Final DP-I ST0301 - IU175121009
Final DP-I ST0301 - IU175121009
Final DP-I ST0301 - IU175121009
By
SHREEKUNJ PATEL
[IU175121009]
Guided By
Prof. Tejas N. Rathi
Assistant Professor,
Civil Engineering Department, Indus
University
A Thesis Submitted to
Indus University in Partial Fulfillment of
the
Requirements for the Master of Technology
Degree in Structural Engineering
INDUS UNIVERSITY
Indus Campus, Rancharda, Via. Thaltej,
Ahmedabad-382115.
Gujarat (INDIA)
Acknowledgement
First of all I am greatful to god for giving blessings. My deepest regards and greatest
admiration remain to my parents & family.
I take this golden opportunity to express my sincere thanks to all who have helped me
in completion of thesis.
I like to show my greatest appreciation to my guide Prof. Tejas Rathi. I cannot say
thank you enough for his great support and help. I feel inspired and encouraged every
time I attend his meeting. Without his guidance this thesis would not have
materialized.
I am thankful to Prof. Tejendra Tank, Head of Civil Engineering Department for his
motivation and constant monitoring. Also thankful of all the faculty members of civil
engineering department of Indus University, Ahmedabad.
____________________
SHREEKUNJ
(IU175121009)
Structural Engineering
INDUS
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CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1. General
2.1. Static and dynamic analysis of cable stayed suspension hybrid bridge
& validation
2.2. Effect of Pylon Shape on seismic response of Cable stayed bridge with soil
structure interaction
2.3 Seismic response of cable stayed bridge with different types of pylons of
various heights
2.4. Construction Techniques of The 3rd Bosphorus Bridge in Istanbul, Turkey
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List of figures
Figure 1:NORMANDIE BRIDGE, FRANCE...............................................................7
Figure 2: hybrid cable-stayed suspension bridge.............................................................8
Figure 3 :3rd Bosphorus Bridge, Turkey.........................................................................9
Figure 4:CABLE STAY BRIDGE AND SUSPENSION BRIDGE..............................11
Figure 5:.Components of bridge....................................................................................12
Figure 6: Typical H-type pylon......................................................................................13
Figure 7: Y-type pylon...................................................................................................13
Figure 8: Inverted V-type pylon.....................................................................................13
Figure 9: Delta type towers............................................................................................13
Figure 10:Composite deck.............................................................................................14
Figure 11:Typical cross section of parallel wire standsLocked coil strand...................15
Figure 12:Typical cross section of locked coil strands Helically-wound strand...........15
Figure 13:Fan type arrangement....................................................................................16
Figure 14:Albert Bridge, London fan type arrangement................................................16
Figure 15:Typical Harp type arrangement.....................................................................17
Figure 16:Abdoun Bridge, Amman, Jordan...................................................................17
Figure 17:: Typical arrangement of Semi Harp type arrangement................................17
Figure 18:The Okutama Cable-stayed Bridge,Tokoyo,Japan........................................17
Figure 19:Typical arrangement of star type...................................................................18
Figure 20:Ormiston Road Bridge by Moller Architects in New Zealand:.....................18
Figure 21:: cable stayed suspension hybrid bridge........................................................31
Figure 22:3rd bosphorus bridge.....................................................................................34
Figure 23:: A shape pylon..............................................................................................34
Figure 24:: steel deck section.........................................................................................35
Figure 25:User interface of SAP2000 v 20....................................................................35
Figure 26:3-D finite element model of A -shaped pylon C.S.S.H bridge.....................36
Figure 27:. A-shape pylon,.............................................................................................36
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1. General
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1.1. General:
The achievement of man has been attributed to how large, long and tall he can create
the structures around him. From the very beginning of the human race he has been
trying to prove that he can create some very astonishing and amazing structures around
him, like Pyramids of Egypt. The construction of cable stayed hybrid bridge of about
1400m span ( Bosphorus, turkey, Istanbul) itself is an achievement in structural
engineering.
The successful application of cable stayed systems was realized only recently, with the
introduction of high strength steels, orthotropic type decks, development of welding
techniques and progress in structural analysis New systems and technologies were
evolved to meet these requirements. Cable stayed bridges are constructed along a
structural system which comprises of a deck and continuous girders which are
supported by stays in the form of cables attached to tower located at the main piers.
