PRESENT TENSE SIMPLE

 AFIRMATIV:
SUBIECT + VERB LA INFINITIV SCURT (verb cu terminatia –s sau –es pentru persoana a 3 a
singular).
Verbul primeste terminatia –es atunci cand se termina in –s , -ch, -sh, -x, -z.
Kiss-kisses, watch-watches, wash-washes, box-boxes, buzz-buzzes

 NEGATIV:
SUBIECT + DON’T / DOESN’T + VERB FORMA DE INFINITIV SCURT.

 INTEROGATIV:
DO / DOES + SUBIECT + VERB INFINITIV SCURT?

 Se foloseste pentru:
a) Actiuni obisnuite, repetate.
b) Caracteristici generale, situatii permanente.
c) Adevaruri general valabile, fapte care sunt adevarate mereu.
d) Actiuni viitoare planificate (orare oficiale)
e) In subordonate temporale.
f) In subordonate conditionale.
g) Descrieri de metode.
h) Titluri de ziare.
i) Comentarii, anunturi.
j) Prezentul narativ.
k) Indicatii scenice.
l) Pentru a introduce citate.

a) Mother goes shopping every day.

b) In many factories work begins at 7 o’clock.
c) The Earth revolves on its axis.
d) This is our programme. We leave at 7, arrive in Brasov at 10, spend the day there and set out
that night for Sibiu.
e) You’ll have a pleasant surprise when you open that box.
f) If the car breaks down we’ll have a long way to walk.
g) You take a wooden spoon and mix the ingredients.
h) Postmen threaten strike. Claim for higher wages.
i) Today’s Radio: Sir Charles Groves conducts Edgar’s cantata “Cataractus”. The Open
University continues the series of talks on behaviourism.
j) James Herriot comes to Yorkshire for his first job as a vet. One day he goes to a big farm to
look at a calf with a fractured leg. Then he meets the farmer’s daughter Helen.
k) When the curtain rises a door opens and a man comes in and stands looking to the right.
l) Shakespeare says: “ Neither a borrower nor a lender be.”
 PRESENT TENSE CONTINUOUS

 AFIRMATIV:
SUBIECT + TO BE + VERB-ING

 NEGATIV:
SUBIECT + NOT TO BE + VERB-ING

 INTEROGATIV:
TO BE + SUBIECT+VERB-ING

 Se foloseste pentru:
a) Actiuni care se petrec in momentul vorbirii.
b) Actiuni temporare care includ momentul vorbirii ( se foloseste un adverb care indica timpul
present )
c) Actiuni viitoare planificate in prezent.
d) Actiuni care in opinia vorbitorului se intampla prea des si sunt considerate de vorbitor iritante
( se foloseste un adverb de frecventa ).

a) He is going to school now.

b) This term I’m learning French.
c) I’m going to the seaside next month.
d) This child is forever crying.

PAST TENSE SIMPLE

 AFIRMATIV:
SUBIECT + VERB-ED ( daca este regulat ) / VERB FORMA A 2-A ( neregulat )

 NEGATIV:
SUBIECT + DIDN’T + VERB INFINITIV SCURT

 INTEROGATIV:
DID + SUBIECT +VERB INFINITIV SCURT?

 Actiune incheiata in trecut la un anumit moment specificat. Actiunile pot fi asociate cu un anumit
moment, exprimat printr-un adverb definit sau o locutiune adverbiala de timp definit referitoare la
trecut:
- yesterday
- two days ago
- last year
- in 1975
- etc
 In cazul adverbelor si locutiunilor TODAY, THIS MORNING etc se foloseste Present Perfect daca
intervalul de timp exprimat prin adverb sau locutiune nu s-a incheiat inca si Past Tense daca
locutiunea indica o perioada de timp trecuta fata de momentul vorbirii.

This month I’ve seen two films. ( Luna nu s-a incheiat inca si actiunea se poate repeta in cadrul
acestui interval )
This month I saw two films.( Este sfarsitul lunii , actiunea nu mai poate avea loc in cadrul acestui
interval de timp )

 Past Tense este folosit si in naratiuni, cand povestim ceva care s-a petrecut in trecut.

First I wrote my homework, then I watched TV.

PAST TENSE CONTINUOUS

 AFIRMATIV:
SUBIECT + WAS (singular) / WERE (plural) + VERB-ING

 NEGATIV;
SUBIECT + WASN’T / WEREN’T + VERB-ING

 INTEROGATIV:
WAS / WERE + SUBIECT + VERB-ING?

 Actiune in desfasurare intr-un moment trecut intrerupta de alta actiune trecuta:

When the teacher came into the classroom, I was talking to Mary.

 Actiuni simultane in trecut (continue).

While (when) Sandra was washing the clothes, Angela was cleaning the rooms.

 Este folosit pentru a exprima o actiune de durata in curs de desfasurare in trecut. Caracterul
progresiv reiese daca o raportam la :
- un moment trecut exprimat printr-un adverb definit sau o locutiune adverbiala de timp
referitoare la trecut: this time yesterday, at 3 o’clock yesterday.

This time yesterday I was typing a report.

PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE

 AFIRMATIV:
SUBIECT + HAVE / HAS + VERB -ED (vb. Regulat) / VERB FORMA A 3A (vb. Neregulat)

 NEGATIV:
SUBIECT + HAVEN’T / HASN’T + V-ED / V FORMA A 3 A

 INTEROGATIV:
HAVE / HAS + SUBIECT + V-ED / V FORMA A 3 A
 Actiuni trecute a caror semnificatie prezenta este importanta (timpul nu este precizat).

It’s the end of the school year. Vera is happy. Vera has just finished school.

 Actiunea a avut loc intr-o perioada de timp care nu s-a incheiat inca (today, this week, this year).

I have listened to music today.

 Actiune care a inceput in trecut si se continua si in prezent. Se foloseste cu SINCE si FOR, SINCE
pentru a indica inceputul perioadei de timp si FOR pentru a indica durata perioadei.

I have lived in Bucharest for 5 years.

I have lived in Bucharest since 1975.

 JUST + PRESENT PERFECT semnifica o actiune care tocmai s-a incheiat.

 ALREADY + PRESENT PERFECT semnifica o actiune care deja s-a incheiat.
 YET + PRESENT PERFECT semnifica o actiune care nu s-a incheiat inca.

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS

 AFIRMATIV:
SUBIECT + HAVE / HAS + BEEN + VERB -ING.

 NEGATIV:
SUBIECT + HAVEN’T / HASN’T + BEEN + VERB -ING.

 INTEROGATIV:
HAVE / HAS + SUBIECT + BEEN + VERB –ING?

 Actiune care a inceput in trecut, include prezentul si se poate extinde in viitor. Se poate folosi cu
FOR si SINCE.

I have been talking for 5 minutes. ( Vorbesc de 5 minute. Actiunea se poate extinde si asupra
viitorului – inca mai vorbesc-).

 Actiuni constante si repetate.

I have been attending concerts for 2 years.

 Actiune recenta care explica un rezultat prezent.

Please excuse my dirty clothes. I’ve been working in the garden.

 Actiune care a inceput in trecut, a fost in desfasurare in trecut, si s-a incheiat cu putin inainte de
momentul vorbirii.

I’ve been cleaning the house all day.

 PRESENT PERFECT & PAST TENSE

 In conversatie se foloseste Present Perfect pentru a incepe conversatia si Past Tense pentru a cere o
anumita informatie ( informatie certa).

Have you ever ridden a bike?

Yes, I have.
When did you first ride one?
In 1997.

 Past tense se foloseste pentru o perioada de timp incheiata iar Present Perfect pentru perioada de
timp neincheiata.

I rang Mary twice yesterday.

I’ve rung Mary twice today, too.

 HOW LONG + PRESENT PERFECT

 HOW LONG AGO + PAST TENSE

 Past tense se foloseste pentru descrierea unor evenimente din viata cuiva care nu mai traieste iar
Present Perfect pentru afirmatii facute despre o persoana in viata.

 Past tense se foloseste pentru o perioada de timp veche.

Mihai Eminescu offered the world some of his most beautiful poems.

 PRESENT PERFECT & PAST TENSE se pot folosi si in functie de cum gandim perioada
(incheiata sau nu). ALWAYS, OFTEN, SELDOM (RAR), NEVER si EVER pot insoti si verbe la
past tense daca vorbitorul se refera la o perioada de timp incheiata , mai ales intr-o relatare.

I liked to put up at that fine hotel in Brasov. I always got the same room. I never change it.

PAST PERFECT

 AFIRMATIV:
SUBIECT + HAD + VERB-ED / V FORMA A 3 A (vb. neregulat)

 NEGATIV:
SUBIECT + HADN’T + VERB-ED / V FORMA A 3 A (vb. neregulat)

 INTEROGATIV:
HAD + SUBIECT + VERB-ED / V FORMA A 3 A (vb. neregulat)

 Actiune trecuta incheiata inaintea altei actiuni trecute.

 O actiune trecuta care s-a intamplat inaintea unui timp cert in trecut.
 By 6 o’clock Helen had finished classes.

 PAST PERFECT+YET contrazice enuntul anterior.

When Liz came, Dan had already left.

No, that’s not true. He hadn’t left, yet.

 PAST PERFECT + NEVER BEFORE

She had never felt so happy before.

She felt happier than she had ever felt before.

 PAST PERFECT + BEFORE

Hadn’t she paid before?

 JUST + PAST PERFECT indica o actiune trecuta care s-a intamplat cu putin timp inaintea altei
actiuni.

I had just got up when the phone rang.

 HARDLY + PAST PERFECT indica o actiune terminata imediat inaintea unei alte actiuni trecute.

I had hardly got there when the show started.

 ALREADY + PAST PERFECT indica o actiune deja intamplata inaintea altei actiuni trecute.

She had already made the beds before I woke up.

 Dupa WHEN se foloseste PAST PERFECT daca evenimentul este anterior altuia sau PAST
TENSE daca actiunile sunt simultane.

Alice dropped the key when she had locked the door.
Alice broke the key when she locked the door.

