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    A. Two Forms of Carbohydrates: 1. Draw The Following

    Uploaded by

    Joshua Trinidad
    The document discusses carbohydrate classification and metabolism. It defines monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides based on the number of sugar units. Monosaccharides include pentoses and hexoses. Disaccharides are composed of two monosaccharides joined by biosynthesis. Oligosaccharides yield 2-10 monosaccharides upon hydrolysis, and polysaccharides are polymers of monosaccharides with more than ten units. Glucose metabolism occurs through oxidation to pyruvate and the citric acid cycle, storage as glycogen, or conversion to other sugars and intermediates. Hormones like insulin and glucagon regulate carbohydrate metabolism by maintaining blood glucose levels.

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    A. Two Forms of Carbohydrates: 1. Draw The Following

    Uploaded by

    Joshua Trinidad
    114 views7 pages
    The document discusses carbohydrate classification and metabolism. It defines monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides based on the number of sugar units. Monosaccharides include pentoses and hexoses. Disaccharides are composed of two monosaccharides joined by biosynthesis. Oligosaccharides yield 2-10 monosaccharides upon hydrolysis, and polysaccharides are polymers of monosaccharides with more than ten units. Glucose metabolism occurs through oxidation to pyruvate and the citric acid cycle, storage as glycogen, or conversion to other sugars and intermediates. Hormones like insulin and glucagon regulate carbohydrate metabolism by maintaining blood glucose levels.

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    The document discusses carbohydrate classification and metabolism. It defines monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides based on the number of sugar units. Monosaccharides include pentoses and hexoses. Disaccharides are composed of two monosaccharides joined by biosynthesis. Oligosaccharides yield 2-10 monosaccharides upon hydrolysis, and polysaccharides are polymers of monosaccharides with more than ten units. Glucose metabolism occurs through oxidation to pyruvate and the citric acid cycle, storage as glycogen, or conversion to other sugars and intermediates. Hormones like insulin and glucagon regulate carbohydrate metabolism by maintaining blood glucose levels.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as doc, pdf, or txt
    114 views7 pages

    A. Two Forms of Carbohydrates: 1. Draw The Following

    Uploaded by

    Joshua Trinidad
    The document discusses carbohydrate classification and metabolism. It defines monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides based on the number of sugar units. Monosaccharides include pentoses and hexoses. Disaccharides are composed of two monosaccharides joined by biosynthesis. Oligosaccharides yield 2-10 monosaccharides upon hydrolysis, and polysaccharides are polymers of monosaccharides with more than ten units. Glucose metabolism occurs through oxidation to pyruvate and the citric acid cycle, storage as glycogen, or conversion to other sugars and intermediates. Hormones like insulin and glucagon regulate carbohydrate metabolism by maintaining blood glucose levels.

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    1.

    Draw the following:

    a. Two forms of Carbohydrates

    b. Fisher projection of glucose: Open-chain Fisher projections and Cyclic Fisher projection
    c. Haworth projection of glucose, sucrose
    d. Stereoisomers of glucose
    e. The Embden-Meyerhof pathway for anaerobic glycolysis
    f. Linkage of monosaccharides.
    2. Define the classification of carbohydrates based on the number of sugar units in the chain:
    monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides.

    Monosaccharides
     Also known as simple sugars
     General Formula: Cn(H2O)n
     monosaccharides containing three to nine carbon atoms occur in nature.
     monosaccharides are those carbohydrates which can not be hydrolyzed to small compounds.
     small molecules; they are extremely vital to the proper functioning of living systems
     most important are the pentoses and hexoses

    Disaccharides

     it is composed of 2 monosaccharides

     the cells can make disaccharides by joining two monosaccharides by biosynthesis.

    Oligosaccharides
     these are compound sugars that yield 2 to 10 molecules of the same or different monosaccharides
    on hydrolysis.

     yielding 2 molecules of monosaccharide on hydrolysis is designated as a disaccharide, and the


    one yielding 3 molecules of monosaccharide as a trisaccharide and so on.

    Polysaccharides

     are formed by the linkage of many monosaccharides units


     they are the polymers of monosaccharide.
     have more than ten monosaccacharide units

    3. Discuss the fate of Glucose (Glucose Metabolism)

     There are three major pathways for the cellular fate of glucose which are the:

     1) oxidation to pyruvate, which may undergo further oxidation in the citric acid cycle

     2) storage as the polysaccharide glycogen for rapid utilization at a later time

     3) conversion to other sugars and intermediates essential for other important biosynthetic and
    metabolic pathways which can include the generation of glycerol 3-phosphate used in triglyceride
    and phospholipid synthesis, a major cellular fate of glucose in adipose, muscle, and liver tissues.
    Glucose is an efficient fuel in that more ATP is produced per O 2 molecule when compared with
    oxidation of fat and other fuel sources. Moreover, glucose is unique in that its metabolism can
    furnish ATP even in the absence of oxygen.

    4. Discuss the regulation of carbohydrate metabolism

     Hormones released from the pancreas regulate the overall metabolism of glucose. Insulin and
    glucagon are the primary hormones involved in maintaining a steady level of glucose in the
    blood, and the release of each is controlled by the amount of nutrients currently available.

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