
– System Monitoring 

- File System Analysis

- System Log Files & Analysis
– System Troubleshooting

- Filesystem Corruption and Recovery

- Things to check: The X Window System

- Service, Networking & Booting

- The Rescue Environment

- Recovery Runlevels, Boot Floppies
Course Content

Module II
Lecture/Lab 9
– DHCP 

- Server setup 

- Client setup
– NIS 

- NIS Server setup

- NIS Client setup


Lecture/Lab 10
– NFS

- NFS Server & Client configuration

- autofs implementation
– Samba Server

- File & Print Service


Lecture/Lab 11
– Basic Concept of DNS

- Implementation of BIND

- forward & reverse lookup

- DNS Directives
Course Content

Module II
• Lecture/Lab 12
– Apache Web Server

- Basic Configuration

- Name based Virtual Hosting

- Restriction through htaccess


• Lecture/Lab 13
– Sendmail - Mail Server

- Configuring mail service

- SMTP Server
• POP3 / IMAP Server


• Lecture/Lab 14
– Proxy Server - Squid

- ACL for restricting access


• Lecture/Lab 15
– Linux System as a Router

- Setup and configuration

- Static Routing
– SELinux Configuration
– Firewall Using IPTables

- Filter and NAT rules
Schedule

Course Schedule

The complete course, including Lectures and

Labs, will be covered in 60 Hours.
The total duration of the course will be 3.5 - 4
months.

Lectures : Every Tuesday, 17:00 – 18:30 P.M

Labs : Thursday late, 18:30 – 20:00 P.M

Grading

Grading Guidelines
Two Exams: 40% + 40%
Lab: 20%

Minimum 80% attendance and minimum 60%

marks are necessary to clear the course.
Course References

References

Online on the Web

The Linux Documentation Project (LDP), http://
www.tldp.org/
Mirror: http://www.iitk.ac.in/LDP
Red Hat Linux, O'Reilly
The course slides will be available at http://
portal.feaa.uaic.ro/Master/SDBIS/an1/la/Lists/
Anunuri/DispForm.aspx?ID=14&Source=http%3A
%2F%2Fportal%2Efeaa%2Euaic%2Ero%2FMaster
%2FSDBIS%2Fan1%2Fla%2FPages%2Fdefault
%2Easpx
Introduction to Linux

UNIX/LINUX OPERATING SYSTEM

Introduction to Unix
History of UNIX
What is LINUX
LINUX Distributions
Unix OS Structure
Unix File System
Unix Directories, Files and Inodes
Users, Groups and Permissions
Introduction to Linux

UNIX

Unix is a multi-user, multi-tasking

operating system.
You can have many users logged
into a system simultaneously, each
running many programs.
It's the kernel's job to keep each
process and user separate and to
regulate access to system
hardware, including cpu, memory,
disk and other I/O devices.
Introduction to Linux

History of UNIX

First Version was created in Bell Labs in

1969.
Some of the Bell Labs programmers who had
worked on this project, Ken Thompson,
Dennis Ritchie, Rudd Canaday, and Doug
McIlroy designed and implemented the first
version of the Unix File System on a PDP-7
along with a few utilities. It was given the
name UNIX by Brian Kernighan.
00:00:00 Hours, Jan 1, 1970 is time zero for
UNIX. It is also called as epoch.
Introduction to Linux

History of UNIX

1973 Unix is re-written mostly in

C, a new language developed by
Dennis Ritchie.
Being written in this high-level
language greatly decreased the
effort needed to port it to new
machines.
Introduction to Linux

History of UNIX

1977 There were about 500 Unix sites

world-wide.
1980 BSD 4.1 (Berkeley Software
Development)
1983 SunOS, BSD 4.2, System V
1988 AT&T and Sun Microsystems
jointly develop System V Release 4
(SVR4). This later developed into
UnixWare and Solaris 2.
1991 Linux was originated.
Introduction to Linux

What is LINUX

Linux is a free Unix-type operating system

originally created by Linus Torvalds with the
assistance of developers around the world.
It originated in 1991 as a personal project of
Linus Torvalds, a Finnish graduate student.
The Kernel version 1.0 was released in 1994
and today the most recent stable version is
2.6.9
Developed under the GNU General Public
License , the source code for Linux is freely
available to everyone.
Introduction to Linux

