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(032) 254-9967 (Cebu)

Review Module – Steel Design – Plastic Analysis and The Collapse Mechanism
PLASTIC ANALYSIS 𝒀𝒊𝒆𝒍𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈
If the structure is subjected to loads that produce a stress greater
than the yield stress of the material, yielding propagates from
the outermost fiber to the plastic neutral axis.

𝑻𝒉𝒆 𝑪𝒐𝒍𝒍𝒂𝒑𝒔𝒆 𝑴𝒆𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒊𝒔𝒎

𝑷𝒖 – collapse load; minimum load that results in the collapse of a

structure.

ANALYSIS USING VIRTUAL WORK METHOD

Stage (a) – the load applied causes a moment that produces a bending PROBLEM 1. A 6 m simply supported beam carries an ultimate live load
stress up to the yield stress of the material. of 50kN at midspan. Determine the plastic moment of the beam.
Stage (b) – additional load is applied, and the outer fiber cannot go
beyond yield stress, so the yielding propagates towards the PROBLEM 2. A restrained steel beam is used to carry a uniform ultimate
neutral axis. load throughout its span. The beam has a span of 8 m and a plastic
Stage (c) – additional load is added, and the propagation continues moment capacity of 450 kN-m. Determine the uniform load it can carry
towards the neutral axis. right before collapse.
Stage (d) – yielding reaches the neutral axis and this becomes the fully
plastic stress distribution. PROBLEM 3 A propped beam having a span of 10 m has a plastic
moment capacity of 2000 kN-m. Determine the safe uniform load that the
PROBLEM 1. A wide flange section is formed building up three 300 mm beam could carry before collapse.
by 20 mm steel plates.
PROBLEM 4. A continuous beam is to be designed using the plastic
a. Compute the elastic section modulus of the section. method of analysis. The first span is 12 m long and the adjacent span is
b. Determine the plastic section modulus. 8m. Both spans are loaded with uniform dead load of 40 kN/m. The
c. Determine the shape factor of the beam. shorter span carries concentrated live load of 90 kN at its center. Using
a load factor of 1.2 for dead load and 1.6 for live loads, what is the beam’s
PROBLEM 2. A steel T-section has dimensions shown in the figure. It is plastic moment capacity?
of A36 steel with a yield stress of 248 MPa.
NSCP 2010 (Load and Resistance Factor Design - LRFD)
Critical Buckling Stress, Fcr
𝐶𝑏 𝜋 2 𝐸 𝐽 𝑐 𝐿𝑏 2
𝐹𝑐𝑟 = 2
√1 + 0.078 ( )
𝐿 𝑆𝑥 ℎ𝑜 𝑟𝑡𝑠
( 𝑏)
𝑟𝑡𝑠

For a doubly symmetric I-shape: 𝑐 = 1

ℎ 𝐼
For a channel: 𝑐 = 𝑜⁄2 √ 𝑦⁄𝐶
𝑤

The limiting lengths 𝑳𝒑 and 𝑳𝒓 are determined as follows:

𝐸
𝐿𝑝 = 1.76 𝑟𝑦 √
𝐹𝑦

a. Compute the elastic section modulus of the section. 𝐸 𝐽𝑐 0.7 𝐹𝑦 𝑆𝑥 ℎ𝑜 2

𝐿𝑟 = 1.95 𝑟𝑡𝑠 √ √1 + √1 + 6.76 ( )
b. Determine the plastic section modulus of the section. 0.7 𝐹𝑦 𝑆𝑥 ℎ𝑜 𝐸 𝐽𝑐
c. Determine the shape factor.
d. Compute for the plastic moment capacity of the section.
Where,
√𝐼𝑦 𝐶𝑤
COLLAPSE MECHANISM 2
𝑟𝑡𝑠 =
𝑆𝑥
When the whole cross-section yields, the material reaches fully plastic Cw = Warping coefficient.
condition and produces a plastic hinge that makes your structure
unstable. Thus, any additional load after the establishment of the plastic For doubly symmetric I-shapes with rectangular flanges,
hinge will cause the structure to collapse. This configuration of the 𝐼𝑦 ℎ𝑜2
𝐶𝑤 =
structure is known to be the collapse mechanism. 4
 MANILA: Room 206, JPD Building, CM Recto Avenue, Manila
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(032) 254-9967 (Cebu)

