Omnik Owode Elede Footbridge RPT

OMNIK LIMITED
PROPOSED FOOTBRIDGE BETWEEN

OMNIK LIMITED FACTORY &
WAREHOUSE.
ALONG WAHEED ELIAS AVENUE, LAGOS – IKORODU

ROAD,OWODE – ELEDE, MILE 13, KOSOFE L.G.A,
LAGOS STATE.
SUBSOIL INVESTIGATION WORKS

FINAL GEOTECHNICAL REPORT
Carried out by
OPTIMAL GEMS RESOURCES LIMITED

Consulting Geotechnical, Foundation & Civil Engineers.
NO 10, Jogunosinmi Street, Radio Bus Stop, Ikeja,
Lagos State.
TEL: 07081494709
NOVEMBER, 2020.
OPTIMAL GEMS RESOURCES LIMITED RC 989770 2
CONTENTS
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Objective of Investigation
1.2 Summary of recommendation
2.0 SCOPE OF WORKS
2.10 Site Works
2.20 Laboratory Tests
2.21 Soil Classification Tests
2.22 Soil Physical and Bearing Strength test
3.0 SUBSOIL AND GROUNDWATER CONDITIONS

3.1 General Project Descriptions
3.2 Topography
3.3 Drainage
3.4 General Geology
3.5 Subsoil Condition
3.6 Groundwater condition
3.7 Generalized subsoil properties
3.8 Discussion of lab test
3.9 Chemical Effect
4.0 ENGINEERING PROPERTIES

4.1 Summary Geotechnical Engineering Properties
4.2 Discussion Of Engineering Properties for Foundation Analysis of test result
5.0 FOUNDATION DISCUSSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 Type of Foundation
5.2 Founding Depth
5.3 Allowable Bearing Pressure
5.4 General Precaution for shallow foundation construction.
6 6.0 PILE FOUNDATION
6.1 Type of Piles
6.2 Pile Terminating Depth
6.3 Allowable Safe Working Load
6.4 General Precaution for Pile foundation construction
7.0 Conclusion.
2
Final Report of Geotechnical Investigation of Proposed Footbridge between Omnik
Limited Factory & Warehouse along Waheed Elias avenue, Lagos – Ikorodu road ,
Owode – Elede, Mile 13, Kosofe L.G.A, Lagos State. NOVEMBER 2020.
APPENDIX
Site Location Plan
Site Work Methodology
Borehole Drilling Operations
Penetration Tests
Standard Penetration Tests
Cone Penetration Tests
Reference
ATTACHMENTS
A. Borehole Log
B. Cone Penetrometer Logs
C. Summary of Laboratory Test Results.

Sieve Analysis Graphs
D. Site Photograph
3
O.G.R.L / P - 2686 / FNL.S.I / 2020

2nd, November, 2020.
PROPOSED FOOTBRIDGE BETWEEN OMNIK LIMITED FACTORY AND WAREHOUSE

ALONG WAHEED ELIAS AVENUE, LAGOS – IKORODU ROAD, OWODE – ELEDE,
MILE 13, KOSOFE L.G.A, LAGOS STATE.
SUBSOIL INVESTIGATION WORKS – FINAL REPORT
1.0 INTRODUCTION
At the request of OMNIK LIMITED, we have carried out detailed subsoil investigation works at the site of
the proposed Footbridge between Omnik Limited Factory and Warehouse along Waheed Elias Avenue,
Lagos – Ikorodu road, Owode – Elede, Mile 13, Kosofe L.G.A Lagos State.
The entire works are now completed including the laboratory test. And based on the results of the site
works particularly the in-situ penetration tests, laboratory test and the engineering analysis carried out on
the test results, we present the following observation, comment and recommendations that should be
adopted in the design of adequate and economic foundations for the various proposed footbridge.
.
1.1 Objective of Investigation

We understood that the site investigated is being proposed to be developed into Footbridge between
Omnik Factory and Warehouse; however details of the structural loading were not made available to us
at the time of writing this report. The bridge is being constructed to ensure that normal human traffic and
goods along the two wings (Factory& Warehouse) of Omnik Limited remain relatively undisturbed
especially during the production period of the company.
The main objective in commissioning the subsoil investigation works is to ascertain the type and
geotechnical properties of the underlying soil, as well as to evaluate its suitability as foundation materials
which will be capable of sustaining the bearing pressure being imposed by the footbridge and equipments
at the site. In order to accomplish these, we have carried out studies to access, interpret and analyze
results collated from the field in-situ tests with a view to determine the followings among others:
4
i. The physical, index and other engineering properties of the subsoil strata types indicated and
encountered across the site.
ii. The most appropriate and economic type of foundation that should be adopted for the proposed
footbridge.
iii. The appropriate founding depth any foundation should be placed.
iv The allowable soil bearing pressure and or pile safe working load that should be adopted for the
design of foundation on site.
v. The amount of total and differential settlement if any, that will occur if these bearing pressure are
imposed on the soil.
vi General Precautions that should have been adopted during foundation design and constructions.
1.2 SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDATIONS

Based on the result of the tests, studies and analysis, the summary of our observations, comments
and recommendations are presented below. The detailed recommendations are presented in the
main body of this report. They should be adopted in the general study and design of adequate,
technically appropriate and economic foundation and other substructure for the footbridge being
proposed at the site.
The subsoil encountered across the site indicated low strength of 2.0m thick loose sand with refuse
and concrete rubbles as top layer and further underlain by soft silty clay to 6.0m depth followed by
highly compressibility organic silty clay with Peat to an average depth 15.50metre including thin
layer of very loose silty sand between6.0m and 9.50m in BH2 vicinity. Below these depths of low
strength and highly compressible Clay Peat layer / soft silty clay / silty sand, the subsoil further
grades into loose silty clayey sand and later into medium and high strength Sand to the termination
of the two boreholes..
The strength value of the upper 15.50 metres indicates that if conventional shallow foundation such
as raft was adopted, the bearing pressure will be on very low side and will not satisfy the design
loading conditions for the type of structures being proposed on the site (Concrete Footbridge). This
condition is not appropriate for the type of structure being proposed at the site.
5
We do not consider that raft foundation will be technically appropriate, since this condition is very
likely to result in huge differential settlement of the footbridge across the site.
It is therefore our recommendation that bored be adopted for the proposed footbridge at the site.
The piles should terminate at depths below 18.75 metres in the medium dense sand. In order to
utilize the high strength values of the lower strata, depths of 21.0 metres are generally
recommended. Bored piles of diameters between 400 – 600mm that would mobilize high safe
working loads, and probably reduce the number of piles per group are preferred and
recommended. The safe working loads per pile for each of these pile diameters are presented in
the main body of this report.
6
2.0 SCOPE OF WORKS

2.10 Site Works
The field works carried out at the site consisted of scope of works jointly agreed with the client
representative. These scope works could be summarized as follows:
Details of this site works are given in the section below.
i. The drilling of Two (2 Nos) shell and auger borehole using the light cable percussion drilling rig
with shell and auger tools to a termination depth of 30.0metre below the existing ground level.
During the drilling operations, in-situ standard Penetration Test (SPT) and soil sampling were
carried out at appropriate depth interval of between 0.75 and 1.50 metres and at depths changes
in subsoil strata types was encountered within the borehole.
Details of the subsoil strata types encountered in the borehole and the result of the in-situ
Penetration Tests are presented in the borehole log enclosed. The boreholes logs were
produced after physical logging of soil samples retrieved from the boreholes and consideration of
laboratory tests results.
ii. Execution of two numbers (2 No) Static Cone Penetration Tests (CPT) using the 2.50Ton
capacity Dutch Cone Penetrometer machine. The results of the tests indicating the subsoil
strength profiles are presented in graphical form in the appendix.
The tests were terminated at depths of between 14.50 and 16.0metres when the machine
anchors pulled out of the ground. These were the depths the maximum capacities of the machine
anchors were mobilized rather than the full capacity of the machine
The test points (SPT & CPT) were spread across the project site at locations deemed
representative of areas to be covered by the proposed footbridge in order to provide the requisite
geotechnical information for an economic design of the structure proposed (footbridge) at the
site. The boreholes and cone Penetrometer tests points were also distributed at each
abutment end of the factory and warehouse
Details of the site works methodology adopted in executing the works are presented in the appendix of
the report.
The locations of the tests were selected and set out on site by Optimal Gems Resources Limited.
7
2.20 Laboratory Tests

The scope of laboratory tests was prepared after consideration of the results of the in-situ tests, the
physical properties of the subsoil strata encountered during the logging exercises of the borehole
samples, as well as the objective of this investigation.
The laboratory tests were scheduled and carried out on selected soil samples retrieved from the
borehole in order to identify the following properties of the subsoil among others.
i. Index properties and other tests for proper classification of the soil type encountered.
ii. Constituent soil materials, particularly grain sizes and texture properties for proper
classification of the soil type encountered.
The tests that were carried out to assist in identifying the properties stated above for evaluation of
appropriate parameters of the subsoil for interpretation and analysis are summarized below:
2.21 Soil Classification Tests
i. Natural moisture content determination
ii. Sieve analysis by wet sieving
iii. Atterberg limit determination
iv. Bulk Density Test
v. Hydrometer Analysis
vi. Specific gravity
vii. PH determination of groundwater
viii. Sulphate and Chloride Content of groundwater
ix. Compaction Tests (B.S Heavy)
The results from the above test were utilized in classification of the various soil types encountered
in the boreholes, estimation of their compressibility and other index properties and the subsequent
preparation of the borehole logs.
8
2.22 Soil Physical and Bearing Strength Tests

