CHAPTER II

2.1 History of Theme parks

Throughout the history of theme parks, it is very evident that leisure parks

have been undergoing through some evolution and modification by ameliorating

attractions and existing design to be the number 1 park. The expansion of

globalization and the continued development of the industry have brought various

challenges and huge successes to theme parks.

Alex (2015), in his article “The Evolution of Theme Parks” stated that “the

first amusement park in England opened in 1896 – the Blackpool Pleasure Beach by

W. G. Bean. He added that “in 1904, Sir Hiram Maxim’s Captive Flying Machine was

introduced.” This era was regarded as a milestone for inventions of rides and new

attractions. Though some ideas resulted unsuccessfully, still it opened a lot of

opportunities for further improvisations of theme parks.

He also stated in his article that “fire was a constant threat in those days”

(Alex, 2015). Fire usually was the primary reason of chaos on theme parks back in

those days where the main construction materials of theme parks were mostly wood.

Wood is an example of a combustible material, which means that it could easily

ignite. This era holds many records of theme parks that were burned down to the

ground because of the inevitability of fires regarding the usage of wood. Some of

which involves Dreamland, which burned in 1911; and a few of Frederick Ingersoll’s

Luna Parks, which were destroyed due to arson.

1
 Figure1. Luna Park,Cleveland. Photo courtesy of cbsnews

Figure 2. A rare Dreamland while burning in 1911.Photo courtesy of Jeffrey Stanton

Amusement parks’ Golden Age reigned until the late 1920s was “The

American Gilded Age” (Alex, 2015). The above mentioned era envisioned a state of

the art innovation to various attractions and rides which includes the introduction of

Roller Coasters to add more thrill to the riders. This epoch was marked as the peak for

2
Roller Coasters for it met most of the desires of the people to step up the game for

rides and other attractions. Immense opportunities opened the door for innovations

and dynamic improvements to cope with the demands of the people on accentuating

the fun on theme parks.

Disneyland opened in 1955 to rave reviews and completely changed the

landscape of the amusement park industry (Alex, 2015). When people wanted

something trailblazing about theme parks that was the same time when Disneyland

opened and revitalized the standards for theme parks wherein back in the day, parks

and everything in it seemed too boring for people. Typical types of theme parks those

days were commonly situated in a field or by a lake; however Disneyland transformed

the usual into something surreal, as if guests were taken out of the real world for a

day. The aforementioned theme park was divided into several themed areas where the

thrills inside are often obscured from the outside by the scenery of landscaping. In

order to maintain the renowned pioneering of allurements, Disneyland has been kept

clean and new rides were kept updated to keep the guests coming back. Alex (2015)

also cited that “as of 2008, the Walt Disney Company accounted for around half of

the total industry’s revenue in the US resulting to a more than 50 million guests of its

U.S.-based attractions each year.”

2.2 Disneyland

Raman (2020), in his blog “The History of Disneyland” stated that “for more

than 60 years, the “Happiest Place on Earth” has been a little park in southern

California called Disneyland”. He also added that it was originally named “The

Mickey Mouse Park,” and then “Disneylandia” before settling on “Disneyland"

(Raman, 2020). The simple beginnings of Disneyland has traversed a lot which

3
brought the said theme park to the peak of its field. In order to create a magical theme

park that would beckon guests to keep on visiting, Disney had to acquire a 160 acre of

land or almost 65 hectares of realty in Anaheim. The construction of Disneyland

started in 1954 and got completed a year after. With 18 attractions and rides

Disneyland opened on July 17th, 1955; 5 million people had visited the park just one

year after Disneyland opened its door and as of 2019 more than 700 million guests

have visited Disneyland.

The opening of Disneyland made an important breakthrough to the whole

industry of theme parks. The park is constantly evolving and it is clearly manifested

on how prodigious amount of people go back to experience innovative leisure and

fun. The entire history of Disneyland is more than 60 years long and it has opened a

lot of doors for innovations and improvements but in spite of that, Disneyland adhered

to keep the magic intact, in order to keep the park an all-age user-friendly one.

