(L-8) - Molecular Basis of Inheritance - Feb 1, 2020

Molecular Basis of Inheritance
Types of RNAs
LECTURE 8
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Molecular Basis of Inheritance
Types of RNAs
LECTURE 8
Every day is a new beginning.
Take a deep breath and start again.
Types of RNAs
RNA or Ribonucleic Acid
➢ It is a single chain polyribonucleotide which functions as carrier of coded genetic

information from DNA to cytoplasm for taking part in
○ Protein synthesis.
○ Enzyme synthesis.
➢ At places RNA may appear partially double stranded due to folding or coiling of the
single strand.
Types of RNAs
RNA or Ribonucleic Acid
➢ It contains 70-12000 ribonucleotides joined end to end.

➢ The axis or back bone is formed of alternate residues of phosphate and ribose sugar.
➢ Phosphate combines with carbon 5' of its sugar and carbon 3' of next sugar similar
to the arrangement found in DNA strand.
➢ Nitrogen bases are attached to sugars at carbon 1' of the latter.
Types of RNAs
Nitrogenous Bases
Purines Pyrimidines
Adenine Cytosine
Guanine Uracil
Types of RNAs
Ribosomal RNA
Transfer RNA
Messenger RNA
Genomic RNA
Small Nuclear RNA
Small Cytoplasmic RNA

Types of RNAs
Types of RNAs
➢ Out of these the first three (rRNA, mRNA and tRNA) are major classes of RNAs that
are involved in gene expression.
➢ RNA is genomic in some viruses like TMV, HIV influenza virus etc.
➢ It is double stranded in wound tumor virus, Rice Dwarf virus and Mycophages.
Types of RNAs
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
➢ It is the most abundant RNA (70-80% of total) which has 3-4 types.
➢ Some of its types (23S, 28S) are the longest of all RNAs.
➢ As the name indicates, rRNA is a constituent of ribosomes.
➢ Here it lies coiled in between and over the protein molecules.
Types of RNAs
Types of Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
➢ Depending upon their sedimentation coefficient, rRNAs of eukaryotes are of four

types:
28S rRNA Larger Subunit of Ribosomes
18S rRNA Smaller Subunit of Ribosomes
5.8S rRNA Larger Subunit of Ribosomes

Types of RNAs
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
➢ Prokaryotic ribosomes have three types of rRNAs:
16S rRNA Smaller Subunit of Ribosomes

Types of RNAs
Transfer RNA (tRNA) —The Adaptive Molecule
➢ It is also called soluble or sRNA in which form it was known before the discovery of
genetic code.
➢ There are over 100 types of tRNAs.
➢ Transfer RNA constitutes about 15% of the total RNA.
Types of RNAs
➢ It is the smallest RNA with 73-93 nucleotides and sedimentation coefficient of 4S.
➢ The nitrogen bases of several of its nucleotides get modified, e.g.,
○ Pseudouridine (w).
○ Dihydrouridine (DHU).
○ Inosine (I).
○ Ribothymidine (rT).
Types of RNAs
➢ There is coiling of single-stranded tRNA into:
L- Shaped Form (three dimensional, Klug, 1974)
Clover-like form (two dimensional, Holley, 1965)

Types of RNAs
➢ About half of the nucleotides are base paired to produce paired stems.
➢ Five regions are unpaired or single stranded:
AA-binding Site
T φ C Loop
DHU Loop
Extra Arm
Anticodon Loop
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
AA-Binding Site
➢ It is amino acid binding site.

➢ The site lies at the 3' end opposite the anticodon and has CCA—OH group.
➢ The 5' end bears G. Amino acid or AA-binding site and anticodon are the two
recognition sites of tRNA.
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
T φ C Loop
➢ It has 7 bases out of which φ (pseudouridine) and rT (ribothymidine) are unusual

bases.
➢ The loop is the site for attaching to ribosome.
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
DHU Loop
➢ The loop contains 8-12 bases.

➢ It is largest loop and has dihydrouridine. It is binding site for aminoacyl synthetase
enzyme.
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
Extra Arm
➢ It is a variable side arm or loop which lies between T φ C loop and anticodon.
➢ It is not present in all tRNAs.
➢ The exact role of extra arm is not known.
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
Anticodon Loop
➢ It has 7 bases out of which three bases form anticodon (nodoc) for recognising and
attaching to the codon of mRNA.
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
Functions
tRNA is adapter molecule meant for transferring amino acids to

ribosomes for synthesis of polypeptides.
There are different tRNAs for different amino acids.
Some amino acids can be picked up by 2-6 tRNAs.

Transfer RNA (tRNA)
Functions
These place specific amino acids at particular points during polypeptide

synthesis as per codons of mRNA.
Codons are recognised by anticodons of tRNAs

Types of RNAs
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
➢ It is a long RNA which constitutes 2-5% of the total RNA content of the cell.
➢ It brings instructions from DNA for formation of particular type of polypeptide.
➢ It is also called informational or genetic RNA.
Types of RNAs
➢ The instructions are present in the base sequence of its nucleotides.

➢ It is called genetic code.
➢ Three adjacent nitrogen bases specify a particular amino acid.
➢ Formation of polypeptide occurs over the ribosomes.
Types of RNAs
➢ It gets attached to ribosome.