 WHEN; AS SOON AS; AFTER + PAST PERFECT

The farmers ploughed the land as soon as it had rained.

 AFTER + PAST PERFECT accentueaza actiunea initiala.

The secretary left the office after she had turned off the light.

 PAST PERFECT + BY THE TIME dupa by the time se foloseste past tense.

They had prepared all the rooms by the time the guests arrived.

 UNTIL se foloseste pentru a arata ca al doilea eveniment (a doua actiune) limiteaza timpul
primului. Se foloseste pt. a accentua al doilea eveniment.

The pupils waited until the teacher had arrived.

 NO SOONER
 HARDLY + PAST PERFECT accentueaza actiunea
 SCARCELY

No sooner had Alice sung a song than she began another.

 PAST PERFECT + FOR exprima o actiune care a avut loc pt. o perioada de timp pana la inceputul
altei actiuni trecute (timp specific trecut).

I had been in the classroom for one minute when the bell rang.
I had been there since he came to school.

 BEFORE + PAST PERFECT indica o actiune care a fost preintampinata sau oprita inainte de a fi
terminata.

The guests left before they had finished the dinner.

 PAST PERFECT cauza a unei actiuni trecute.

She couldn’t get in the house because she had left the key to the office.

PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS

 AFIRMATIV:
SUBIECT + HAD + BEEN + VERB-ING

 NEGATIV:
SUBIECT + HADN’T + BEEN + VERB-ING

 INTEROGATIV:
HAD + SUBIECT + BEEN + VERB -ING?

 Indica o actiune care a inceput inaintea unui moment sigur trecut, a continuat pana la el si poate
continua si dupa.

He had been fishing all day yesterday.

FUTURE SIMPLE

 AFIRMATIV:
SUBIECT + WILL + VERB

 NEGATIV:
SUBIECT + WON’T + VERB

 INTEROGATIV:
WILL + SUBIECT + VERB?

 Actiune viitoare fata de momentul vorbirii.

 Nu se foloseste viitor in:
1. propozitii temporale, viitorul fiind inlocuit cu:
a) prezentul, daca cele doua actiuni sunt simultane:

We’ll decide on it when father comes in.

b) present perfect, daca actiunea este anterioara(in secundara) fata de actiunea din
propozitia principala.

We shall leave only after we have prepared everything.

2. propozitii conditionale de tip 1.

We shall go to the seaside if the weather is good.

FUTURE CONTINUOUS

 AFIRMATIV:
SUBIECT + WILL + BE + VERB ING

 NEGATIV:
SUBIECT + WON’T + BE + VERB-ING

 INTEROGATIV:
WILL + SUBIECT + BE + VERB-ING?

 Actiune de durata in curs de desfasurare in viitor. Caracterul progresiv reiese daca o raportam la:
a) un moment viitor sau o perioada de timp viitoare exprimate printr-un adverb de timp definit
sau locutiune adverbiala de timp definit referitoare la viitor: at five o’clock, at noon et c.
This time tomorrow I shall be writing a letter.

b) o actiune viitoare momentana, exprimata printr-un verb la timpul prezent, aspectul comun.
When you come home, I shall be reading a book.

c) o alta actiune de durata, in curs de desfasurare in viitor. In propozitia principala se foloseste

viitor aspect continuu, iar in propozitia secundara se foloseste prezentul continuu.
While I am filling in a telegram form, he will be withdrawing some money.

FUTURE IN THE PAST

 AFIRMATIV:
SUBIECT + WOULD + VERB

 NEGATIV:
SUBIECT + WOULDN’T + VERB

 INTEROGATIV:
WOULD + SUBIECT + VERB
 Este folosit numai in propozitii secundare, in a caror regenta este un verb la trecut, pentru a
exprima o actiune viitoare fata de actiunea trecuta din principala.

I promised I should (would) ring him up at 2 o’clock.

FUTURE PERFECT

 AFIRMATIV:
SUBIECT + WILL + HAVE + VERB-ED / VERB F3

 NEGATIV:
SUBIECT + WON’T + HAVE + VERB-ED / VERB F3

 INTEROGATIV:
WILL + SUBIECT + HAVE + VERB-ED / VERB F3?

 Exprima:
a) O actiune sau o stare viitoare, anterioara altei actiuni sau stari viitoare sau unui moment dat
viitor.

Come at once: I shall have finished the tea before you are here.

b) Probabilitatea unei actiuni sau stari terminate fie in trecut, fie in viitor. In acest caz viitorul
perfect se traduce in limba romana cu viitorul anterior si este de obicei inlocuit
printr-o constructie in care apare adverbul probabil:

You will have heard the name: it is so famous.

Probabil ca ai auzit acest nume: este atat de faimos.

FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS

 AFIRMATIV:
SUBIECT + WILL + HAVE + BEEN + VERB-ING

 NEGATIV:
SUBIECT + WON’T + HAVE + BEEN + VERB-ING

 INTEROGATIV:
WILL + SUBIECT + HAVE + BEEN + VERB-ING?

 Indica o actiune viitoare in desfasurare pana la (include) un moment viitor.

When the bell rings, Mrs. Barton will have been teaching for 50 minutes.