LINUX Distributions
RedHat: http://www.redhat.com/
Fedora: http://fedora.redhat.com/
SuSE/Novell: http://www.suse.com/
Debian: http://www.debian.org/
Mandrake: http://www.mandrakesoft.com/

Red Hat Enterprise Linux is a Enterprise targeted

Operating System. It based on mature Open Source
technology and available at a cost with one year
Red Hat Network subscription for upgrade and
support contract.
Introduction to Linux

UNIX Structure
Introduction to Linux

UNIX File System

Introduction to Linux

File System

The Unix file system looks like an

inverted tree structure.
You start with the root directory,
denoted by /, at the top and work down
through sub-directories underneath it.
Introduction to Linux

File System

Each node is either a file or a directory

of files, where the latter can contain
other files and directories.
You specify a file or directory by its path
name, either the full, or absolute, path
name or the one relative to a location.
The full path name starts with the root, /,
and follows the branches of the file
system, each separated by /, until you
reach the desired file, e.g.:
/home/condron/source/xntp
Introduction to Linux

File System

A relative path name specifies the path relative to

another, usually the current working directory
that you are at. Two special directories :
. the current directory
.. the parent of the current directory
So if I'm at /home/frank and wish to specify the
path above in a relative fashion I could use:
../condron/source/xntp
This indicates that I should first go up one
directory level, then come down through the
condron directory, followed by the source
directory and then to xntp.
Introduction to Linux

Structure of Standard Directories

in Unix/Linux
/ The ancestor of all directories on the system;
all other directories are subdirectories of this
directory, either directly or through other
subdirectories.
/bin Essential tools and other programs (or
binaries).
/dev Files representing the system's various
hardware devices. For example, you use the
file `/dev/cdrom' to access the CD−ROM drive.
/etc Miscellaneous system configuration files,
startup files, etc.
Introduction to Linux

Structure of Standard Directories in

Unix/Linux
/home The home directories for all of the
system's users.
/lib Essential system library files used by
tools in `/bin'.
/proc Files that give information about
current system processes.
/root The superuser's home directory,
whose username is root. (In the past, the
home directory for the superuser was
simply `/'; later, `/root' was adopted for this
purpose to reduce clutter in `/'.)
Introduction to Linux

Structure of Standard Directories in Unix/Linux

/sbin Essential system administrator

tools, or system binaries.
/tmp Temporary files.
/usr Subdirectories with files related
to user tools and applications.
Introduction to Linux
Directories, Files and Inodes
Every directory and file is listed in its parent

directory.
In the case of the root directory, that parent is itself.
A directory is a file that contains a table listing the

files contained within it, giving file names to the

inode numbers in the list.
The information about all the files and directories is

maintained in INODE TABLE
An Inode (Index Nodes) is an entry in the table

containing information about a file (metadata)

including file permissions, UID, GID, size, time

stamp, pointers to files data blocks on the disk etc.
Introduction to Linux

Users, Groups and Access Permissions

In UNIX/LINUX, there is a concept of user and

an associated group
The system determines whether or not a user
or group can access a file or program based
on the permissions assigned to them.
Apart from all the users, there is a special
user called Super User or the root which has
permission to access any file and directory
Introduction to Linux

Access Permissions
There are three permissions for any file, directory
or application program.
The following lists the symbols used to denote
each, along with a brief description:
r — Indicates that a given category of user can
read a file.
w — Indicates that a given category of user can
write to a file.
x — Indicates that a given category of user can
execute the file.
Introduction to Linux

Access Permissions

Each of the three permissions are assigned to

three defined categories of users.
The categories are:

owner — The owner of the file or

application.
group — The group that owns the file or

application.
others — All users with access to the
system.
Introduction to Linux

Access Permissions

One can easily view the permissions for a file

by invoking a long format listing using the
command ls -l.
For instance, if the user juan creates an
executable file named test, the output of the
command ls -l test would look like this:


-rwxrwxr-x 1 juan student 0 Sep 26 12:25 test

Introduction to Linux

Access Permissions

The permissions for this file are listed are

listed at the start of the line, starting with rwx.
This first set of symbols define owner access.
The next set of rwx symbols define group
access
The last set of symbols defining access
permitted for all other users.