These tests generally involved the determination of shear strength of clay soils; cohesion, angle of
internal friction, and other strength parameters and related index properties. These tests could be
carried out on undisturbed cohesive soil samples and on remolded samples of either clay or sandy
nature.
During the borehole drilling operations, undisturbed sample of the clayey layer was encountered
within the probed depth and promptly sampled. Laboratory tests normally carried out on the
undisturbed tube sample include the following.
- Undrained Triaxial Compression Test
- Oedometer Consolidation Test
- California Bearing Ratio (CBR)
- Bulk Density Tests
- Moisture Content
All the laboratory tests were carried out in accordance with the relevant sections of British Standard
Institution Code of Practice as stipulated in B.S. 1377 of 1990 - Methods of Tests for Soils for Civil
Engineering purposes.
The results of the tests are presented in tabular and graphical forms in the attachment of this
report.
9
3.0 SUBSOIL AND GROUNDWATER CONDITIONS

3.1 General Project Descriptions.
The site of the proposed footbridge development for OMNIK LIMITED is situated within a block
wall fence with entrance gate in an industrial area. The site is located along Waheed Elias avenue,
Lagos – Ikorodu road, Owode – Elede, Mile 13, Kosofe L.G.A, Lagos state.
The client representative prior to the commencement of the site works physically identified the site
to us.
The site is readily accessible to both human and vehicular movement through well motor able road
thereby making the mobilization of various machines to site an easy task
3.2 Topography
A topographical survey drawing of the proposed site of development was not provided at the time
of this investigation, indicating that none has been carried out. However, from our visual
observations, the site topography is relatively even and undulating towards the area of the
proposed footbridge development., while site surface is covered grasses.
The site elevation is at the same level with the existing road levels and invert levels of road side
drains. A recommendation for comprehensive topographical survey of the site has been made
elsewhere in this report.
3.3 Drainage
The site has an existing constructed drainage system across the site. Due to its topography stated
above, we therefore strongly recommend that further appraisal of the site existing drainage be
carried out for the purpose of improving drainage network across the site, which must be
connected to existing road side drainage. In this regards a topographical survey which will cover
the entire site as well as adjacent roads, and all invert level of existing drain should be carried out.
This will assist in the design of adequate drainage network across the site.
10
3.4 Geology
Geologically, Owode – Elede , Mile 13 area of Lagos State, Nigeria where the project site is located ,
lies within a part of the deposition of sediments in slow moving and or stagnant water that is
characterized with geologically termed ‘Alluvium Deposits’. The sedimentary deposits encountered within
this area are of the Quantery age.
The materials under these recent Alluvian sediment deposits are essentially semi consolidated medium
to coarse sand, silt, Peat and clay deposit. The results of our investigations conform to these geological
formations. It should be noted that due to recent nature of the subsoil is generally normally consolidated.
The project site falls within the silty clay / Peat / clay / sand terrain and these sub soil materials were
subjected to geotechnical investigation during this study to determine their engineering properties.
3.5 Subsoil Conditions
We have presented details of the subsoil strata from the borehole drilled at the site on the
boreholes logs in the appendix of this report. The subsoil stratigraphy at this site as encountered in
the borehole and indicated by the Cone Penetration results up to the depths tested and their
condition could be summarized as in the tables below. The delineation into various strata was
mainly based on the general condition of the subsoil, their engineering characteristics and other
physical and index properties.
TABLE 1 BH N0 1: STRATIGRAPHIC PROFILE
Stratum Thickness Of
Range (m) Stratum Descriptions of Stratum
(m)
Ground level
0.00 – 2.0 2.0 Loosely placed SAND WITH CONCRETE
RUBBLES AND REFUSE.
2.0 – 6.0 4.0 Soft light brown greyish SILTY CLAY.
11
6.0 – 14.0 8.0 Very soft dark grey ORGANIC SILTY CLAY with PEAT.
14.0 – 18.50 4.50 Loose grey SILTY CLAYEY SAND.
18.50 – 30.0 11.50 Medium dense grading to dense grey GRAVELLY

MEDIUM COARSE SAND.
TABLE 2 BH N02: STRATIGRAPHIC PROFILE
Stratum Thickness Of
Range (m) Stratum Descriptions of Stratum
(m)
Ground level
0.00 – 2.0 2.0 Loosely placed SAND WITH CONCRETE
RUBBLES AND REFUSE.
2.0 – 6.0 4.0 Soft grading to firm light brown greyish SILTY
CLAY.
6.0 – 9.50 3.50 Very loose grey MEDIUM FINE SAND.
9.50 – 15.50 6.0 Very soft dark brown FIBROUS PEAT.
15.50 – 18.75 3.25 Loose grey SILTY CLAYEY SAND.
18.75 – 30.0 11.25 Medium dense grading to dense greyish COARSE

MEDIUM SAND.
12
All depths referred to in this report are below the existing ground level at the time of this investigation and
not related to any permanent or temporary Benchmark, within or outside the site. The stratigraphy of the
site revealed from the result of the borehole and indicated by the Cone Penetrometer Tests results
generally conform to the description given above.
3.6 Groundwater Conditions.
During the borehole drilling, groundwater seepage was indicated at varying depth below existing
ground level in the two boreholes across the site. These depths varied during the drilling of the
boreholes.
The rates of variation are stated in the table 3 below
Table 3
Borehole No Depth of Groundwater (m)
Below Existing Ground Level
01 -0.30
02 -0.40
Seasonal variation of ground water level should be anticipated. During the wet season and
immediately after rains, the ground could be saturated to the surface causing flooding. Also, at
high tide the ground water level could rise to the surface. Consequently, we recommended that
drainage appraisal and study be carried out to enable adequate drainage design to be prepared.
13
3.7 DISCUSSION ON LABPORATORY RESULTS

