Programming Element PDF

Programming Element
Prepared By Dr Goh Wan Inn

Example of Simple Calculator Program
using Python Language
# This program is to make a simple calculator comment
import os
print (“Additional Calculator of Two Input Number")
print ("")
Display
prompt
num1 = float (input("Enter first number: ")) Gathering input
num2 = float (input("Enter second number: ")) prompt
sum=num1+num2 Process statement
print (num1, "+", num2, "=", sum) Displaying output
os.system ("PAUSE")
Computer Programming 2
The print Object
• This produces multiple line of output:
print (“I am ”)
print (“Iron Man”)
The print Object
• Another way of producing multiple-line text using
\n
print (“I am\nIron Man ”)
The output Object
Variables and Literals
Variables
• Variable: a storage location in memory
– Has a name and a type of data it can hold

– Python allow programmer use variable without
declaring it.
– Can directly assigned/initialized any value into those
variables.
– Automatically select appropriate data type according to
the value.
Variable automatically assigned as int data type
num1 = 10
11
Variables and
Literals Variables
Way of declaring variable

while asking for input.
Variable num1 assigned to
hold float data type
• Literal: a value that is written into a program’s code.
"hello, there" (string literal)

12 (integer literal)
15 is an integer literal
This is a string literal
Output Display
Total number of green apple is 15
Computer Programmng
14
Identifiers
• An identifier is a programmer-defined name for
some part of a program: variables, functions, etc.
• You cannot use any of the C++ key words as an
identifier. These words have reserved meaning.
15
Variable Names
• A variable name should represent the purpose of
the variable. For example:
itemsOrdered
The purpose of this variable is to hold the number of

items ordered.
16
Identifier Rules
• The first character of an identifier must be an
alphabetic character or and underscore ( _ ),
• After the first character you may use
alphabetic characters, numbers, or
underscore characters.
• Upper- and lowercase characters are distinct
17
Rules of naming variables
Explanation Example
Variable name should START
either with letter of underscore. score, _number
Cannot start with number.
The reminding character CAN
consist of letters, numbers and total_sales, marks1
underscore.
Should NOT made of reserved and (reserved word),
words and contain any symbols. password& (contain symbol)
May NOT contain spaces of total sales (not valid since has
naming variable names. space between total & sales)
Names are CASE SENSITIVE with totalsales is not same with
uppercase and lowercase. Totalsales
Valid and Invalid Identifiers
IDENTIFIER VALID? REASON IF INVALID
totalSales Yes
total_Sales Yes
total.Sales No Cannot contain .
4thQtrSales No Cannot begin with digit
totalSale$ No Cannot contain $
Data Types
Numeric Data Type Character Data Type
❑int ❑string (str)
❑float
❑long Bool Data Types
❑complex ❑True
❑False
Numeric Data Type - int
• Plain integers of positive or negative whole
numbers
• E.g. : 10, -10
• Assign for suitable variable application, such
as number of student (num_student),
number of car (num_car) and etc.
num_student = int (input(“Enter number of student =“)
Numeric Data Type - long
• Long integer with infinite size
• Similar with int, except the are followed by
letter “L”
• E.g. : 10L, -10L
Numeric Data Type - float
• Represent real numbers.
• E.g.
12.45 -3.8
• Stored in a form similar to scientific notation (6.022e23)
• All floating-point numbers are signed
Numeric Data Type - complex
• Use to represent complex number
• Represent by formula a+bi, where a and b are floats, while
i is the
−1
• E.g. : 10+28i
Character Data Type - str
state = str (input("Enter State: "))

print (“State is: ", state)
state = “Singapore”
print (state)
bool Data Type
• Represents values that are true or false
• bool variables are stored as small integers
• false is represented by 0, true by 1:
bool allDone = true;
bool finished = false;allDone finished
1 0
Variable Assignments
• An assignment statement uses the = operator to
store a value in a variable.
item = 12;
• This statement assigns the value 12 to the item
variable.
• The variable receiving the value must appear on
the left side of the = operator.
• This will NOT work:
// ERROR!
12 = item;
Variable Initialization
• To initialize a variable means to assign it a
value and automatically defined with
appropriate data type
length = 12; #Integer data types
Multiple Variable Assignment in the Same Line
Arithmetic Operators
• Used for performing numeric calculations

• C++ has unary, binary, and ternary
operators:
– unary (1 operand) -5
– binary (2 operands) 13 - 7
– ternary (3 operands) exp1 ? exp2 : exp3
Binary Arithmetic Operators
SYMBOL OPERATION EXAMPLE VALUE OF
ans
+ addition ans = 7 + 3; 10
- subtraction ans = 7 - 3; 4
* multiplication ans = 7 * 3; 21
/ division ans = 7 / 3; 2
% modulus ans = 7 % 3; 1
A Closer Look at the / Operator
Program Documentation / Comments
Program to calculate area of rectangular
37
And now??
• Add on the program to

calculate perimeter.
Let’s go for extra miles!
Change to calculate the width required
for an area of rectangular
Hint: ask the area and length required
from user.
Area = length*width

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Programming Element

Prepared By Dr Goh Wan Inn

print (“I am\nIron Man ”)

– Has a name and a type of data it can hold

Way of declaring variable

"hello, there" (string literal)

Total number of green apple is 15

The purpose of this variable is to hold the number of

total.Sales No Cannot contain .

4thQtrSales No Cannot begin with digit

totalSale$ No Cannot contain $

num_student = int (input(“Enter number of student =“)

• Stored in a form similar to scientific notation (6.022e23)

• All floating-point numbers are signed

state = str (input("Enter State: "))

length = 12; #Integer data types

• Used for performing numeric calculations

• Add on the program to

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