Table 502.4.1
Limiting Width-Thickness Ratios for Compression Elements
NOTE: rts may be approximated accurately and conservatively as the radius
of gyration of the compression flanges plus one-sixth of the web: Limiting Width-Thickness
𝑏𝑓 Ratios
𝑟𝑡𝑠 = Width-
1 ℎ 𝑡𝑤 Case Description of Elements Thickne 𝜆𝑝 𝜆𝑟 Example
√12 (1 + ) ss Ratio (compact) (non-
6 𝑏𝑓 𝑡𝑓
compact)

NOTE: The square root term in the equation for Fcr may be conservatively
taken equal to 1.0. The equation for Lr becomes, Flexure in flanges of
rolled I-shaped 𝑏 𝐸 𝐸
𝐸 1 0.38√ 1.0√
sections and 𝑡 𝐹𝑦 𝐹𝑦
𝐿𝑟 = 𝜋 𝑟𝑡𝑠 √ channels
0.7 𝐹𝑦

… … … … … …
506.2 Doubly Symmetric Compact I-Shaped Members and Channels Bent
about their Major Axis. (Compact Flanges and Webs)
506.2.1 Yielding 7
Flexure in flanges of 𝑏
0.38√
𝐸
1.0√
𝐸
𝑀𝑛 = 𝑀𝑝 = 𝐹𝑦 𝑍𝑥 tees 𝑡 𝐹𝑦 𝐹𝑦

506.2.2 Lateral Torsional Buckling

1. When 𝐿𝑏 ≤ 𝐿𝑝 , the limit state of lateral-torsional buckling does NOT … … … … … …
apply.

2. When 𝐿𝑝 < 𝐿𝑏 ≤ 𝐿𝑟 Flexure in webs of

𝐿𝑏 − 𝐿𝑝 doubly symmetric I- 𝐸 𝐸
9 ℎ/𝑡𝑤 3.76√ 5.70√
𝑀𝑛 = 𝐶𝑏 [𝑀𝑝 − (𝑀𝑝 − 0.7𝐹𝑦 𝑆𝑥 ) ( )] ≤ 𝑀𝑝 shaped sections and 𝐹𝑦 𝐹𝑦
𝐿𝑟 − 𝐿𝑝 channels

3. When 𝐿𝑏 > 𝐿𝑟
𝑀𝑛 = 𝐹𝑐𝑟 𝑆𝑥 ≤ 𝑀𝑝 Table User Note 506.1.1
Selection Table for the Application of Section 506 Sections
Flange Web Limit
Section Cross Section
Slenderness Slenderness States
506.3 Doubly Symmetric I-Shaped Members with Compact Webs and
Noncompact or Slender Flanges Bent about their Major Axis
506.2 C C Y, LTB
The nominal flexural strength Mn, shall be the lower value obtained according to
the limit states of lateral-torsional buckling and compression flange local
buckling.

506.3.1 Lateral-Torsional Buckling 506.3 NC, S C LTB, FLB

For lateral-torsional buckling, the provisions of Section 506.2.2 shall apply.

