Corona Virus 2019
Corona Virus 2019
Corona Virus 2019
Echevaria Jonille S.
BSP 2
I. Introduction
This review is all about how Covid 19 AKA corona virus 2019 affects our immune system and
study its pathogenesis. The outbreak was first identified in Wuhan, China, in December 2019.
The World Health Organization declared the outbreak a Public Health Emergency of
coronavirus, originally abbreviated as 2019-nCoV by WHO, was identified from the throat
swab sample of a patient. This pathogen was later renamed as severe acute respiratory syndrome
infectious with a relatively high mortality rate, but the information available in public reports and
published literature is rapidly increasing. The aim of this review is to summarize the current
understanding ofCOVID-19 including causative agent, pathogenesis of the disease, diagnosis and
This paper sought to know the different study findings on Corona Virus 2019 ( Covid
19 ) and, moreover, this study would like to attain the following objectives:
3. Enumerate the basis of vaccines that are being developed on how they can stimulate
searching for relevant and pertinent articles in the PubMed or other available
Pathogenesis of Covid 19
SARS-CoV-2 belongs to the coronavirus family, members of which have caused two
previous epidemics at the beginning of the 21st century; one named SARS-CoV and the other
Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS). Coronaviruses are large enveloped viruses with
a positive sense RNA genome. The lipid bilayer envelope of the virus contains several
proteins with different tasks. The spike or S glycoprotein (SP), has two domains of S1 and
S2, is responsible for invasion, attachment, and entry into human cells. The receptor-binding
host cell surface, which is a similar entry mechanism to SARS-CoV; however, the S2 domain
is responsible for virus-cell membrane fusion and viral entry with higher affinity. Higher
expression of the ACE2 receptor in adults compared to children may be a reason for the
higher infection rate seen in adults . Another noteworthy point is the increased level of
enzymes in the liver, heart, and kidneys in COVID-19 patients with pneumonia, which is
consistent with the tissue expression profile of the ACE2 receptor this could also explain the
higher reproductive number than SARS and more people have been reported to have been
infected or died from it than SARS Similar to SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, disrupting the
chain of transmission is considered key to stopping the spread of disease. Different strategies
should be implemented in health care settings and at the local and global levels. Health care
model for SARS, applying triage, following correct infection control measures, isolating the
cases and contact tracing are key to limit the further spreading of the virus in clinics and
infections (e.g. runny nose, fever and cough) must wear a face mask to contain the virus and
strictly adhere triage procedure. They should not be permitted to wait with other patients
seeking medical care at the facilities. They should be placed in a separated, fully ventilated
room and approximately 2 m away from other patients with convenient access to respiratory
must be placed in a single patient room with negative air pressure a minimum of six air
neutralise the virus and likely also by helping the immune system memorise and
CoV-2, and vaccine-induced protective immunity may differ from natural immunity
immune responses between asymptomatic, mild and severe cases and at early and late
COVID-19, whereas the young are better protected. It is estimated that 40–75% of
Furthermore, that asymptomatic and mildly ill individuals seem to develop low levels
immunity.
ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (also known as AZD-1222), which is being developed by Oxford
vaccine. Humans have low seroprevalence for ChAd, hence its strong
lungs and prevented pneumonia in rhesus macaques, it did not reduce viral loads in
the upper respiratory tract. A recently reported phase I/II study shows its safety and
the induction of potent neutralizing antibody and T cell responses following a single
It remains unclear from this trial to what extent both CD4+ and CD8+ T cell subsets
were activated.
V. Conclusion
There have been rapid advances in what we know about the pathogen, how it infects
cells and causes disease, and clinical characteristics of disease. Due to rapid
transmission, countries around the world should increase attention into dis-ease
including establishing rapid response teams and improving the capacity of the
in rhesus macaques. Nature https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2608-y (2020)
controlled trial. Lancet https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31604-4 (2020).
- Chan JF, Yuan S, Kok KH, To KK, Chu H, Yang J, et al. A familial cluster of pneumonia
- China CDC. Epidemic update and risk assessment of 2019 novel coronavirus.Chinese
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novel pneumonia coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) using whole genomic data. ChinaXiv 2020.
Preprint
- Chan JF, Yuan S, Kok KH, To KK, Chu H, Yang J, et al. A familial cluster of