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The idea of using cables and stay cables to support bridge span was introduced by
Roebling, Dischinger, Steinmann and Gimsing etc. After 1920’s combined suspension
cables with cable-stays were used in rehabilitations of some existing suspension
bridges like brooklyne bridge in America, Tancarville bridge in France and Salzar
bridge in Portugle etc. Advantages of combining both systems were discussed by
Gimsing 1988, Schlaich 1988, Lin and Chaw 1991.The cable-stayed suspension
bridge is innovative form of cable supported bridge. The work done in area of
analytical theory and computational technique was inadequate, the bridge system was
not realized until 1997. In the world first cable-stayed suspension hybrid bridge was
built in china with main span 288m, in 1997
Advantages:
As compared to the suspension bridge with the same span length the partly
suspension portion is replaced by cable-stayed portion and suspension portion
can be shortened, so the tensional forces in the main cables are greatly
decreased.
Reduction of suspension portion in main span decrease in the construction costs
of the main cables, massive anchors, difficulty to construct them in water, and
therefore makes it possible to build in the soft soil foundation also.
They are more economical since they require fewer materials and less
construction hours than a concrete structure.
In addition to these, cantilevers during erection are also shorted and wind
stability of the bridge under construction may therefore improve
wind stability of the bridge under construction may therefore improve.
Disadvantages:
They are not ideal for distances that are too far by rule the maximum span for
cable stayed bridge is 1500 meters.
Inspection and maintenance may be more difficult
Cable are prone to corrosion and fatigue. which can result to more repairs and
maintenance.
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1.3. Cable Stayed Behaviour
The basic concept is the utilization of high strength cables to provide
intermediate supports for the girder so that it may span a much longer distance.
The cable-stays are directly connected to the bridge deck resulting in much
stiffer structure. A large number of closely spaced cable stays support the
bridge deck through its length thus reducing the required and bending stiffness
of the longitudinal to the minimum and thus allowing easy construction of
longer spans. The structural system is a triangulated force system in which
cables are in tension while there is compression in pylons and deck. The
secondary effect like bending, shear, deformation of structure plays pivotal role
in stress determination of members and change the stresses considerably.
The towers are classified according to the basic forms shown in figure
a. H-Type or Twin Tower
b. Y-type tower
c. Inverted Y- Type tower
d. Delta Tower
e. Diamond Tower
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Figure 6: Typical H-type pylon
The deck or road bed is the roadway surface of a cable-stayed bridge. The deck
can be made of different materials such as steel, concrete or composite steel-
concrete. The choice of material for the bridge deck determines the overall cost
of the construction of bridges. The weight of the deck has significant impact
on the required stay cables, pylons, and foundations
These girders are attached by transverse steel floor beams. The precast
reinforced concrete deck is supported by these two main girders. This type of
composite steel-concrete deck has more advantages as follow
In the search for a more efficient bridge deck, a major advance has been made
with the development of the orthotropic steel deck. Most cable stayed bridges
have orthotropic decks which differ from one another only as far as the cross-
sections of the longitudinal ribs and the spacing of the cross-girders is
concerned.
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1.4.3. cable stayed
Locked coil strands consist of a centre of one or more layers of large diameter
galvanized round wires helically spun together as shown in fig 12 . Stranded on
top of this centre are one or more layers of large diameter galvanized shaped
wires, mainly in opposite directions, to achieve the required diameter. The closed
construction and smooth outer layers offer high resistance to deformation and
specific pressures.
Figure 12:Typical cross section of locked coil strands Helically-wound
strand.
Cable patterns
The cable system connects the stiffening girder with the towers.
• Fan type.
• Harp type.
• Mixed type.
• Star type.
Fan type:
The fan type is more aesthetic and is most economical for a pylon of
slenderness ratio (h/l) < 0.29. For an equal tower height the average
inclination of the cable stays is lower. However the cable stays are
longer and converge towards a single point at the top of the tower, they
pose problems of anchoring arrangements and any subsequent stay
replacement is difficult. The fan type increases the buckling problem
due to greater effective strut length in the towers as in Fig. 13 and 14
Figure 14:
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Figure 15:Albert Bridge, London fan type arrangement
Harp type
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1.6. Need of Study
i. Hybrid bridge systems has very specific application. However, the
behaviour of such system is to be addressed in order to conclude the
flexibility under different conditions.
ii. Span length in hybrid bridge system is relatively higher compared to cable
stayed bridge system and suspended cable bridge system. This forms the
ground to analyse the hybrid system for serviceability criteria.
iii. An optimised choice of the cable stayed system with type of pylon is also
to be looked for so that the design based application can be specific.
