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Endocrine Disorders of Cats and
Dogs
Endocrine Disorders of Dogs and
Cats
Endocrine vs Exocrine
 Endocrine glands produce HORMONES, these
are secreted directly into the blood stream
 Exocrine glands secrete chemicals outside the
organ they operate in (ie sweat glands in Skin,
pancreatic digestive enzymes from Pancreas)
Hypothalamus and Pituitary
Vasopressin/AntiDiureticHormone
The Renal Nephron
ADH
ADH
A diuretic is an agent that increases the rate of urine formation.
ANDIURETIC hormone conserves body water by REDUCING
the LOSS OF WATER IN URINE.
Injection of small amounts of antidiuretic hormone into an

animal results in antidiuresis or DECREASED formation of
urine.
Antidiuretic hormone binds to receptors on cells in the

collecting ducts of the kidney and promotes reabsorption of
water back into the circulation.
WITHOUT antidiuretic hormone, the collecting ducts are
virtually IMPERMEABLE TO WATER, AND IT FLOWS OUT
AS DILUTE URINE.
ADH
ADH
ADH = Anti Diuretic Hormone
 Stop Diuresis
 More Concentrated Urine
 Less Water Lost in urine
 More Water Retained in circulation
 WITH ADH HYDRATED
 WITHOUT ADH DEHYDRATION
Polydysia / Polyuria
 Poly = many / much
 Dypsia = drinking
 Uria = urinating
Many endocrine disorders cause
POLYDIPSIA + POLYURIA
1) either directly through increased THIRST
2) or indirectly by causing dilution of urine (diuresis)
DEHYDRATION THIRST
Diabetes Insipidus
 Primary - disorder of hypothalamus/pituitary
 = Central D.I. (ADH deficiency)
 Secondary - disorder of nephron
 = Renal or Acquired Nephrogenic D.I.
 Other - Psychogenic Polydipsia
 DRINK/URINATE +++++
 Drink > 100mls/Kg/Day
 Urinate >50mls/Kg/Day
Central D.I.
 USG 1.001-1.0120
 RARE
 Due to head injury, tumor or disease
process that affects hypothalamus or
pituitary
Acquired Neprogenic D.I.
• USG 1.008-1.016
• COMMON
• Symptoms of Kidney Disease
++++ Protein in urine
+++ WBC in urine
+/- Bacteria in the urine
+++ BUN, Creatanine
Psychogenic Polydipsia
 USG 1.003-1.023
 Common
 Kidneys normal function
 Good news, you dog is not going to
die!
 May have Renal Washout
(Not able to concentrate urine due to loss of

solute in renal medulla)
Renal Wash Out
Disorders of Growth Hormone
Growth Hormone is
Produced by cells in
Anterior Pituitary
Can have too much -
Acromegaly (Cats)
Or too little -
Dwarfism (Dogs/Cats)
Growth
Hormone
Acromegaly
Too Much Growth Hormone
 Rare
 Big Head
 Big Feet
 Big CAT!
 Older cats
 Often D.M.
Dwarfism
 Deficiency of G.H.
 Rare
 Congenital Disease
or Pituitory Gland
Damaged
 No Treatment
Thyroid and Parathyroid
Parathyroid Glands
Hyperparathyroid diseases
 Disorder of Para Thyroid Hormone - PTH
 Primary (functional tumor of PT gland)
RARE
 Secondary (chronic renal failure)
COMMON
 Cancer (Some cancers can produce a
PTH like protein that mimics
hyperparathyroid disease)
HYPERCALCAEMIA +++Ca
Also changes in PHOSPHATE metabolism, either
PLEASE PREPARE YOURSELVES
(Vitamin D)
Primary Hyperparathyroidism
Calcium increases
Secondary Renal Hyperparathyroidism
Both Calcium and Phosphate increase

Hypercalcemia and Hypophosphatemia
Hypoparathyroid Diseases
 Rare in dogs and cats
 Often man made = Iatrogenic
 (surgery to remove thyroid glands in
cats)
 Causes Low calcium, high
phosphorus
Super Dogs
Thyroid Diseases
Grumpy Cats!!!!
Thyroid Diseases
Sleepy dogs!
Thyroid Disorders
 Cats get
 HYPERthyroid
 Dogs get
 HYPOthyroid
Thyroid Glands
Feline Hyperthyroid Disease
 Very Common
 Affects cats >8y mostly
 Wt loss, +++Appetite
 Hyperactive, behavior
change
 Palpate enlarged Thyroid
 70% of time both glands
 Secondary heart disease
 common, also hypertension
 Hyperplasia, adenoma,
Feline Hyperthyroid Disease
 DIAGNOSIS
 blood test for total T4 (thyroixine)
 The higher the T4, the worse the disease
 TREATMENTS
 Antithyroid drugs for life
 Radioactive iodine (available??)
 Thyroidectomy (watch out for parathyroids)
Canine Hypothyroid Disease
 Common
 Middle age dogs
 Wt gain, Lethargy,
Depressed
 Skin changes, - MANY.
 Hair loss, thinning of
coat
 Weak (sometimes),
 Reduced reproductive
ability.
 Anemia
Primary
 Caused by progressive destruction of thyroid
gland, gets worse over time

 Normal hard to diagnose
 Easy to treat
Secondary
 Any disease that makes dog unwell can cause
 low thyroid hormone (sick thyroid syndrome,
or euthyroid sick sydrome)

 Hard to diagnose because many diseases can
look like hypothyroid
 Also many disease can cause low thyroxine
(T4)
To DIAGNOSIS….
1) Symptoms + Blood tests for thyroxine levels (total T4,
and free T4)
2) TSH test (thyroid stimulating hormone), to help
distinguish between Hypothyroid, and Sick thyroid
syndrome
3) Observe a response to treatment
TSH – Thyroid Stimulating Hormone
 When T4 low, no
suppression of
hypothalamus (TRH)
or Pituitary(TSH)
 Hypothyroid dogs
should have low T4,
and HIGH TRH/TSH
Hypothyroid
 Treatment easy
 Give Thyroxine daily
 Can use Medication trial

to help diagnose HypoT
 Response to medication
often dramatic
 Happy Dogs!!
Habis

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Endocrine Disorders of Cats and

Injection of small amounts of antidiuretic hormone into an

Antidiuretic hormone binds to receptors on cells in the

 Kidneys normal function

 Good news, you dog is not going to

(Not able to concentrate urine due to loss of

Both Calcium and Phosphate increase

gland, gets worse over time

 low thyroid hormone (sick thyroid syndrome,

or euthyroid sick sydrome)

 Give Thyroxine daily

 Can use Medication trial

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