1) Particle Size Distribution: Analysis carried out on the selected sand sample encountered
within the drilled borehole revealed that the sand is predominantly coarse medium
grained.
2) Moisture content: the moisture content of non cohesive sand range from 18% to 21%,
while that of cohesive clay range from 17% to 57%..
3) Plasticity: From the atterberg limit tests carried out on the cohesive soil samples generally
encountered 2.0 depth to 6.0m depth gave a liquid limit value ranges between 46 and 50%
with plastic limit value ranges between 22% and 24% with Plasticity index between 23%
and 26%, These values indicate SILTY CLAY ( SC / PT GROUP) of medium plasticity on
Cassangrade plasticity chart.
While the clay sample encountered between 6.0m to 15.50m depth gave a liquid limit
value of 78% and plastic limit value of 27 % with Plasticity index of 51%. This value
indicates SILTY CLAY (CH / PT GROUP) of medium to high plasticity on Cassangrade
plasticity chart.
4) Dry Density / Specific Gravity: the dry density of silty clay layer ranges from 9.2kn/m3 to
11.42kn/m3, while the dry density of non cohesive sand encountered within the drilled
borehole ranges between 16.50kN/m2 and 18.8kN/m2 with corresponding bulk density that
ranges between 20.10kN/m2 and 21.3kN/m2
5). The Triaxial Compression Test / Consolidation Test carried out on the undisturbed
samples recovered from various boreholes at depth of 4.50m across the site gave a
cohesion value of 35kN/m2 with angle of internal friction of 4 degree respectively. This
result indicates firm silty clay of medium to high compressibility.
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4.0 GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING PROPERTIES
Selected soil samples from each strata of the boreholes were tested in the laboratory to obtain their
engineering properties as well as data and parameters for the design and estimation of the bearing
properties of the subsoil. The general geotechnical engineering properties and other parameters of
the subsoil strata encountered across the entire site investigated could be summarized as follows.
Three distinct layers were recorded during the investigation and the geotechnical properties of
each layer as indicated by the results of the penetration test (CPT& SPT) couple with laboratory
tests are presented below.
4.1 Table 4 Summary of Engineering Properties (BH1 –BH2)
GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING PARAMETERS

Stratum Depth Range (m)
Estimated Modulus of
Internal Friction (o
Elasticity
Poisson Ratio ***

Average CPT
Average SPT
Type of Soil
Void Ratio *
Unit weight
Thickness
(kN/m2) **
Cohesion
Angle of
(kN/m3)
Value
Value.
kN/m2
0.0 – 2.0 2.0 Loose sand 7 2.0 0.65 - 16.0 28.0 1,960 0.40
with refuse
Soft / Firm
2.0 – 6.0 4.0 Silty Clay 15.0 3.0 0.53 35.0 17.80 9.0 3,965.0 0.50
6.0 – 15.50 6.0 – Soft dark

8.0 grey Clayey 5.0 1.0 1.01 15.0 13.20 5.0 636.0 0.50
Peat.
15.50 – 3.25 Loose Silty 25.0 5.0 0.48 - 18.80 8.0 4,903.0 0.50
18.75 Clayey Sand
Medium
18.75 – 30.0 11.25 Dense / - 29.0 0.40 - 20.05 33.0 28,435.0 0.30
Dense
Sand
15
*
** These values with asterisks were estimated using the in-situ CPT / SPT Values in accordance with the
following.
i) Joseph E Bowles – “Foundation Analysis and Design” Fifth edition.
(ii) Joseph E. Bowles – “Physical and Geotechnical Properties of Soil” Second Edition.
4.2 DISCUSSION OF ENGINEERING PROPERTIES FOR FOUNDATION ANALYSIS OF TESTS