2.2.1 History of Disneyland

The history of the ground breaking theme park that hosts beyond a number of

18 million visitors up until now started in the 1940s. History.com Editors (2009), in

their article “Disneyland opens” stated that before Walt Disney reached the ecstasy of

success on his theme park; he first started working as a commercial artist before

putting up a small studio somewhere in Los Angeles, to produce animated cartoons.

Walt Disney introduced some of the most well-known cartoon characters in the

history of animation which involves the anthropomorphic mouse that usually wears

huge yellow shoes, red shorts, and white gloves or popularly known as Mickey

Mouse. His crafts captivated fans from all around the world which encouraged him to

4
open up a place that would offer a wide variety of entertainment for tourists through

incorporating different favorite characters from various movies.

Innumerable letters from fans who wanted to drop by the studio were received

by Disney (Raman, 2020). As a result of the high demand from different individuals

for a new experience, Disney started planning a theme park and he wanted it to be

different from other parks; he sought to give tourists an experience that would be

appreciated by both children and adults wherein back in those days, typical leisure

parks was unorganized and grubby.

According to Raman (2020) the writer of the blog History of Disneyland and

Timeline.A Day In LA Tours, “In 1948, Disney sent a now-famous memo to the studio

production designer, Dick Kelsey, outlining his ideas for “Mickey Mouse Park.”

Disney came up with an original conceptualization of a small park consisting of a few

themed areas and boat ride on an 8 acre lot right across the street of his studio in

Burbank but the location was too small for the project to fit on the proposed site.

Disney visited various parks to gather inspiration to improve his ideas regarding his

theme park, and designers helped him in planning and it became more understandable

that they had the need for a much bigger lot than just the 8 acre of land he had allotted

that time.

5
 Figure 3. Photograph of Walt Disney while planning the them park.

27 miles southeast of L.A. was where they located the best site that was just

enough to host the proposed theme park (Raman, 2020). With a total of 160-acre of

land in Anaheim, he then acquired an orchard of walnut trees and oranges. The name

Mickey Mouse Park for his project was modified into Disneylandia and eventually

became the very famous Disneyland. The construction of the world renowned theme

park started in 1954 and just a year after the completion of the park, Walt Disney’s

Disneyland was ready to open its doors to the public.

Figure4. Opening of Disneyland in 1995 Courtesy of ANDREWLONG7

6
The Opening

Disneyland had five lands that included Adventureland, Fantasyland, Main

Street USA, Tomorrowland and Frontierland had a market price on tickets for only

$1.00. On July 17, 1995, Sunday, it was supposed to be the biggest milestone for

Disneyland for it is the opening day of Disneyland; unfortunately a tragedy was

waiting to occur that day that would leave a mark on the whole history of the

mentioned park. Disneyland pepped up to provide fun and joy but the park has its

dark spots.

As stated in Raman’s (2020) blog, the dedication ceremonies were

broadcasted live on ABC which allured millions of viewers. This implies that all eyes

were focused on Disneyland and for what would happen on the first day of the

opening of the park. The launching day of Disneyland was supposed to be for invited

guests and the media only in preparatory to the opening of the park to the public on

the next day, yet numerous unexpected people forced themselves to enter the park by

faking tickets and by hurdling over the fence which resulted into a total disaster.

Apart from that, the weather that day was over 101 degrees Celsius and that caused

the freshly poured asphalt to soften. Asphalt absorbs heat and the excessive heat

caused the sloughing of asphalt.

It was believed that Disneyland was not yet ready for the public for the havoc

that had happened on its opening day (History.com Editors, 2009). Wherein wet

asphalt due to the scorching heat, caused a woman’s high-heel footwear to be stuck in

Main Street USA and an attraction named Mark Twain Steamboat nearly overturned

from admitting too many passengers. In addition to those unfortunate events, there

was also a shortage for water and food for thousands of guests and few hours after the

7
park had just opened, a gas leak happened that forced operators to shut down three of

the five lands. Raman (2020) added that VIP guests like Debbie Reynolds and Frank

Sinatra got delayed for their line-up of arranged appearances due to the cars that was

blocking the newly constructed Santa Ana freeway making the traffic impossible to

move.

