Miscellaneous Equations and Inequalities
Miscellaneous Equations and Inequalities
Miscellaneous Equations and Inequalities
Lesson: Algebra
The lesson presents miscellaneous equations that are sure to come out in the
actual CETs. While intimidating, these equations can and should be reduced to
straightforward linear or quadratic equations, which can then ease the process of solving
for the missing variable, usually x.
Rational Equations
Rational equations are defined as equations with algebraic expression found in
the numerator, denominator, or both. Most CETs focus on one’s ability to find the value
of x in rational equations equivalent to the standard linear equation, those involving
radicals (which will be explored later), and sometimes even absolute value equations. An
extensive knowledge of factoring is also usually required.
The general method of solving for x in a rational equation is to get rid of fractions
by multiplying by the lowest common denominator (LCD) to both sides of the equation.
This method is equivalent to cross multiplication, which is certainly the more
time-conserving practice.
Example #1:
Determine real number x that satisfies the equation − ( x+3 2x−7
4 ) = 8 .
A. x = 1/5
B. x = 1/4
c. x = 1/3
D. x = 1/2
Remarks:
Before engaging in any of the two methods discussed above, we should first
simplify − ( x+3
4 ) in order to avoid any confusion while making use of any of the two
above methods discussed. By distributing the -1 coefficient, the LHS (left hand side)
transforms to −x−3
4
We approach by the first method (LCD). From previous lessons, we know that the
LCM of 4 and 8, which are our two denominators, is 8. Multiplying 8 to both sides gives
us the following:
( 81 )( −x−3 8 2x−7
4 ) = ( 1 )( 8 ) , which allows us to cancel parts of the numerator, giving us
(2)(− x − 3) = 2x − 7 , simplifying the first term leads to
− 2x − 6 = 2x − 7 , and by finally isolating x, we obtain
4x = 1 ⇒ x = 1/4 .
We now apply the second method of cross multiplication. By simply obtaining the
product of diagonally opposite terms and equating these, we obtain
8(− x − 3) = 4(2x − 7) which leads to
− 8x − 24 = 8x − 28 and upon isolating x, we find that
16x = 4 and thus, x = 4/16 or 1/4 .
Hence, as shown by both methods, the correct answer is B.
Example #2:
3 8 5
Find a value of x which satisfies the equation 1+x + x2 −x−2
= −2+x .
A. 2
B. 5/2
C. 3
D. -3/2
Remarks:
Initially, these problems may look difficult to solve, but upon looking at the
denominators, you will notice that they have terms in common. For example, (x + 1) and
(x − 2) are factors of (x2 − x − 2) . This makes solving a whole lot easier, but be wary, it is
essential to first simplify the equation on the left by multiplying the LCD before applying
cross-multiplication.
Expressing terms in their lowest common denominators, we have:
3(x−2)+8 5(x+1)
= x2 − x − 2 to obtain:
x2 −x−2 x2 −x−2 ; we can then multiply both sides by
3(x − 2) + 8 = 5(x + 1)
⇒ 3x − 6 + 8 = 5x + 5 isolating x, this gives us 2x = − 3 , which yields to x = − 3/2 , giving
letter D as our correct answer.
Radical Equations
Radical equations are equations with an algebraic expression inside a radical
symbol. We generally solve these types of equations by isolating the radical sign then
raising both sides to the exponent’s multiplicative inverse to get rid of the radicals.
Example #1:
Solve for the value of x in this equation: √x + 9 − 5 = x + 2 .
a. 4
b. -4
c. -8
d. None of the above satisfy the algebraic expression
Remarks:
Applying what we have learned to solving this type of equation, we must first isolate the
expression within a radical. This leads us to x + 7 = √x + 9 . Squaring both sides (as 2 is
the multiplicative inverse of ½ — recall that when we take the square root of a number,
we are actually raising the expression to ½ ) we have x2 + 14x + 49 = x + 9 , which can be
simplified to x2 + 13x + 40 = 0 . This can then be factored to (x + 8)(x + 5) = 0 and values of
x as -8 and -5. Plugging the values back into the equation, we see that both satisfy the
equation and hence, the correct answer is C.
Extraneous Roots
Here, we will be introducing the concept of the extraneous root. This is defined as
“a root, or solution, of an intermediate equation (an equation obtained in the process of
solving) that is not a root of the given equation”. Put simply, a value is an extraneous root
if it doesn’t satisfy the original equation, which occurs frequently in rational and radical
equations.
There is no way of knowing if the value for x is an extraneous root apart from
manually plugging it in, so be sure to always check after every item! Another exam tip is
that a choice for “no solution” or something similar is usually a red flag, warning one to
verify his/her answer instead of risking a (careless) mistake.
Example #1:
1 1 2
What value of x will satisfy the given equation: x−1 + x+1 = (x+1)(x−1) ?