2.1. Static and dynamic analysis of cable stayed suspension hybrid bridge
& validation
2.2. Effect of Pylon Shape on seismic response of Cable stayed bridge with soil
structure interaction
2.3 Seismic response of cable stayed bridge with different types of pylons of
various heights
2.4. Construction Techniques of The 3rd Bosphorus Bridge in Istanbul, Turkey
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2.6. Construction and Geometry Control of Cable-Stayed bridge
2.1. Static and dynamic analysis of cable stayed suspension hybrid bridge and
validation
Conclusions:
As compared to cable-stayed bridges with the same span length, the cable-
stayed portion is also greatly shortened. These results, the reduced height of
tower, length of stays and the axial forces in the deck. stems.
It is found from the review carried out related to development and analytical
techniques that there is wide scope for the seismic analysis of hybrid cable-
stayed suspension bridge.
2.2. Effect of Pylon Shape on seismic response of Cable stayed bridge with soil
structure interaction
Author: Siddharth shah, J.A. Desai, Solanki
Journal : International journal of civil and structural engineering
Abstract:
Cable stayed bridge are the most flexible bridge and getting popularity because
of its economy for longer spans and aesthetics. Here focus is given on the effect
of shape of pylon on the seismic response of cable stayed bridge, for this, the
bridge span dimension and other parameters are kept constant, and only the
pylon shape is varied viz. A type, H type, portal frame, spread pylon and
pyramid shapes. The height of the pylon is kept constant for all the shapes for
comparison purpose. The 3D bridge model is prepared on SAP 2000 software
and bridge is analyzed seismically by Bhuj 2001, Earthquake India. The bridge
response in terms of pylon displacement, acceleration and base moment is
obtained. The study reveals that the shape of the pylon has great influence in
the seismic response of cable stayed bridge. spread pylon shape are better for
resisting earthquake in longitudinal direction but weak in lateral direction, but
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pyramid shape pylon is better because of its geometry in resisting earthquake
force from any direction and also SSI effects are minimum in this case. SSI
effects are predominant for soft soil conditions for all pylon shapes.
Conclusions
In this study, the cable stayed bridge Quincy bay view bridge, is analyzed for
four different shapes of pylons on SAP 2000 software by time history method.
The analysis was carried out for three different soil conditions namely, soft,
medium and hard soil to study the Soil structure interaction effects and against
the fixed base of structure-i.e. without SSI case. The response in terms of
displacement max acceleration, and moment was plotted.
Abstract:
This paper presents the construction of the 3rd Bosphorus Bridge to be built in
Istanbul, Turkey. The 3rd Bosphorus Bridge has a unique construction that is
regarded as the bridge of the firsts. It is going to be the widest suspension
bridge in the world with a width of 60 meters and the longest spanning one that
has 8 lanes of motorway and 2 lanes of railway on it, with a main span of 1408
meters. Another first of the bridge is that it is the suspension bridge with the
highest bridge pylons of the world, with a height of 322 meters. A hybrid
system that consists of two different construction techniques which are cable-
stayed and suspension bridge is used for the 3rd Bosphorus Bridge
The construction of the bridge includes three main parts. Side spans including
anchorage and approach block, main span and pylons. Anchorage and approach
blocks are built up by conventional methods. Pylons triangular in cross section
and with 1.50 m wall thickness, are raised up by slip forming up to elevation
+208.00 and then continue with climbing form up to elevation +322.00. A
special formwork was produced by Bygging International, the Swiss company,
and used in the construction of pylons.
Conclusions
The 3rd bridge has some significant skills that can be seen at first glance. It will
be the widest suspension bridge in the world when it is completed. Another
skill of the bridge is that it is the suspension bridge with the highest bridge
pylons of the world, with a height of 322 meters. A hybrid system that consists
of two different construction techniques is an advantage for the bridge. Large
scale suspension and cable stayed bridge has many complex details Even
though more studies Needs to be done more for these types of construction,
they still find a wide application.