-rwxrwxr-x 1 juan student 0 Sep 26 12:25 test

Introduction to Linux

Access Permissions

This listing indicates that the file is readable,

writable, and executable by the user who
owns the file (user juan) as well as the group
owning the file (which is a group named
student).
The file is also world-readable and world-
executable, but not world-writable.

-rwxrwxr-x 1 juan student 0 Sep 26 12:25 test

Introduction to Linux
Listing the Content of a Directory

ls is used to list the contents of a directory.

If the command ls is written with parameter –l
then the command lists contents of the
working directory with details. Example:
$ ls –l
Introduction to Linux

Moving in Directories

cd try_it
Changes the directory to try_it
pwd 

Prints present working directory (e.g. /home/
smith/try_it)
cd .. Move to superior directory
pwd : Prints /home/smith
cd /home The absolute path
pwd : Prints /home
cd The system is returned to the user home
directory
pwd : Print /home/smith
Introduction to Linux

Make Directory

The command mkdir my_dir

makes new directory my_dir (the path is
given relative) as a subdirectory of the
current directory.
Introduction to Linux

Remove Directory

The command rmdir your_dir

removes directory your_dir if it is empty.
Introduction to Linux

Copy File

The command cp file_1 file_2

copies file_1 to file_2. The both files must be in
the same working directory. If they are in
various directories, the path must be given.
Introduction to Linux

Rename and/or Move the File

The command mv file_1 file_2

moves file_1 to file_2
The both files must be in the same working
directory.
If they are in different directories, the path must
be given.
The file_1 is removed from the disk.
Introduction to Linux

Remove File

The command rm file_a

removes the file_a from the system
If you use wildcard. For example
rm h*c
you will remove all files beginning with h and
ending with c which are in working directory.
If you write
rm *
you will erase all files from your working
directory.
Introduction to Linux

Access Permission of File/Directory

The ownership of the file or directory can be
changed using the command
chown <owner> <file/directory name>
The group of the file or directory can be changed
using the command
chgrp <group> <file/directory name>
The permissions of the file can be changed using
chmod command
chmod -R ### <filename or directory>
-R is optional and when used with directories will
traverse all the sub-directories of the target
directory changing ALL the permissions to ###.
Introduction to Linux
Access Permission of File/
Directory
The #'s can be:
0 = Nothing

1 = Execute

2 = Write

3 = Execute & Write (2 + 1)

4 = Read

5 = Execute & Read (4 + 1)

6 = Read & Write (4 + 2)

7 = Execute & Read & Write (4 + 2 + 1)

RWX
Introduction to Linux

Assignment (1)
1. Login as kiosk (password is redhat)
2. Find the present Directory
3. Print the / directory structure
4. Print a few commands available in /bin and /sbin directory
5. Locate the kiosk directory
6. Print the permissions of kiosk directory
7. Create a new Directory test in kiosk directory
8. Print the permissions of test directory
9. Copy the file /etc/resolv.conf in test directory
10. Rename the test directory to testing
11. Delete the testing directory
12. Change the permissions of kiosk directory to 775
13. Login as root user (password is Asimov)
14. Change the permissions of /tmp directory to 700
15. Change the permissions of kiosk directory to 700
16. The location of kernel files in Unix File System is /boot and by looking at
the kernel file, print the kernel version you are using in your system.
Introduction to Linux

Assignment (2)
1. Login as guest
2. Change directory to /
3. List the contents of /home directory
4. Find the group to which guest belongs
5. Create a file syslinus in the home area of guest (hint: use touch command)
6. Find the permissions of the file syslinus
7. Find the inode number of file syslinus (hint: ls –li)
8. Copy the file syslinus to syslinus1
9. Find the inode number of file syslinus1 (hint: ls –li)
10. Move the file syslinus to syslinus2
11. Find the inode number of file syslinus2 (hint: ls –li)
12. Move syslinus2 to syslinus
13. Login as root
14. Create a new user guest1 with same group as guest (hint: use GUI tool
Applications!System Settings! Users and Groups)[More on this later in the
course]
15. Create a new user guest2 with a different group than the group of guest (hint: use
GUI tool Applications!System Settings! Users and Groups)
16. Find, what permissions should the file syslinus have, so that both guest1 and guest2
can write into this file.