RESULT.
Based on the above table, both cohesion less (Sand) and cohesive soils (clay) were encountered within
the depth of investigation across the entire site with slight differences as can be seen in the borehole log.
From the ground surface, and occurring to depth around 2.0m is the first stratum comprises of loosely
placed sand with concrete rubbles and refuse. The top material has no reasonable / low engineering
property to support substantial super structure load.
Beneath the above layer is the occurrence of soft grading to firm dark grey slightly organic silty clay to
depth of 6.0m with CPT Value ranges between 15.0 kgf/cm2 and 5.0kgf/cm2
The subsoil further grades to very soft slightly organic silty clay with traces of Peat to depth of 14m in
BH1, while a thin layer of very loose silty medium fine sand occurred in BH2 to depth of 9.50m with
average SPT N value 4. Immediately beneath the above layer in BH2 is the occurrence of very soft dark
brownish fibrous peat to depth of 15.50m with SPT N value of 1.
The above layer is further underlain to depth of 18.75m by loose grey silty clayey sand with average SPT
N value of 9 and CPT value ranges between 5 and 35kgf/cm2. The entire Penetrometer tests were
terminated within this layer for reasons earlier mentioned.
The above layers further grades to medium dense / dense greyish coarse gravelly medium sand
extending to the terminal depth of the borehole 30.0 metres. The SPT N value recorded within the sand
are between 15 and 32, showing a medium dense state of relative density. This also makes this layer an
suitable medium within which deep foundation in the form of piles may be terminated to safely support
reasonable superstructure working loads as being proposed.
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4.0 FOUNDATION DISCUSSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Based on the site subsoil condition and their properties indicated from the laboratory and in - situ tests,
as well as other studies engineering and analysis, we present the following observation, comments, and
recommendations.
We understood that the client (OMNIK LIMITED) proposed to develop the site investigated into concrete
reinforced footbridge linking Omnik Limited Factory and Warehouse along Waheed Elias avenue, Lagos
– Ikorodu road, Mile 13, Kosofe L.G.A, Lagos state. This was taken into consideration in arriving at
suitable foundation for the proposed footbridge.
With the study of the subsoil condition as described in the previous section of this report, various types of
foundations may be considered appropriate for use at the site. The ultimate choice shall however be
determined by the bearing pressure requirements, the cost implication as well as the intended purpose of
development and other design consideration.
5.1 Type of Foundation – Shallow Foundation
The subsoil encountered from the ground surface to depths approximately 15.50m is loose silty
sand to soft silty Clayey with Peat in relative density with high potential volume compressibility
upon load application. The stratum is not deemed capable of safely supporting relatively high load
bearing super structure such as the footbridge being proposed. The important factor in considering
shallow foundations within this material is to ensure that the total settlement of the foundation for
the footbridge is not excessive.
Based on the condition of the subsoil strata encountered at both factory and warehouse sections
the groundwater (- 0.30m) condition as well as the result of the in-situ penetration test (CPT &
SPT), shows the very low strength values as well as high compressibility properties of the subsoil
from ground level to depth of 15.50 metres coupled with the high ground water level makes the
adoption of any form of shallow foundation such as Pad, strip or Raft especially at the site not
suitable for the proposed footbridge bridge in order to avoid differential settlement that may
occur within a short period.
17
The adoption of any form of above stated shallow foundation will result in the overstressing of the
soft, highly compressible and low strength clayey layers which can lead to high and unacceptable
settlement which will result in functional and structural failure of the proposed concrete footbridge,
Hence deep foundation in form of PILE is hereby suggested for the proposed footbridge at
the site.
5.2 Allowable Bearing Pressure / Founding Depth
The allowable bearing pressure that could be adopted for the design of shallow foundation on the subsoil
strata encountered at the site generally depend on the geotechnical properties of the subsoil strata as
indicated by penetration test results and laboratory tests results from the borehole. The allowable bearing
pressure was based on the total settlement resulting in imposing specific pressure on the soil by
foundations at the site.
Analysis carried out on the tests results indicate that shallow foundation imposing bearing pressure
above 13.50KN/m2 at the surface will significantly over-stress the highly compressible layer
underlying the entire sites as shown in the table 3 below. This will result into severe compression of
the compressible layer under load application. Further analysis indicated that punching shear
failure and large total consolidation with high differential settlement in excess of 500mm would
occur.
ALLOWABLE BEARING PRESSURE - TABLE 5

DEPTH(m) ALLOWABLE BEARING PRESSURE
(KN/m2)
0.50 13.50
1.0 16.20
1.50 6.75
2.0 6.75
2.50 9.45
3.0 13.50
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6.0 PILED FOUNDATION

