EDGE ACADEMY

Space and Nuclear Program of India

 Space and Nuclear Program of India
 Indian heritage is one of the richest and oldest in the world. Science and
Technology have always been an integral part of Indian culture
 The Department of Science and Technology plays a pivotal role in the promotion of
science and technology in the country
 Science and technology play a vital role in the development strategy of various sections
of society
 The Department of Scientific and Industrial Research (DSIR) was set up in 1985
 The Council of Scientific and Industrial Research was established by the Government
of India in September 1942 as an autonomous body that has emerged as the largest
research and development organization in India.

INDIAN SPACE PROGRAMME

 Indian National Committee for Space Research (INCOSPAR) was set up by the
Government of India in
1962. INCOSPAR grew and became ISRO in 1969
 Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) founded on 15 August 1969 to
develop an independent Indian space program. Its headquarters are in Bangalore
 In 1972, Government of India had setup a Space Commission and the Department of
Space (DOS), bringing ISRO under the Department of Space DOS
 India's first satellite Aryabhata, which was launched by the Soviet Union on 1975
 Antrix Corporation – The marketing arm of ISRO, Bengaluru
 Rohini became the first satellite to be placed in orbit by an Indian-made launch vehicle
SLV-3 in 1980
Launch Vehicles
 Launcher or Launch Vehicles are used to carry spacecraft to space.
 India has two operational launchers:
1. Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV)
2. Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV).
Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV)
 Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle was developed to launch Low Earth Orbit satellites into
Polar and Sun Synchronous Orbits.
 PSLV earned its title 'the Workhorse of ISRO' through consistently delivering
various satellites to Low Earth Orbits, particularly the Indian Remote Sensing (IRS)
 series of satellites
 The maximum number of satellites launched by the PSLV in a single launch is 104, in
the PSLV-C37 launch on 15 February 2017
Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV)
 Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle was developed to launch the heavier INSAT
class of geosynchronous satellites into orbit.
 GSLV-Mk III is a launch vehicle capable to launch four-tonne satellites into
geosynchronous transfer orbit
SATELLITE PROGRAMMES

 India's first satellite the Aryabhata was launched by the Soviet Union on 19 April 1975
using a Cosmos-3M launch vehicle

The INSAT series

 The Indian National Satellite System (INSAT) is a series of multipurpose geostationary

satellites built and launched by ISRO to satisfy the telecommunications, broadcasting,
meteorology and search-and-rescue needs of India.

The IRS series

 The Indian Remote Sensing satellites (IRS) are a series of Earth observation
satellites, built, launched and maintained by ISRO.
South Asia satellite
 The South Asia Satellite (GSAT-9) is a geosynchronous communications satellite by
ISRO for the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) region
 The satellite was launched on 5 May 2017

IRNSS satellite navigation system (NAVIC)

 IRNSS with an operational name NAVIC is an independent regional navigation
satellite system developed by India.
 It is designed to provide accurate position information service to users in India as well as
the region extending up to 1500 km from its borders
Mars Orbiter Mission (Mangalyaan)
 It is India's first interplanetary mission
 Mangalyaan launched on November 5, 2013, by PSLV-C25 got inserted into Martian
orbit on September 24, 2014, in its first attempt
  India is the first Asian nation to reach Martian orbit and the first nation in the world to do so
on its maiden attempt
Lunar Missions of India
S.No Mission Name Remarks
1 Chandrayaan-1 1. Chandrayaan-1 was India's first mission to
Moon, was launched successfully on October
22, 2008, from Sriharikota
2. Launch Vehicle: PSLV - C11
2 Chandrayaan-2 1. Chandrayaan-2 is the second lunar
exploration mission developed by ISRO
2. Launch Vehicle: GSLV Mk-III
3. The spacecraft was launched on its mission to
the Moon from the Satish Dhawan Space
Centre in Andhra Pradesh on 22 July 2019
3 Chandrayaan-3 1. Planned mission
2. This Mission is a repeat of Chandrayaan-2
with lander, rover, and a propulsion module to
attempt a soft landing of the lunar surface.

Gaganyaan mission

 Gaganyaan is an Indian crewed orbital spacecraft intended to be the basis of the

Indian Human Spaceflight Programme
 The Gaganyaan spacecraft is being designed able to carry three people.
 The Gaganyaan is planned to be launched on ISRO's GSLV Mk III in December 2021
 Russia will train the Indian astronauts for the Gaganyaan mission
 Launch Vehicle: GSLV Mk-III
 Project Director of Gaganyaan: Shri R Hutton


Other Planned missions

 S.No Mission Name Remarks
1 Aditya- L1 1. Aditya- L1 is the India's first solar
mission
2. It is planned to be launched by the
end of 2020
2 Shukrayaan-1 1. Shukrayaan-1 is a proposed orbiter
to Venus by the ISRO to study the
surface and atmosphere of Venus.
3 Mangalyaan -2 1. Mangalyaan-2 is India's second
interplanetary mission planned for
launch to Mars by the Indian Space
Research Organisation (ISRO)
4 NISAR 1. The NASA-ISRO Synthetic
Aperture Radar (NISAR) mission is
a joint project between NASA and
ISRO
2. The satellite will be the first radar
imaging satellite to use dual
frequencies.