506.3.2 Compression Flange Local Buckling … … … … …

For sections with non-compact flanges
𝜆 − 𝜆𝑝𝑓 Unsymmetrical All limit
𝑀𝑛 = [𝑀𝑝 − (𝑀𝑝 − 0.7𝐹𝑦 𝑆𝑥 ) ( )] 506.12 Shapes
N/A N/A
𝜆𝑟𝑓 − 𝜆𝑝𝑓 states
For sections with slender flanges
0.9 𝐸 𝑘𝑐 𝑆𝑥 PROBLEM 1. A W section is used as a beam with a simple span of 6 m.
𝑀𝑛 =
𝜆2 The beam carries a total uniform ultimate load (dead plus live) of 80 kN/m
𝑏𝑓
Where 𝜆 = ⁄2 𝑡 including selfweight.
𝑓
4
𝑘𝑐 = Properties of W section:
√ℎ/𝑡𝑤
A = 12300 mm2 tw = 9.91 mm k = 30.5 mm
And shall NOT be taken less than 0.35 NOR greater than 0.76 for calculation d = 307 mm Ix = 222 x 106 mm4 rx = 134 mm
purposes. bf = 305 mm Zx = 1590 x 103 mm4 ry = 76.7 mm
tf = 15.40 mm Sx = 1440 x 103 mm3 J = 907 x 103 mm4

MOMENT GRADIENT MULTIPLIER / LTB MODIFICATION FACTOR Yield Strength, Fy = 345 MPa
To account for the non-uniformity of moment diagrams when both ends of the
unsupported segments are braced. Strength reduction factor (for flexure), 𝜙 = 0.90
12.5 𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 a. Evaluate the ultimate moment capacity if it is laterally supported at
𝐶𝑏 = ∙ 𝑅 ≤ 3.0
2.5𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 + 3𝑀𝐴 + 4𝑀𝐵 + 3𝑀𝐶 𝑀 midspan.
Where, b. Evaluate the ultimate moment capacity if the beam is laterally
RM = Cross-section monosymmetry parameter
= 1.0, doubly symmetric members
unsupported.
= 1.0, singly symmetric members subjected to single
curvature bending c. Evaluate the ultimate moment capacity if the beam is 12 meters long
with no lateral supports.
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𝒌 𝑬 𝒌 𝑬
PROBLEM 2. A fixed-ended girder spans 10 m long. Neglecting self- b. For 𝟏. 𝟏𝟎√ 𝒗 ⁄𝑭 < 𝒉⁄𝒕 ≤ 𝟏. 𝟑𝟕√ 𝒗 ⁄𝑭
𝒚 𝒘 𝒚
weight the beam carries concentrated dead and live loads at midspan.
𝒌 𝑬
Properties of the Girder: 𝟏. 𝟎√ 𝒗 ⁄𝑭
𝒚
Area, A = 19,226 mm^2 𝑪𝒗 =
𝒉⁄
Depth, d = 540 mm 𝒕𝒘
Flange Width, bf = 312 mm
Flange Thickness, tf = 20 mm 𝒌 𝑬
c. For 𝒉⁄𝒕 > 𝟏. 𝟑𝟕√ 𝒗 ⁄𝑭
𝒘
Web Thickness, tw = 12 mm 𝒚

Fillet, k = 30 mm 𝟏. 𝟓𝟏𝑬𝒌𝒗
Radius of gyration, rx = 230 mm 𝑪𝒗 = 𝟐
Radius of gyration, ry = 40 mm (𝒉⁄𝒕 ) 𝑭𝒚
𝒘
Moment of inertia, Ix = 1004.4 x 10^6 mm^4
Elastic Section Modulus, Sx = 3.72 x 10^6 mm^3 The web plate buckling coefficient, 𝒌𝒗 , is determined as follows:
Plastic Section Modulus, Zx = 4.14 x 10^6 mm^3
Torsional Constant, J = 1120 x 10³ mm4
a. For unstiffened webs with 𝒉⁄𝒕 < 𝟐𝟔𝟎, 𝒌𝒗 = 𝟓
rts = 60 mm 𝒘
Steel Yield Stress, Fy = 345 MPa except for the stem of tee shapes where 𝒌𝒗 = 𝟏. 𝟐.
Factored Load, U = 1.2D + 1.6L
Strength reduction factor, 𝜙 = 0.90 b. For stiffened webs,
𝟓
𝒌𝒗 = 𝟓 +
a. If the compression flange of the girder is supported only at (𝒂⁄𝒉)𝟐
midspan, evaluate the moment gradient multiplier. 𝟐
𝟐𝟔𝟎
= 𝟓 when 𝒂⁄𝒉 > 𝟑. 𝟎 or 𝒂⁄𝒉 > [𝒉 ]
b. Evaluate the design moment. ⁄𝒕
𝒘

