Duhok Polytechnic University Petrochemical Department Second Stage Physical Chemistry

Duhok polytechnic university
Petrochemical department
Second stage
Physical chemistry
Calculation of enthalby changes

Name :
Ahmad sardar sadi
Muhammed adalat
Muhammed musaad
Shaswar hussen
Safwan kamal
Karzan muhammed
Niwar safar
Walid sabr
Group : A
Date : 1/10/2019
Theory experiment:
During a chemical reaction or physical change heat energy is either
transferred into the surroundings from the chemicals or absorbed from
the surrounding.
The amount of heat energy (Q) transferred depends on three factors:
 The capacity of the substance to absorb heat – called the specific heat
capacity (c).
 The amount (moles) of the substances reacting
 The change in temperature
The amount of heat transferred is proportional to each of these three

factors. T moles and Q moles. So if the number of moles increases the
temperature increases and the amount of heat energy transferred will
be greater
Calorimeter
is the laboratory apparatus that is used to measure the quantity and
direction of heat flow accompanying a chemical or physical change. The
calorimeter is well-insulated so that, ideally, no heat enters or leaves
the calorimeter from the surroundings. For this reason, any heat
liberated by the reaction or process being studied must be picked up by
the calorimeter and other substances in the calorimeter. The heat
change in chemical reactions is quantitatively expressed as the enthalpy
(or heat) of reaction, ∆H, at constant pressure. ∆H values are negative
for exothermic reactions and positive for endothermic reactions.
C=Specific heat capacity:
The specific heat is defined as the amount of heat (per unit mass of the
substance) energy required to raise 1 gram of the substance by 1C
It is measured in J g-1K-1 kJ kg-1K-1) The larger the specific heat

capacity the more heat energy 1 g of the substance needs to absorb to
cause a 1C temperature rise.
Water has a high heat capacity (4.18 J g-1 K-1 / kJ kg-1K-1) compared to
other substances like air (1.00 J g- 1 K-1).
(q/Q= Energy / enthalpy / heat energy: Measured in Joules (J) or

kilojoules (kJ). If the reaction is exothermic Q is given a negative sign
and if endothermic a positive sign. Express in KJ unless J is specifically
asked for.
Problems Answers
1. When 1.00g of sodium hydroxide is dissolved in 100.0 g of water in
an insulated container the temperature rises from 20.00°C to 22.66°C.
Calculate the enthalpy change for the solution. State any assumptions
made.
Assumptions
1. Specific heat capacity of the sodium hydroxide solution = specific
heat capacity of water
2. 100 g water + 1.00g NaOH = 100g solution
∆H = m x c x ∆T/m.wt
n(NaOH) = m ÷ M = 1.00 g ÷ 40.00 gmol-1 = 0.0250 mol
= 100g x 4.18 J g-1 K-1 x (22.66 – 20.00 K)/ 0.0250 mol
= 1111.88 ÷ 0.0250 Jmol-1 = 44475 Jmol-1
= - 44.5 kJmol-1
Heat of Neutralization
Heat of neutralization of an acid is defined as the amount of heat
evolved when 1 gram equivalent of an acid is neutralized completely by
a 1 gram equivalent of strong base in a dilute solution .Similarly ,heat of
neutralization of a base is the amount of heat evolved when 1 g
equivalent of the base is completely neutralized by strong acid in dilute
solution . The neutralization of any strong acid by any alkali always
produces the same final equation and the same value for the change in
enthalpy. It is found that heat of neutralization for all strong acids and
strong bases is practically a constant quantity = -13.7 Kcal\ mole H+ +
OH- → H2O
DISCUTION:
1- Heat: Heat is the opposite of cold. Simply heat is the

sum of kinetic energy of atoms or molecules. In
thermodynamics, heat means energy which is moved between
two things when one of them is hotter than the
other. ... Heat can also be defined as the amount of thermal
energy in a system
Enthalpy of reaction : For a chemical reaction, the enthalpy of

reaction (ΔHrxn) is the difference in enthalpy between products and
reactants; the units of ΔHrxn are kilojoules per mole. Reversing a
chemical reaction reverses the sign of ΔHrxn
Heatcapacity: Heat capacity or thermal capacity is a physical
property of matter, defined as the amount of heat to be supplied to a given
mass of a material to produce a unit change in its temperature. The SI unit
of heat capacity is joule per kelvin (J/K). Heat capacity is an extensive property
Heat capacity: The specific heat capacity of a substance,

usually denoted by M , is the heat capac ity C of a sample of the
substance, divided by the mass M of the sample:[6]
C=Dq
/ MDt
2- The difference between endothermic and exothermic

reactions lies in the words themselves. "Thermic" refers to
heat, just as in the word "thermometer." "Exo" means
"outside" and "endo" means "inside." Thus, an endothermic
reaction pulls heat into an object or area, while
an exothermic reaction expels heat.
3- A-
The heat of neutralization (ΔHn) is the change
in enthalpy that occurs when one equivalent of an acid and
one equivalent of a base undergo a neutralization reaction to
form water and a salt. It is a special case of the enthalpy of
reaction. It is defined as the energy released with the
formation of 1 mole of water
B-
- NaOH is a strong base so strength of acid is not
important. The two heats of neutralisation per mole
of NaOH should be the same as ALL neutralisations like
this simplify to the same ionic equation: H+. + OH- = H2O
6- When a solution is neutralized, it means that salts are formed
from equal weights of acid and base. The amount of acid needed
is the amount that would give one mole of protons (H+) and the
amount of base needed is the amount that would give one mole
of (OH-). Because salts are formed from neutralization reactions
with equivalent concentrations of weights of acids and
bases: N parts of acid will always neutralize N parts of base

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Duhok polytechnic university

Calculation of enthalby changes

Ahmad sardar sadi

The amount of heat energy (Q) transferred depends on three factors:

 The amount (moles) of the substances reacting

 The change in temperature

The amount of heat transferred is proportional to each of these three

It is measured in J g-1K-1 kJ kg-1K-1) The larger the specific heat

(q/Q= Energy / enthalpy / heat energy: Measured in Joules (J) or

1- Heat: Heat is the opposite of cold. Simply heat is the

Enthalpy of reaction : For a chemical reaction, the enthalpy of

Heat capacity: The specific heat capacity of a substance,

2- The difference between endothermic and exothermic

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