List of Important Mission of ISRO

S.No Name of the Spacecraft Launch Vehicle Launch Date

1 Aryabhata C-1 Intercosmos Apr 19, 1975
2 Bhaskara-I C-1 Intercosmos Jun 07, 1979
3 Rohini Satellite RS-1 SLV-3E2 Jul 18, 1980
4 EDUSAT GSLV-F01 Sep 20, 2004
5 CARTOSAT-1 PSLV-C6 May 05, 2005
6 CARTOSAT-2 PSLV-C7 Jan 10, 2007
7 CHANDRAYAAN 1 PSLV-C11 Oct 22, 2008
8 SARAL PSLV-C20 Feb 25, 2013
9 IRNSS-1A PSLV-C22 Jul 01, 2013
 10 Mars Orbiter Mission PSLV-C25 Nov 05, 2013
Spacecraft
11 IRNSS-1B PSLV-C24 Apr 04, 2014
12 IRNSS-1C PSLV-C26 Oct 16, 2014
13 IRNSS-1D PSLV-C27 Mar 28, 2015
14 IRNSS-1E PSLV-C31 Jan 20, 2016
15 IRNSS-1F PSLV-C32 Mar 10, 2016
16 IRNSS-1G PSLV-C33 Apr 28, 2016
17 IRNSS-1H PSLV-C39 Aug 31, 2017
18 IRNSS-1I PSLV-C41 Apr 12, 2018
19 GSAT-11 Mission Ariane-5 VA-246 Dec 05, 2018
20 GSAT-7A GSLV-F11 Dec 19, 2018
21 Microsat-R PSLV-C44 Jan 24, 2019
22 GSAT-31 Ariane-5 VA-247 Feb 06, 2019
23 EMISAT PSLV-C45 Apr 01, 2019
24 RISAT-2B PSLV-C46 May 22, 2019
25 Chandrayaan2 GSLV-Mk III - M1 Jul 22, 2019
26 Cartosat-3 PSLV-C47 Nov 27, 2019
27 RISAT-2BR1 PSLV-C48 Dec 11, 2019
28 GSAT-30 Ariane-5 VA-251 Jan 17, 2020

NUCLEAR PROGRAM OF INDIA

 The department of atomic energy (DAE) was established on 3 august 1954

 The Department of Atomic Energy is a department directly under the Prime
Minister of India with headquarters in Mumbai

 Department of Atomic Energy is engaged in the development of nuclear power

technology, applications of radiation technologies in the fields of agriculture,
medicine, industry and basic research.
 India's three-stage nuclear power program was formulated by Homi Bhabha in1954 to
secure the country's long term energy independence, through the use of uranium and
 thorium reserves found in the monazite sands of coastal regions of South India.
 A three stage nuclear energy programme based on closed cycle is the flagship of Indian
atomic programme.
1. Stage one aims at developing natural uranium fuelled Pressurized Heavy Water
Reactors.
2. The second stage aims for utilizing plutonium-based fuels in fast breeder reactors.
3. The third stage focuses on the development of advanced nuclear power systems for
utilization of thorium
 Homi J Bhabha is known as the father of India’s nuclear program
 APSARA was the first nuclear reactor not only in India but also the whole of Asia.
The reactor was designed by the Bhabha Atomic Research Center (BARC) and built
with assistance from the United Kingdom
 Nuclear power is currently the fourth-largest source of electricity in India after
thermal, hydroelectric and renewable sources of electricity
 List of nuclear power station in India

Nuclear power station State
Kaiga Karnataka
Kakrapar Gujarat
Kudankulam Tamil Nadu
Madras (Kalpakkam) Tamil Nadu
Narora Uttar Pradesh
Rajasthan Rajasthan
Tarapur Maharashtra


Radiation Technologies & Applications

Nuclear Agriculture
 The nuclear agriculture program of BARC covers the development of high yielding
crop seeds using nuclear techniques, fertilizer, and pesticide-related studies, radiation
processing of food items, and other areas.
Research Reactors
 The research reactor APSARA, CIRRUS, and DHRUVA at Trombay are
 utilized for basic and applied research, isotope production, material testing, and
training for human resource development.
Radioisotope Production
 India is a leading producer of radioisotopes in the world. Radioisotopes are produced
in the research reactors at Trombay, atomic power reactors at various places in the
country and cyclotron at Kolkata
Nuclear Medicine and Health Care
 Nuclear medicine is an integral part of modern healthcare.
 Radioisotopes and their formulations find wide application in diagnosis, therapy, and
health care.

Indian Science Congress Association

 Indian Science Congress Association (ISCA) is a premier scientific organisation of

India with headquarters at Kolkata, West Bengal. The association started in the year
1914 in Kolkata and it meets annually in the first week of January
 The latest and 107th Indian Science Congress (ISC) was inaugurated by Prime Minister
Shri.Narendra Modi
on January 3, 2019, at the University of Agricultural Sciences in Bengaluru