A. -1
B. 0
C. 1
D. There is no such value for x.
Remarks:
First, we simplify the two terms on the left. This leads to the equation
x+1+x−1 2
(x+1)(x−1) = (x+1)(x−1) . Getting rid of the two denominators, we have
x + 1 + x − 1 = 2 ⇒ 2x = 2 ⇒ x = 1 . However, plugging 1 back into the equation leads
to a denominator of 0 for several terms, which is undefined as division by 0 is impossible
-- just ask Siri. As a result, 1 cannot be the root of the original equation and is an
extraneous solution. The answer is therefore D.
Example #2:
Determine the value of x that satisfies the given equation: √x + 1 = x − 1
A. 0 only
B. 0 and 3 only
C. 3 only
D. There is no such value for x.
Remarks:
By removing the radicals by squaring both sides, we obtain x + 1 = x2 − 2x + 1 . We
can simplify this by having one side be 0 for factoring later on, which gives us
x2 − 3x = 0 ⇒ x(x − 3) = 0 ⇒ x = 0, 3 . Upon plugging these values in, however, we see
that substituting 0 into the original equation yields 1 = − 1 (as radicals are always
positive), which is clearly impossible. Plugging in 3 instead gives 2 = 2 , which is
obviously true. The correct answer is therefore C.
Absolute Value Equations
The absolute value of a number x, denoted as |x|, always leads to a non-negative
number. This means that an absolute value always evaluates to either a positive number
or zero. If one were to solve the equation |x| = 1 for example, the answer is fairly simple: x
can be either -1 or 1. Remember that if an expression inside the absolute value brackets is
equal to a negative number (i.e. |2x − 1| = − 13 ), then clearly this has no solutions. The
choice is usually denoted as a null set by the { } in many college entrance exams; almost
no test explicitly states “no solution” in its choices, but the two have the same meaning.
Solving absolute value equations begins much like solving for radical equations.
First, we must isolate the expression in the absolute value brackets. We then take two
separate cases for the absolute value expression, as the expression as a standalone
can be either negative or positive (or zero) but will always be non-negative once the
absolute value function is applied on it. Finally, we plug these in to check for extraneous
roots.
Example:
Solve the equation |x + 1| + 3 = 7 for real number x.
Step 1: Isolating the expression in the absolute value bracket --> |x + 1| = 4
Step 2: Apply the two cases —> x + 1 = 4 and x + 1 = − 4 which leads to x = 3 and
x = − 5
Step 3: Plug the values back into the equation to verify your answers. As both satisfy the
equation, then x can indeed be a value of 3 and -5.
For our second example, say that a negative sign has been applied to the absolute value
bracket, so − |x + 1| + 3 = 7 .
This leads to |x + 1| = − 4 , and from the discussion above, this leads to a null set as
expressions in absolute value brackets can never result to a negative number.
Conflict arises when two expressions are both in absolute value brackets. For this
scenario, we will have four separate cases, removing the absolute value sign and taking
each expression as multiplied by -1 & +1, +1 & -1, +1 & +1, and -1 & -1 respectively.
Take for example, |2x + 3| = |5x + 1|
Case 1: One positive and one negative: 2x + 3 = − 5x − 1 → 7x = − 4 → x = − 4/7
Case 2: One negative and one positive: − 2x − 3 = 5x + 1 — > 7x =− 4 — > x = − 4/7
Case 3: Both positives: 2x + 3 = 5x + 1 — > 3x = 2 — > x = ⅔
Case 4: Both negatives: − 2x − 3 = − 5x − 1 — > 3x = 2 — > x = ⅔
Lastly, plug in the values for x back into the equations. |2(⅔) + 3| = |5(⅔) + 1| leads to
both sides being equal to 13/3. Meanwhile |2(− 4/7)) + 3| = |5(− 4/7) + 1| leads to equal
results as well, with both sides equating to 13/7. Thus, both -4/7 and ⅔ satisfy the
equation.
In this scenario two equations would have sufficed. This, however, is not always the case,
especially when expressions outside of the absolute function are introduced, and it’s
therefore safer to employ all 4 cases.
Linear Inequalities
Inequalities are denoted by the following symbols: the greater than or equal to
symbol (≥), the strictly greater than symbol (>), the less than or equal to symbol (≤), and
the strictly less than symbol (<). Note that these symbols work in pairs, such that if one
expression is greater than another, then conversely, the other expression is less than the
former; and if one expression is greater than or equal to the other, then conversely, the
latter is less than or equal to the former. In expressing our final answers, it is most
conventional to use interval notations. The domain for which x satisfies the particular
inequality (as several values may satisfy an inequality) is expressed in brackets. The use
of square brackets [a,b] implies that both a and b are included in the solution; otherwise,
we use the (a,b) parentheses to indicate that a and b are not in the solution set. [a,b) and
(a,b] are also possible, and mean similarly to above. Additionally, if the solution set
stretches to either positive or negative infinity, these ends are always represented by the
( ) parentheses.
When dividing or multiplying by a negative number be sure to “flip” the inequality
symbol as well.. If, for example, − a > − b then a < b To illustrate this concept, let us
try some examples.