Abstract
Conclusions
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The use of pendulum isolator bearings is an effective way of reducing the
longitudinal deck displacements of suspension bridges under live loading,
particularly in the case of heavy rail traffic loading. However, if the radius of
curvature of the main sliding surface of a designed bearing is low relative to the
vertical load to be supported, the design can become very inefficient and even
unfeasible. In such cases, the “spherical” shape of the sliding surfaces of the
bearing’s calotte can be made “cylindrical”, designing out unnecessary
transverse pendulum movement capacity. The resulting rectangular plan shape
is less prone to tilt and eccentric contact pressure problems, and the size and
weight of each bearing can be significantly reduced – simplifying production,
transportation, installation and future replacement
Bridge
Abstract
The Incheon Bridge is a continuous span steel deck cable-stayed bridge with
six traffic lanes in dual direction. Its total length is 1480 m including an 800 m
centre span. The pylon was designed as an inverted Y-shaped concrete structure
of 238 m in height The pylon consists of four parts, namely the lower part,
cross beam, middle part and upper cable anchorage part The pylon was
constructed by being divided into 57 lots of 4 m height and auto-climbing form
was applied In order to control the geometry and secure the stability during
construction, temporary tie and struts were installed and tensioned. A total of
208 cables were installed in a semi-fan shaped arrangement and four cables
were stressed simultaneously. An integrated geometry control system was
developed and applied for geometry control and cable adjustment during the
erection. This paper presents the construction and geometry control system
applied in the Incheon cable stayed bridge.
Conclusions
o Automated rebar cage system was applied to the concrete bored piles of 3,0
m diameter in order to accelerate the construction period
o A large block erection by using floating crane for the side span and small
block erection by using a derrick crane for the main span were employed
during girder erection
Abstract
The paper presents finite element approach for the geometric nonlinear
aerostatic analysis of self anchored cable-stayed bridges with different pylon
configurations along with vehicular interaction. In the recent years cable stayed
bridges have received more attention than any other bridge mainly due to Cable
stayed bridge are the most flexible bridge and getting popularity because of its
economy for longer spans and aesthetics. The results showed that these factors
have significant influence on the aerostatic behavior and should be considered
in the aerostatic analysis of long span cable stayed bridges. Analysis results will
be useful for the designers to consider the shape of pylon at the initial stage of
design. Again the results indicate the significant influence of pylon shapes on
aerostatic behavior of such long span. A cable stayed bridge consists of one or
more towers with cables supporting the bridge deck. In terms of cable
arrangements, the most common type of cable stayed bridges are fan, harp, and
semi fan bridges. Because of their large size and nonlinear structural behavior,
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the analysis of these types of bridges is more complicated than conventional
bridges An optimum design of a cable-stayed bridge with minimum cost while
achieving strength and serviceability requirements is a challenging task
Conclusions
o The finite element method is discussed to find out the efficient pylon
configuration from comparison of analysis results during aerostatic analysis
of cable stayed bridges. The following conclusions are deduced from the
parametric results
o Nonlinearity effect is predominant in long span bridges and gives
approximately 20 to 60% higher results than linear analysis. In case of bi-
stayed bridges also, the nonlinearity effect is considerably high. • Apart
from few results, for all types of bridges, the load combination
DL+MFOUR+WP is found the governing load combination.
o The concept of anchoring of top cable to the earth proved effective in
reducing the forces in cables
o The displacement due to wind is reduced by approximately 20 to 35% when
live load due to IRC loads is considered.
o The costs of cables are very high in case of cable-stayed bridges which can
be reduced using the concept of partially earth anchored bridges
2.3. Seismic response of cable stayed bridge with different types of pylons of
various heights
Author: Shekhar S Patil, 2 Jayant P Patankar
Cable stayed bridge are getting more popular these days because of good stability
and elegant for long span bridges compared to other types of bridges. A cable
stayed bridge is a bridge in which the weight of the deck is supported by a number
of cables running directly to one or more towers. Here focus is given on the effect
of various shapes of pylons such as Single pylon, A type pylon and Inverted Y type
pylon on the seismic response of cable stayed bridge. The effect of various heights
of pylons on the seismic response of cable stayed bridge also taken in account for
study.
The bridge span dimensions and other parameters are kept constant and only
variation in shape and height of pylon is done for comparative study of pylon. It
is found that, Single pylon and Inverted Y type pylon are better than A type
pylon for parameters cable forces, pylon and deck deformation. Single pylon is
stronger in longitudinal direction in resisting earthquake force while Inverted Y
type pylon is stronger in lateral direction in resisting earthquake force. To
observe behavior of bridge by changing shape and height of pylon, we have to
fix other parameters of bridge.
