Materials: Submerged Arc Welded

be removed from both inner and outer surfaces using a scarfing blade.
The weld zone can also be

heat-treated to make the seam less visible. Welded pipe often have tighter dimensional tolerances
than the seamless type, and can be cheaper to manufacture.
There are a number of processes that may be used to produce ERW pipes. Each of these processes
leads to coalescence or merging of steel components into pipes. Electric current is passed through
the surfaces that have to be welded together; as the components being welded together resist the
electric current, heat is generated which forms the weld. Pools of molten metal are formed where the
two surfaces are connected as a strong electric current is passed through the metal; these pools of
molten metal form the weld that binds the two abutted components.
ERW pipes are manufactured from the longitudinal welding of steel. The welding process for ERW
pipes is continuous, as opposed to welding of distinct sections at intervals. ERW process uses steel
coil as feedstock.
The High Frequency Induction Technology (HFI) welding process is used for manufacturing ERW
pipes. In this process, the current to weld the pipe is applied by means of an induction coil around
the tube. HFI is generally considered to be technically superior to “ordinary” ERW when
manufacturing pipes for critical applications, such as for usage in the energy sector, in addition to
other uses in line pipe applications, as well as for casing and tubing.
Large-diameter pipe (25 centimetres (10 in) or greater) may be ERW, EFW or Submerged Arc
Welded ("SAW") pipe. There are two technologies that can be used to manufacture steel pipes of
sizes larger than the steel pipes that can be produced by seamless and ERW processes. The two
types of pipes produced through these technologies are longitudinal-submerged arc-welded (LSAW)
and spiral-submerged arc-welded (SSAW) pipes. LSAW are made by bending and welding wide
steel plates and most commonly used in oil and gas industry applications. Due to their high cost,
LSAW pipes are seldom used in lower value non-energy applications such as water pipelines.
SSAW pipes are produced by spiral (helicoidal) welding of steel coil and have a cost advantage over
LSAW pipes, as the process uses coils rather than steel plates. As such, in applications where
spiral-weld is acceptable, SSAW pipes may be preferred over LSAW pipes. Both LSAW pipes and
SSAW pipes compete against ERW pipes and seamless pipes in the diameter ranges of 16”-24”.
Tubing for flow, either metal or plastic, is generally extruded.
Materials[edit]
Historic water mains from Philadelphia included wooden pipes

Pipe is made out of many types of material including ceramic, glass, fiberglass,
many metals, concrete and plastic. In the past, wood and lead (Latin plumbum, from which comes
the word 'plumbing') were commonly used.
Typically metallic piping is made of steel or iron, such as unfinished, black (lacquer) steel, carbon
steel, stainless steel, galvanized steel, brass, and ductile iron. Iron based piping is subject to
corrosion if used within a highly oxygenated water stream. [2] Aluminum pipe or tubing may be utilized
where iron is incompatible with the service fluid or where weight is a concern; aluminum is also used
for heat transfer tubing such as in refrigerant systems. Copper tubing is popular for domestic water
(potable) plumbing systems; copper may be used where heat transfer is desirable (i.e. radiators or
heat exchangers). Inconel, chrome moly, and titanium steel alloys are used in high temperature and
pressure piping in process and power facilities. When specifying alloys for new processes, the
known issues of creep and sensitization effect must be taken into account.
Lead piping is still found in old domestic and other water distribution systems, but is no longer
permitted for new potable water piping installations due to its toxicity. Many building codes now
require that lead piping in residential or institutional installations be replaced with non-toxic piping or
that the tubes' interiors be treated with phosphoric acid. According to a senior researcher and lead
expert with the Canadian Environmental Law Association, "...there is no safe level of lead [for human
exposure]".[3] In 1991 the US EPA issued the Lead and Copper Rule, it is a federal regulation which
limits the concentration of lead and copper allowed in public drinking water, as well as the
permissible amount of pipe corrosion occurring due to the water itself. In the US it's estimated that
6.5 million lead service lines (pipes that connect water mains to home plumbing) installed before the
1930s are still in use.[4]
Plastic tubing is widely used for its light weight, chemical resistance, non-corrosive properties, and
ease of making connections. Plastic materials include polyvinyl chloride (PVC),[5] chlorinated
polyvinyl chloride (CPVC), fibre reinforced plastic (FRP),[6] reinforced polymer mortar (RPMP),
[6]
polypropylene (PP), polyethylene (PE), cross-linked high-density
polyethylene (PEX), polybutylene (PB), and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), for example. In
many countries, PVC pipes account for most pipe materials used in buried municipal applications for
drinking water distribution and wastewater mains.[5] Market researchers are forecasting total global
revenues of more than US$80 billion in 2019.[7] In Europe, market value will amount to approx. €12.7
billion in 2020 [8]
Pipe may be made from concrete or ceramic, usually for low-pressure applications such as gravity
flow or drainage. Pipes for sewage are still predominantly made from concrete or vitrified
clay. Reinforced concrete can be used for large-diameter concrete pipes. This pipe material can be
used in many types of construction, and is often used in the gravity-flow transport of storm water.
Usually such pipe will have a receiving bell or a stepped fitting, with various sealing methods applied
at installation.
Traceability and positive material identification (PMI)[edit]

When the alloys for piping are forged, metallurgical tests are performed to determine material
composition by % of each chemical element in the piping, and the results are recorded in a Material
Test Report (MTR). These tests can be used to prove that the alloy conforms to various
specifications (e.g. 316 SS). The tests are stamped by the mill's QA/QC department and can be
used to trace the material back to the mill by future users, such as piping and fitting manufacturers.
Maintaining the traceability between the alloy material and associated MTR is an important quality
assurance issue. QA often requires the heat number to be written on the pipe. Precautions must also
be taken to prevent the introduction of counterfeit materials. As a backup to etching/labeling of the
material identification on the pipe, positive material identification (PMI) is performed using a
handheld device; the device scans the pipe material using an e

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be removed from both inner and outer surfaces using a scarfing blade.

The weld zone can also be

Historic water mains from Philadelphia included wooden pipes

Traceability and positive material identification (PMI)[edit]

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