In consonance with the statement in the article of History.com Editors (2009)

“Disneyland opens” Special events and the continual building of new state-of-the-art

attractions encouraged guests to visit again. Disneyland recovered shortly after the

incident; moreover the tragic events that happened on the opening day of the said park

gave fruit to the whole industry of Disneyland that offered more opportunities on

working for larger Disneyland theme parks that includes various Disneyland branches

all over the world.

2.2 BIOPHILIC ARCHITECTURE

E.O. Wilson (1984) in his book “Biophilia” defines “biophilia as the urge to

affiliate with other forms of life”. He also stated that “biophilia is an innate tendency

to focus on life and lifelike processes” (E.O. Wilson, 1984, p. 1). This means that

biophilic is a state of the art concept of architecture that works in depth with human

health and sustainability principles. Integrating this type of architectural concept

would improve the psychological and physiological relationship of humans with

nature. People nowadays don’t want to simply work, play or eat in a functional

building; they want huge improvements with regards to the functionality of a building

and its different the effects on their personal health. They demand the environment

that surrounds them to provide them a feeling of comfort, inspiration and invigoration.

Biophilic architecture seeks to create an environment friendly, energy-efficient

8
buildings and developments that would make people more comfortable and

appropriate by the effective managing of the different natural resources.

The intrinsic propensity to connect or to weed out the relationship of nature

with humans depends on the concept of Biophilia (Kellert, S. and Calabrese, E. 2015).

Modern day civilization has made numerous beneficial barriers on nature and humans.

This is a serious issue that while human civilization develops, the natural world on the

other hand gets neglected. Contemporary developments are a common archetype of

obstruction to the useful contributions of nature. Conversely, natural sustainable

community can be attained through effective implementation of biophilic design; it

also offers a broad spectrum of benefits to humans. The natural systems are aimed to

be preserved through biophilic design functioning and resiliency.

Figure 5. Singapore, Jewel Changi Airport, a mixed-use development by architect Moshie Safdie including
gardens, a hotel, aviation facilities, a shopping mall and a 40 meter indoor waterfall, the world's largest |
Photographer: John Seaton Callahan

A good example of a proper utilization of Biophilic design on a structure is the

nature-themed entertainment complex in Singapore popularly known as The Jewel or

9
Jewel Changi. The above mentioned development stands out as the best biophilia

project of all time. According to Aditi Doshi (2020), The Rain Vortex, the world’s

tallest indoor waterfall serves as the centrepiece of the Jewel; which is also being

surrounded by decks of forest in the promenade.

The practice of biophilic design involves the application of varying design

strategies, which is also referred to as the experiences and attributes. The alternative

of which design applications to utilize varies depending on the project’s conditions

and limitations or restrictions that includes the particular project size, economic

factors, cultural and ecological circumstances and as well as the building and

landscape uses.

2.2.1 Water

Repeated experiences of water do not significantly diminish our level of

interest over time (Biederman & Vessel, 2006), which means a small water feature

may be enough. Incorporating water in the design soothes, contemplates and gives

amends cognition to humans. Pint-sized running water produces sounds that will

amplify the desired health response with several physiological senses. Physical access

to large bodies of water or a panorama to natural or artificially designed water bodies,

as long as it is unpolluted or clean yields a positive health reaction to humans. Images

or visual representation of nature that contains aquatic elements helps reduce heart

rate and blood pressure than imagery without aquatic elements.

10
Figure 6. The
Robert and
Arlene Kogod Courtyard at the Smithsonian American Art Museum in Washington, D.C. Image © Tim
Evanson/Flickr.

A good example of the presence of water that has a water feature that is

expansive enough is The Robert and Arlene Kogod Courtyard at the Smithsonian

American Art Museum in Washington, D.C. (Kellert, S. and Calabrese, E. 2015). On

various portions of the gently sloping floors are a long, narrow opening from which a

sheet of water emerges, it flows across the textured stone and then disappears into a

sequence of spots toward the midpoint of the courtyard. The thin sheet of water

mirrors light and weather conditions from above which invites passers-by to touch

wherein during events, the system is drained and seamlessly becomes part of the floor

plane.