Conclusions
In this present study, the linear dynamic analysis is carried out considering the
different types of pylons such as Single pylon, A type pylon and Inverted Y
type pylon with the variation of heights, resulting in forces developed in cables,
pylon and deck deformation and base shear of the structure. Therefore, for this
present study it can be conclude that
The increase in height of pylon decreases the tensile force in the cables. This is
because, as the angle of inclination of cable with deck increases, the component
of cables in vertical direction increases to carry the vertical load.
The Inverted Y and A type pylon have less base shear in longitudinal direction
while A type pylon have less base shear in transverse direction.
Single pylon and Inverted Y type pylons are better than A type pylon from the
parameters considered in this study. Thus, from the all above conclusions, it is
seen that, there is no uniformity in the response of different shapes of pylons
under different conditions. So, it cannot be merely concluded that, which of the
pylons is better. Hence a detailed cost comparison can only decide about the
suitability of pylon
CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY
3.1. Preliminary Information cable-stayed suspension hybrid bridges
3.2 Main Components of Cable Stayed Suspension Hybrid Bridge
3.3 Methods of analysis
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3.3.1 static analysis
3.3.2 dynamic analysis
3.4. Geometry and material description of the reference bridge
3.5. Sap2000 software
3.6. Structural modelling and analysis
The ratio of tower height to the length of the mid span considering a total of seven
panel is obtained. The height of the tower is L/5 to L/2.
2. pylon or towers
3. cable systems
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Figure 22:: cable stayed suspension hybrid bridge
Where K is the stiffness matrix, r is the vector of applied loads, and u is the
vector of resulting displacements. In long span cable-stayed bridges, dead load
is often dominant feature; the pre-strain on the stay cable controls the internal
force distribution in the deck and tower as well as the bridge alignment. The
initial deformed equilibrium configuration of the bridge is important since it is
the starting position to perform the succeeding modal and time history analysis.
It is realized by manipulating the initial tension force in each stay cable. For the
final analysis the most common approach is to model either a half or the entire
structure as a space frame. The pylon, deck and the stays will usually be
represented within the space frame model by bar elements.
The stays can be represented with a small inertia and a modified modulus of
elasticity that will mimic the sag behavior of the stay. Achieving the deformed
equilibrium configuration due to dead load is indeed one of the most difficult
tasks involving multiple trial and errors.
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(kN/m³) ratio elasticity strength (MPa)
(GPa)
1 Pylon RCC 25 0.25 35 35
2 Deck RCC 25 0.25 35 35
slab
3 Girder steel 77 0.3 200 450
4 Cable steel 77 0.3 210 1600
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Figure 25:: steel deck section
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Loads Considered:
1) Dead load 2) Moving Load (as per IRC – 6, 2016)
Abstract
The requirement of long span bridge has increased with development of infrastructure
facility in every nation. Long span bridge could be achieved with use of high strength
materials and innovative techniques for analysis of bridge. Generally, cable supported
bridges comprising both viz. suspension and cable-stayed bridge, has addressed the
need. The combination of the above mentioned systems, i.e. Cable stayed suspension
hybrid bridge is a recent advancement in the bridge engineering which provides the
flexibility of increasing span length for bridge decks.
The present study is concentrated towards the behavioural analysis of hybrid bridges
under dead loads and moving loads for serviceability criteria. Different cable systems
viz. Fan shaped and Modified fan shape are used for representing cable stayed systems
with the combination of different shapes of pylon. Influence of span length on the
choice of cable system and pylon shape has also been observed.
Results of analysis reflects that for the span length up to 1200 m a combination of
inverted Y-shaped pylon and Fan system of cable stayed bridges have yielded better
performance under dead loads and moving loads, whereas for span above 1400 m A
shaped Pylon with modified fan system is effective.
2. Modeling Procedure on SAP
1. Draw the geometry of the frame either by inserting coordinates or by linking the
nodes through member length.
2. Draw the required fixed support (NoSSI) or spring (SSI) according to the case.
3. Select the stiffness of the spring for SSI as the Winkler approach. Which is taken as
200kN/m
4. Define the sections and materials for the members.
5. Define the loading values and load combinations to be applied on the structures.
6. Define the time history to be used for the dynamic analysis and include it in
the analysis case
7. Now assign the defined section to the members
8. Assign the loads to the joints or members as per the case
9. After assigning everything, set the analysis to be carried out and press run analysis
SAP program will generate the various results like joint displacements, joint
forces, joint
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