➢ tRNAs are induced to bring amino acids in a particular sequence according to the
sequence of codons present over mRNA.
➢ In eukaryotes mRNA has methylated region at the 5' terminus.
➢ It functions as a cap for attachment with ribosome.
➢ A Shine-Delgarno sequence is present in prokaryotes.
Types of RNAs
➢ Cap is followed by an initiation codon (AUG) either immediately or after a small

noncoding leader region.
➢ Then there is coding region followed by termination codon (UAA, UAG, or UGA).
➢ After termination codon there is a small noncoding trailer region and poly A area or
tail at the 3' terminus.
Types of RNAs
➢ Both cap and tail protect mRNA from enzymatic breakdown.

➢ The leader and trailer regions are called UTR (Untranslated regions).
➢ An mRNA may specify only a single polypeptide or a number of them.
➢ The former is called monocistronic while the latter is known as polycistronic.
Functions
It carries coded information for translation into polypeptide formation.
Through reverse transcription it can form compact genes which are

used in genetic engineering.
It has a cap region for attachment to ribosome.

Types of RNAs
Genomic RNA (Genetic RNA)
➢ It is found in some viruses called riboviruses.

➢ It may be single stranded (e.g., Tobacco Mosaic Virus or TMV) or double stranded
(e.g., Reovirus).
➢ It is fragmented in influenza virus.
➢ Genomic RNA acts as a hereditary material.
Types of RNAs
Catalytic RNAs
➢ Cech et al found catalytic activity (cleavage and covalent bond formation) in RNA
precursor of ciliated protozoan called Tetrahymena thermophila.
➢ It was called ribozyme.
➢ Altman et al discovered that ribonuclease - P that takes part in processing tRNA
from its precursor is a biocatalyst made of RNA and protein.
➢ Noller et al found peptidyl transferase to be RNA enzyme.
Types of RNAs
Small Nuclear RNA (snRNA)
➢ It is a small sized RNA present in the nucleus.

➢ Each RNA is combined with 7-8 molecules of proteins to form small nuclear
ribonucleoprotein or snRNP.
➢ It takes part in
○ Splicing.
○ rRNA processing.
○ mRNA processing.
Types of RNAs
Small Cytoplasmic RNA (scRNA)
➢ It is small sized RNA occurring free in the cytoplasm.

➢ One such small cytoplasmic RNA is 7S and combines with 6 protein molecules to
produce signal recognition particle or SRP.
➢ It helps in taking and binding a ribosome to endoplasmic reticulum for producing
secretory proteins.
Types of RNAs
RNA Interference (RNAi)
➢ It is involved in regulating gene expression.

➢ They become single stranded and form RISC (RNA induced silencing complex) after
combining with proteins.
21-22 bp long RNAs which attach to

Micro RNAs (miRNAs) complementary parts of mRNAs and
bring about their degeneration.
Double stranded 19-23 bp long RNAs

Short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) which also do the same job
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Molecular Basis of Inheritance

Dr. Sachin Kapur

20+ years Teaching Experience

RNA or Ribonucleic Acid

➢ It is a single chain polyribonucleotide which functions as carrier of coded genetic

RNA or Ribonucleic Acid

➢ It contains 70-12000 ribonucleotides joined end to end.

Small Nuclear RNA

Small Cytoplasmic RNA

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

Types of Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

➢ Depending upon their sedimentation coefficient, rRNAs of eukaryotes are of four

28S rRNA Larger Subunit of Ribosomes

18S rRNA Smaller Subunit of Ribosomes

5.8S rRNA Larger Subunit of Ribosomes

5S rRNA Larger Subunit of Ribosomes

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

➢ Prokaryotic ribosomes have three types of rRNAs:

23S rRNA Larger Subunit of Ribosomes

16S rRNA Smaller Subunit of Ribosomes

5S rRNA Larger Subunit of Ribosomes

Transfer RNA (tRNA) —The Adaptive Molecule

Transfer RNA (tRNA) —The Adaptive Molecule

Transfer RNA (tRNA) —The Adaptive Molecule

➢ There is coiling of single-stranded tRNA into:

L- Shaped Form (three dimensional, Klug, 1974)

Clover-like form (two dimensional, Holley, 1965)

Transfer RNA (tRNA) —The Adaptive Molecule

➢ It is amino acid binding site.

➢ It has 7 bases out of which φ (pseudouridine) and rT (ribothymidine) are unusual

➢ The loop contains 8-12 bases.

tRNA is adapter molecule meant for transferring amino acids to

There are different tRNAs for different amino acids.

Some amino acids can be picked up by 2-6 tRNAs.

These place specific amino acids at particular points during polypeptide

Codons are recognised by anticodons of tRNAs

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

➢ The instructions are present in the base sequence of its nucleotides.

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

➢ It gets attached to ribosome.

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

➢ Cap is followed by an initiation codon (AUG) either immediately or after a small

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

➢ Both cap and tail protect mRNA from enzymatic breakdown.

It carries coded information for translation into polypeptide formation.

Through reverse transcription it can form compact genes which are

It has a cap region for attachment to ribosome.

Genomic RNA (Genetic RNA)

➢ It is found in some viruses called riboviruses.

Small Nuclear RNA (snRNA)

➢ It is a small sized RNA present in the nucleus.

Small Cytoplasmic RNA (scRNA)

➢ It is small sized RNA occurring free in the cytoplasm.

RNA Interference (RNAi)

➢ It is involved in regulating gene expression.

21-22 bp long RNAs which attach to

Double stranded 19-23 bp long RNAs

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