11
2.2.2Greenery/Vegetation

The yielding purpose of the optical interdependence with nature is to provide

an environment that helps individuals to ease the eye muscles and cognitive fatigue.

In addition to that, better quality of the view to different biodiversity enhances the

natural connection of humans with nature. A view to nature through panes of glass

provides a benefit over a digital screen of the same view (Kahn et al., 2008).

Stereoscopic videography changes over time because of innovation. Nevertheless,

even if it is a man-made nature or a simulated one, still it is better than having no

visual connection at all; the main goal is to engender stress reduction.

An example of a designed environment with an excellent optical connection

with Nature is the birch tree and moss garden in the New York Times Building in

New York City – a carved out space in the middle of the building by which everyone

passes as they enter or leave the building. Adjacent to a restaurant and the main

conference rooms, the birch garden is an oasis of calm in the hustle and bustle of

Times Square.

2.2.3 Natural light

A space with a good dynamics and light diffusion state conveys expressions of

time and movement to evoke feelings of drama and intrigue, buffered with a sense of

calm. Psychological responses differ from the different lighting design which has

been used to harmonize moods on a certain place. Research also showed the

productivity activity varies depending on the lighting strategy used. Productivity is

higher in well daylighted work places and children performed better in daylighted

12
classrooms with views. Different reports of positive feedback regarding the moods of

student from providing quality daylighting in schools than those of other schools with

only average light conditions (Nicklas & Bailey, 1996).

The balance of serotonin and melatonin can be linked to sleep quality, mood,

alertness, depression, breast cancer and other health conditions (Kandel et al., 2013).

Serotonin is produced when a high content of blue light is present which is the same

as to the color of skylight; while on the contrary, melatonin is produced when there is

no blue light present or during the night. Probes showed that human body responds on

the daylight color shifting; the colors of sunlight changes contingent on the time of the

day wherein at morning the sunlight’s color is yellow, then it changes into blue during

midday and red in the afternoon or evening. Various responses from humans would

manifest in body temperature and heart rate.

13
Figure 7. The Yale Center for British Art in New Haven, CT, by Louis Kahn utilizes natural lighting to
sofly illuminate art and create dramatic experiences. Image © K. Kendall/Flickr.

A prime example of a structure that has good dynamics and light diffusion

condition is the Yale Center for British Art, designed by Louis Kahn. According to

("14 patterns of Biophilic design," 2014) Despite the building’s sharp exterior, the

diversity of interior spaces makes it a one of a kind development; differing

orientations of windows, clerestories, skylights and a large middle atrium admits

natural light to penetrate on a diffusing way to create a state of the art experience for

guests while sustaining different conditions with the environment for displaying fine

art

2.2.4 Air

Research revealed that people enjoy different levels of sensory flexibility in

the environment, which includes temperature, sound, light distribution whereas

lackage of sensory stimulation could result to weariness and torpidity (e.g.,

Heerwagen, 2006). According to the idea of Attention Restoration Theory,

concentration can be refined through other natural movements and light breezes

(Heerwagen & Gregory, 2008; S. Kaplan, 1995). On another research regarding that

matter, it was indicated that a student’s performace on school could improve when

variety of thermal conditions is present within a classroom (Elzeyadi, 2012)

The primary objective of the thermal and airflow flexibility is to bring forth an

environment that would allow users to experience the different components of airflow

and thermic variability. It aims to allow guests to ingress variable settings within a

certain space in order for users to control thermal circumstances. The all-inclusive

gratification towards specific spaces could be ameliorated through wielding of

14
conductance materials or through arranging of seating options that vary through levels

of solar heat gain; may it be indoors or outdoors.

Figure 8. The Khoo Teck Puat Hospital in Singapore by RMJM Architects uses fresh air and sunlight
to increase thermal comfort Image © Jui-Yong Sim/Flickr

An excellent example of thermal and airflow flexibility is Singapore’s Khoo

Teck Puat Hospital by RMJM. It draws fresh air into the hospital from the outside

which helps maintain the thermal coolness of the whole place; patients have their own

windows on their rooms that could be oprated by themselves giving them personal

control. Proper design is evident on the façade and interior layouts enhance daylight

and shade variability while reducing blaze.