Based on the low engineering properties of the subsoil across the site coupled with high
compressibility property of the subsoil to depth of 15.50m as well as high groundwater level (-
0.30m) and the anticipated high bearing pressure of the proposed concrete footbridge at the Omnik
limited factory / warehouse, we have recommended that PILE FOUNDATION is the most
technically appropriate foundation type to be adopted at the site.
It is considered that any of the following type of piles could be adopted at the site, depending on
the amount of column loads being anticipated.
6.1 Types of Piles.
In consideration of piled foundation, we have taken into consideration those pile system that are readily
available, the existing subsoil conditions, the location or prevailing site conditions and type of structures.
Consequently, any of the following type of piles could be adopted at the site.
i. Bored piles, using bentonite slurry
ii Bored piles, the continuous flight auger (CFA) type .
iii. Driven Cast In –Situ concrete piles.
iv. Square –Cross sectional pre-cast concrete piles.
Based on the engineering properties of the subsoil layers encountered from ground level to depths
tested and drilled any of the above type of piles could be adopted. Precast concrete piles driven to
depths recommended would be appropriate and also economical. However, if this type of piles is
adopted, piles within a group will achieve the recommended depth. This will be due to the
densification of the sandy strata as piles are driven. But the prevailing site condition will not be
conducive for such work.
Also, the use of driven piles on this site could be constrained by hard driving and the attendant
vibrations with noise on nearby communities’ buildings, of which may have detrimental effect on such
structures.
We therefore recommend that LARGER DIAMETER BORED PILE be installed using either the
Continuous Flight Auger Method (CFA) or Rotary Method with bentonite slurry be adopted. Large
diameter bored piles as being recommended (400 – 600mm) would mobilize high safe working
loads. The set of diameters recommended are stated in section 6.3 of this report.
19
The subsoil condition and their engineering properties indicated that the most economical type of pile for
the site should mobilize their safe working loads by both skin friction and end bearing.
6.2 Pile Termination Depths
The pile termination depths will depend on the anticipated safe working loads. Based on the subsoil
conditions and their engineering properties, the most economical type of piles could terminate in shallow
depth the medium dense sand layers generally encountered below 18.75metres across the site.
In order to utilize the higher strength values of the underlying strata, we recommend that piles should be
embedded by at least five times the pile diameter into the bearing strata. Therefore, we recommend that
piles could terminate at depth of shallow 21.0 metres below ground level. The piles if terminated at the
above depths will be mobilizing their safe working loads by both skin friction and end bearing.
6.3 Allowable safe working loads
The safe working loads to be adopted for design will depend on type of pile, the diameter of such pile, the
pile termination depths, and particularly the relative density of subsoil beneath termination layer.
The proprietary methods of installation of bored piles generally influenced the value of the safe working
load per pile. Based on these, bored piles contractor could therefore propose adequate safe working
loads for their type of piles adopting data and parameters form this soil report.
This notwithstanding, we present recommendations on the most appropriate safe working loads for
various diameters of piles. The safe working loads anticipated and obtained at pile termination depth
using the results of this geotechnical investigations and application of soil mechanic methods is given in
the table 6 below.
SUMMARY OF ANTICIPATED SAFE WORKING LOADS ; TABLE 6 BH 2
DIAMETER OF PILE FOUNDING DEPTHS ANTICIPATED SAFE WORKING
(MM) (M) LOADS
(KN)
400.0 21.0 320.0
450.0 21.0 400.0
20
500.0 21.0 490.0
600.0 21.0 685.0
End bearing and skin frictions had been considered in our analysis for the anticipated working load in
above table with factor of safety of 3.0; we advise that design should consider the permissible stress of
concrete in piles in adopting the values of anticipated safe working loads.
We strongly recommend that piles be test loaded to at least 1.5 times the anticipated safe working loads
to confirm that the safe working loads adopted for design will be safely carried by contract piles.
N.B: The expected settlement from the Pile Load Test (PLT) on the tested pile should not be more
than Ten percent 10% of the diameter of the tested pile.
6.4 General Precaution for Deep Foundation Construction