SECTION 507 Where:

DESIGN OF MEMBERS FOR SHEAR 𝑨𝒘 = the overall depth times the web thickness, 𝒅𝒕𝒘 , mm²
(Tension field action NOT included) 𝒂 = clear distance between transverse stiffeners, mm
𝒉 = for rolled shapes, the clear distance between flanges less
507.1 General Provisions the fillet or corner radii, mm
The design shear strength, 𝝓𝒗 𝑽𝒏 , and the allowable shear strength, = for built-up welded sections, the clear distance between
𝑽𝒏 /𝛀𝒗 , shall be determined as follows, flanges, mm
= for built-up bolted sections, the distance between
For all provisions in this section except Section 507.2.1(1): fastener lines, mm
= for tees, the overall depth, mm
𝝓𝒗 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟎 (LRFD) 𝛀𝒗 = 𝟏. 𝟔𝟕 (ASD)
PROBLEM 3. A 12m long beam is simply supported at the left end and
507.2 Members with Unstiffened or Stiffened Webs is fixed at the right end. It is subjected to uniformly distributed loads.
507.2.1 Nominal Shear Strength Dead Load, w = 16.7 kN/m.
This section applies to webs of singly or doubly symmetric members Bending is about the major X-axis.
and channels subject to shear in the plane of the web.
Given:
The nominal shear strength, 𝑽𝒏 , of unstiffened or stiffened webs, Section W540 mm x 150 kg/m
according to the limit states of shear yielding and shear buckling, is Area, A = 19,225 mm^2
Depth, d = 540 mm
𝑽𝒏 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝑭𝒚 𝑨𝒘 𝑪𝒗 Flange Width, bf = 310 mm
Web Thickness, tw = 12.5 mm
Flange Thickness, tf = 20 mm
1. For webs of rolled I-shaped members with Elastic Section Modulus, Sx = 3.72 x 10^6 mm^3
𝒉⁄ ≤ 𝟐. 𝟐𝟒√𝑬⁄ Elastic Section. Modulus, Sy = 0.66 x 10^6 mm^3
𝒕𝒘 𝑭𝒚 Plastic Modulus, Zx = 4 .14 x 10^6 m^3
Plastic Modulus, Zy = 1.01 x 10^6 mm^3
𝝓𝒗 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟎 (𝑳𝑹𝑭𝑫) 𝛀𝒗 = 𝟏. 𝟓𝟎 (𝑨𝑺𝑫) Structural Steel, Fy = 345 MPa
Modulus of Elasticity, E = 200 GPa
And
a. Based on the design flexural strength of the beam, Mu, which
𝑪𝒗 = 𝟏. 𝟎 following gives the maximum live load (kN/m) it can carry?
Factored Load Combination, U= 1.2D + 1.6L
2. For webs of all other doubly symmetric shapes and singly Resistance Factor for Flexure, phi = 0.9.
symmetric shapes and channels, except round HSS, the web
shear coefficient, 𝑪𝒗 , is determined as follows: b. Based on the design shear strength of the beam, Vu, how much is
the maximum live load (kN/m) that the beam can be subjected to?
Factored Load Combination, U = 1.2D + 1.6L
𝒌 𝑬
a. For 𝒉⁄𝒕 ≤ 𝟏. 𝟏𝟎√ 𝒗 ⁄𝑭 Resistance Factor for Shear, phi = 1.0
𝒘 𝒚
Shear Stress at Factored Loads, vu = 𝜙0.6Fy
𝑪𝒗 = 𝟏. 𝟎
c. Which of the following gives the maximum service live load (kN/m)
on the beam based on an allowable deflection due to live load of
1/360 of the span?