Example #1:
Find the range of values for x that will satisfy the equation: − 2x − 3 < − 5
a. (− ∞, 1)
b. [1, ∞)
c. (1, ∞)
d. (1, ∞]
Remarks:
First, isolate x and the constants, giving − 2x <− 2 . We can then multiply both sides by -½,
being certain to flip the inequality sign as well. This gives x > 1 , which allows us to
safely eliminate A. As infinity is given by the ( ) parenthesis and x is strictly greater than 1,
meaning that 1 is not included in the solution set, the correct answer is C.
Quadratic Inequalities
Quadratic inequalities are solved similar to quadratic equations. We first force one side of
the inequality to be 0 and then factor. Here, we will be introducing the concept of the
sign diagram. Sign diagrams consist of three parts: the horizontal line, the positive or
negative signs (indicating whether a function is greater than or less than 0), and critical
values (values that make the function equal to 0). Labelling sign diagrams are done by
marking a zero of the function on the diagram, and dotted lines above the mark for
asymptotes. These will be explored further in the following examples.
Take for example, the inequality (x + 2)(x − 5) > 0
On the sign diagram, we label the values that will make the equation equal to zero, which
are clearly -2 and 5 by the factors above. Afterwards, we substitute numbers less than -2,
in between -2 & 5, and greater than 5 such that every critical range is tested. Since the
problem is looking for values of x that will make the solution have a value greater than 0,
we will take only the intervals where the test value is positive. By plugging in -5, 0, and 6,
for example, we obtain that only the interval from -2 to 5 is negative. Our solution set is
therefore the union of real numbers x less than -2 and real numbers x greater than 5.
Hence, the answer can be expressed in interval notation, where
SS: (− ∞, − 2) U (5, ∞) . “U” stands for union and is used to merge the two intervals.
Rational Inequalities
Rational inequalities involve polynomials in both the numerator and denominator.
In order to solve these types of inequalities, find values that would make the expression
equal to 0 (basically getting the x-intercept) or undefined (finding what values make the
expression undefined or result to a 0 in the denominator). Next, make use of the sign
diagram again, substituting numbers in between critical values and seeing which of them
satisfy the inequality.
Example #1:
Find the values of x which satisfy the inequality: (x − 1)/(x + 1) ≤ 0 .
A. [− 1, 1]
B. (− 1, 1]
C. (− ∞,− 1) ⋃ [1, ∞)
D. no solution
Remarks:
This can be solved by first finding the x-intercept, which is simply equating the numerator
to 0 (as 0 divided by any number is equal to 0), which gives us 1. Meanwhile a number
that makes the expression undefined would be -1. We then plot these values on a sign
diagram. Take note that even if the function makes use of a less than or equal to symbol,
we will not include -1 in the solution set, hence this will be marked by a ( ) form of
parenthesis. The correct answer is B.
Compound Inequalities
Compound inequalities contain two or more inequalities that are separated by
either “and” or “or”. In order to solve for the values of x which satisfy the condition for
“and”, we find the several intervals of x that satisfy the inequality and get their
intersection. On the other hand, for “or”, we get the union of these intervals instead.
Example #1:
Find the values of x that satisfy either x + 6 > 7 or 4x − 6 ≤ 0 .
A. (− ∞, 1) U [3/2, ∞)
B. (1, 3/2]
C. [− 3/2, 1)
D. (− ∞, ∞)
Remarks:
We solve each inequality independently to obtain x > 1 and x ≤ 3/2 . The union for this
compound inequality will then be (− ∞, ∞) as shown above. The correct answer is thus D.
Example #2:
Find the solution set of x + 6 > 7 and 4x − 6 ≤ 0 .
A. (− ∞, 1) U [3/2, ∞)
B. (1, 3/2]
C. [− 3/2, 1)
D. (− ∞, ∞)
Remarks:
By solving the inequalities independently again, we obtain x > 1 and x ≤ 3/2 . The
intersection for this compound inequality, as the name suggests, are the values that are
present in both inequalities. For example, while 1 is part of the solution set for x ≤ 3/2 , it
does not satisfy x > 1 , hence 1 is not included in the final solution set. The common
values of both inequalities are in the interval 1 < x ≤ 3/2 as shown in the diagram, so the
correct answer is B.
Absolute Value Inequalities
Absolute value inequalities, as the name suggests, are inequalities that involve
absolute value functions. In order to solve these types of problems, first isolate the
absolute value expression and solve it by making use of cases once more. Again, if we
were to multiply or divide both sides by a negative number, we must flip the inequality
symbol per routine. Finally, we draw a sign diagram to verify our answers.
Example #1:
What is the solution set to the inequality: |3x − 5| ≥ 3 ?
A. (− ∞, 2/3] ⋃ [8/3, ∞)
B. (− ∞, ∞)
C. [2/3, 8, 3]
D. [8/3, ∞)
Straight away, we can apply the two cases, giving us 3x − 5 ≥ 3 and 3x − 5 ≤ − 3 , which
leads us to x ≥ 8/3 and x ≤ 2/3 .
Upon drawing the sign diagram, we see that both satisfy the inequality, and hence the
answer is A.