It is recommended that the following general guidelines that govern the construction of deep foundation
should be observed when works starts on this site.
· Adequate reinforcement with ample cover should be provided for the piles.
· A spacing of 2.5 to 3.0 times the diameter of piles should be adopted where group occurs to prevent
overlapping of the pressure bulbs under individual piles.
· The pile cap of ample dimensions should be constructed over individual piles and the pile groups to
accommodate deviation from their intended position.
· Pile cap should be deep enough to ensure full transfer of the load from the column to the cap in the
punching shear and from the cap of the pile.
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7.0 CONCLUSION
The subsoil investigation works for the Proposed Footbridge between Omnik Limited Factory &
Warehouse along Waheed Elias avenue, Lagos – Ikorodu road, Owode – Elede, Mile 13, Kosofe
L.G.A, Lagos State. had been carried out in accordance with accepted geotechnical engineering
practice as stipulated in standards code of practice which includes the following among others: -
i. B.S 1377 (1990) –“Method of Testing soils for Civil Engineering purposes”
ii. B.S 5930 (1981) – Code of practice for site investigations.
iii. B.S 8004 (1981) – Code of practice for foundations.
The adoption of Deep foundation in form of Bored Pile has been considered for the proposed
Footbridge between Omnik Limited Factory and Warehouse along Waheed Elias Avenue, Lagos –
Ikorodu road, Owode – Elede, Mile 13, Kosofe L.G.A, Lagos State provided it satisfies design
loading requirements.
Recommendation and comments presented in this report are based on the result of the subsoil
investigation carried out on the site of proposed footbridge.
We trust you will find the content of this report of assistance in the design and construction of the
foundations for the proposed footbridge. Assure you of our best attention at all times.
Yours faithfully,
For: OPTIMAL GEMS RESOURCES LIMITED
ABIMBADE ADEREMI
22
APPENDIX
23
Location Description and Site Layout
24
APPENDIX
SITE WORKS METHODOLOGY
The site works were carried out in accordance with standard methods of site investigation, particularly the
British standard institution code of practice C.P 5930 (1981). Code of practice for site investigation.
Summary of methods adopted on site during the site works are presented below.
Borehole Drilling
The geotechnical borehole was drilled using a standard shell and auger motorized percussion type
drilling rig equipment. This type of rig is used to put down borehole through sandy and clayey or mixture
of subsoil as described in B. S Code of practice C. P 5930 (1981). The boreholes were lined with either
250mm or 150mm diameter steel drilling casings. The combinations of diameters of casings used depend
on the depths and type of strata encountered.
The drilling tools consist of an open-tube with a non-return flap valve at one end called a shell for
cohesion less (sandy) strata, and mixed soils. Clay cutter is often employed to drill through stiff cohesive
soils. Either of these is attached to the drilling weight called sinker-bar and subsequently attached to the
drilling string. The combinations were used to advance the borehole to required depths before samplings
and in-situ tests were carried out.
The borehole casings were turned down using a chain grips but in occasional cases, may be driven down
using a special hammer by raising and lowering via the powered winch and shear legs.
During drilling operations, disturbed soil samples were regularly taken at depth interval of 0.75 metre and
whenever a change of soil type was observed. In cohesive soil strata, apart from the usual disturbed
samples, undisturbed soil samples were taken using the conventional open tube sampler by driving a
100mm diameter sampler through a total of 450mm length. These samples are usually taken at relevant
depths to the objective of the investigations.
In-situ standard Penetration Tests were performed in cohesion less strata encountered in the boreholes.
All samples comprises of those from the split spoon of standard penetration test and the cutting shoe of
100mm diameter sampler referred as disturbed and undisturbed recovered from the borehole drilled were
examined, identified and classified roughly in the field. All data and information carefully recorded on the
borehole log presented in the attachment of this report.
25
Penetration Tests
In the course of subsoil investigation works, two types of in-situ Penetration Tests were usually carried
out. These are Standard Penetration Tests (SPT), which were carried out during the boring operations in
the borehole. The other test is the static Cone Penetration Tests (CPT) using mechanically operated 2.50
tonne capacity Dutch Cone Penetration Machine.
Standard Penetration Test (Spt)
Standard Penetration Test (SPT) is normally performed in the borehole at depths cohesion less
(granular) soil is encountered. The results are used for the estimation of the subsoil consistency and
relative density values.
In performing the Standard Penetration Tests (SPT), a 50mm diameter split tube sampler was driven
450mm into the cohesion less soil with 65kg hammer falling freely at a distance of 750mm. The number
of blows required to drive the last 300mm of the 450mm length of split spoon sampler is the value of the
Penetration termed (N-value) the penetration resistance, and it provides an indication of the relative
density of the stratum tested.
The Penetration resistance (N-values) of the major strata encountered within the site investigated is
presented on the borehole log.
Cone Penetration Tests (CPT)
Cone Penetration Tests (CPT) was executed using 2.5 tons Cone Penetrometer Machine. The
machine consists of series of rods, solid and hollow, at the end which is attached a Begemann
Mantle Cone. The results of all the Penetrometer tests are represented in graphs in the appendix of
this report.
The Dutch Cone Penetrometer equipment (wheel-mounted) used for this works consist the
following of a thrust machine comprising a hydraulic jacking unit of nominal 100kN. The unit is
furnished with a cone having a base area of 1000mm2 and an apex angle of 600. It has in turn a
friction sleeve having an area of 150mm22 attached to the top. With this arrangement, it was
possible to measure both the point and friction resistance of the soils encountered.
The Penetrometer machine consists of a steel frame carrying a driving head, which houses a
hydraulic capsule. The driving head is raised or lowered by a manually operated motor driven
26
hydraulic ram. The cone assembly is pushed into the ground by means of the steel rods,
connected length by length, into the driving head. These rods are protected from friction with the
soil by an outer tube, which is added in similar lengths during penetration.
The cone, rods and outer tubes are pushed together into the ground for a distance of 25cm. The
driving pressure is then applied to the inner rods only and the cone is advanced independently of
the tubes for a distance of about 4cm at a rate of approximately 1cm/sec. The pressure required to
advance the cone is transmitted through the capsule in the driving head to a gauge and the
penetration resistance registered on the gauge is recorded. The Penetrometer machine is capable
of recording skin friction value of the material by advancing a friction jacket behind the cone. The
outer tube is then advanced a further 25cm where the same operations is carried out and recorded.
This procedure is repeated to the required depth or until the total resistance to penetration of the
tubes and cone reaches the capacity of the machine.
Successive cone resistance readings are plotted against depth to form a resistance profile, which
indicates the strata sequence penetrated.
27
REFERENCES
Below are the list of selected references among others during our desk studies and analysis.
1. SHORT COURSE IN FOUNDATION ENGINEERING

BY SIMONS AND MENZIE. 1980 EDITION.
2. SOIL MECHANICS AND FOUNDATION ENGINEERING

(Geotechnical Engineering Series) BY V.N.S.MURTHY.
2007 edition
3 GUIDE TO CONE PENETROMETER TESTING ON SHORE & NEAR SHORE. BY J.J.BROUWER
4. PILE FOUNDATION IN ENGINEERING PRACTICE.

(Wiley Series In Geotechnical Engineering)
BY SHAMSHER PRUKASH & HARI D. SHAMA.2006 edition.
5. FOUNDATION DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION

BY M.J TOMLINSON.
6. GEOTECHNICAL AND FOUNDATION ENGINEERING DESIGN & CONSTRUCTION. BY R.W.DAY .1999

EDITION.
7. SOIL MECHANICS AND FOUNDATIONS 16TH EDITIONS

BY B.C.PUNMIA, A.K.JAIN AND ARIN JAIN.
8. BASIC AND APPLIED SOIL MECHANICS.

BY GOPAL RANJAN, A.S.RAO.RE-PRINTED 2005.
9 .SOIL MECHANICS AND FOUNDATION ENGINEERING.

BY S.K GARG.6TH REVISED EDITION. 2005.
10. SOIL PROPERTIES TESTING MEASUREMENT AND EVALUATION. BY CHENG .L, JACK .B.
EVETT.2000 Edition.
11. PRINCIPLE OF FOUNDATION ENGINEERING

BY BRJAS M. DAS.2005 editions.
12. PENETROMETER AND SOIL EXPLORATION

BY G. SANGLERAT.
13. NIGERIAN GEOTECHNICAL ASSOCIATION CONFERENCE PAPER “GEO 99”. 1999 edition.
14. OTHER REPORT OF GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATIONS CARRIED OUT BY OPTIMAL GEMS

RESOURCES LIMITED WITHIN OWODE ,KOSOFE L.G.A AND ENVIRONMENT.
28

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OMNIK LIMITED

PROPOSED FOOTBRIDGE BETWEEN

ALONG WAHEED ELIAS AVENUE, LAGOS – IKORODU

SUBSOIL INVESTIGATION WORKS

OPTIMAL GEMS RESOURCES LIMITED

3.0 SUBSOIL AND GROUNDWATER CONDITIONS

4.0 ENGINEERING PROPERTIES

5.0 FOUNDATION DISCUSSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

B. Cone Penetrometer Logs

C. Summary of Laboratory Test Results.

O.G.R.L / P - 2686 / FNL.S.I / 2020

PROPOSED FOOTBRIDGE BETWEEN OMNIK LIMITED FACTORY AND WAREHOUSE

1.1 Objective of Investigation

1.2 SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDATIONS

2.0 SCOPE OF WORKS

2.20 Laboratory Tests

2.22 Soil Physical and Bearing Strength Tests

- Bulk Density Tests

3.0 SUBSOIL AND GROUNDWATER CONDITIONS

TABLE 1 BH N0 1: STRATIGRAPHIC PROFILE

2.0 – 6.0 4.0 Soft light brown greyish SILTY CLAY.

14.0 – 18.50 4.50 Loose grey SILTY CLAYEY SAND.

18.50 – 30.0 11.50 Medium dense grading to dense grey GRAVELLY

TABLE 2 BH N02: STRATIGRAPHIC PROFILE

6.0 – 9.50 3.50 Very loose grey MEDIUM FINE SAND.

9.50 – 15.50 6.0 Very soft dark brown FIBROUS PEAT.

15.50 – 18.75 3.25 Loose grey SILTY CLAYEY SAND.

18.75 – 30.0 11.25 Medium dense grading to dense greyish COARSE

The rates of variation are stated in the table 3 below

3.7 DISCUSSION ON LABPORATORY RESULTS

4.0 GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING PROPERTIES

GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING PARAMETERS

Poisson Ratio ***

6.0 – 15.50 6.0 – Soft dark

i) Joseph E Bowles – “Foundation Analysis and Design” Fifth edition.

4.2 DISCUSSION OF ENGINEERING PROPERTIES FOR FOUNDATION ANALYSIS OF TESTS

4.0 FOUNDATION DISCUSSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 Type of Foundation – Shallow Foundation

ALLOWABLE BEARING PRESSURE - TABLE 5

6.0 PILED FOUNDATION

400.0 21.0 320.0

450.0 21.0 400.0

500.0 21.0 490.0

600.0 21.0 685.0

6.4 General Precaution for Deep Foundation Construction

Location Description and Site Layout

SITE WORKS METHODOLOGY

1. SHORT COURSE IN FOUNDATION ENGINEERING

2. SOIL MECHANICS AND FOUNDATION ENGINEERING

3 GUIDE TO CONE PENETROMETER TESTING ON SHORE & NEAR SHORE. BY J.J.BROUWER

4. PILE FOUNDATION IN ENGINEERING PRACTICE.

5. FOUNDATION DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION

6. GEOTECHNICAL AND FOUNDATION ENGINEERING DESIGN & CONSTRUCTION. BY R.W.DAY .1999

7. SOIL MECHANICS AND FOUNDATIONS 16TH EDITIONS

8. BASIC AND APPLIED SOIL MECHANICS.

9 .SOIL MECHANICS AND FOUNDATION ENGINEERING.

11. PRINCIPLE OF FOUNDATION ENGINEERING

12. PENETROMETER AND SOIL EXPLORATION