2.2.5 Natural landscapes and ecosystems

Kellert frames this as “Natural Patterns and Processes” (Kellert et al., 2008),

whereby comprehension on the different process of nature could create an intuitive on

what is being experienced and seen. The strategy for working with the concept may

be as simple as providing content view of nature like by simply putting an orchid by

15
the window that blossom or it may be in a more intricate way of utilizing systems,

such as by making evident the relationship between building occupant behaviour and

rainwater infrastructure that could regulate domestic tasks through incorporating

raingradens, bioswales, and other innovative inventions.

2.2.6 Elements like wood

An area that incorporates quality material relationship with nature provides a

feeling of authenticity, warm and stimulating. One such study demonstrated that a

difference in wood ratio on the walls of an interior space led to different physiological

responses (Tsunetsugu, Miyazaki & Sato, 2007). The objective of this principle is to

investigate on the distinct attributes and quantities of natural materials that are most

favourable for causing positive physiological responses. Wood provides good air

quality for its quality of being hypoallergenic. In addition to that presence of wood

reduces stress to humans and it also absorbs excessive sound for a more peaceful

environment.

16
 Figure 8. The greenroof of COOKFOX Architects’ New York office dramatically changes in
appearence through the year, visually connecting occupants with the seasons and local ecosystem
activity. Images courtesy of Bill Browning.

A good example of a diverse application of this principle is the lobby of the

Bank of America Tower at One Bryant Park in New York (COOKFOX Architects,

2009). One enters the glass skyscraper by grasping a thin wooden door handle. It is

built with earthly materials like the Jerusalem stone that is cladded on the lobby and

warm colour of leather panelling on the elevator lobby that provides a feeling of

calmness while waiting.

2.2.7 The use of botanical shapes and forms instead of straight lines

Biomorphic forms are often seen as symbolic representation of life even

though humans know that those are not living things (Vessel, 2012). Providing

various design element representation in order for the users to connect with the

environment is the key objective of this principle. Using different biomorphic patterns

to lessen tension in a built environment is the primary purpose of this principle.

Humans have different visual preferences for biomorphic patterns unfortunately there

are no scientific explanations about that matter yet.

Best example of a development that has biomorphic patterns in the design is

the Art Nouveau Hotel Tassel in Brussels (Victor Horta, architect, 1893). The interior

space is designed with graphic vine-like ringlet painted on the wall which harmonizes

with other details of the hotel.

17
2.3 GREEN ARCHITECTURE

The concept of Green Architecture is also known as sustainable architecture

that implies different theories and style of buildings that are designed and constructed

in congruence with environment friendly principles. Minimizing the hazardous effects

of the building to the environment surrounding it is the main objective of green

architecture as well as reduction of the damages caused by pollution component

wastes to nature. Introduction of green building systems must be well elucidated to

humans in order to limit those effects and design more efficient buildings.

The present architecture has always been considered in moving towards a

greener architecture (Mahdavinejad, 2014). Green architecture lay outs different

environmental, economic and social benefits. Additionally, green architecture helps

lessen befouling through conservation of the natural resources that would fend off

environmental deterioration. Green architecture is the practice of generating and using

improved utilization of resource models of building, operation, maintenance and

demolition (Roy, 2008).

The Bank of America Tower, USA is acknowledged as the greenest office

building in the US (Dr. Liji Thomas, 2019). This tower is a LEED Platinum structure,

the first skyscraper in America to hold this privilege. This skyscraper uses recycled

materials such as collected rainwater an insulation attained by full-wall windows.

2.3.1 Water Systems

The green building design principle established various methods of gray water

systems, living pools and rain water collection (BCKL, 2009). Water can be collected,

18
stowed, filtered, and reused. It provides a valuable expedient to be applied in the

process of green building design.

Designing dual plumbing system that will reuse water in toilet flushing or

reuses water for washing of the cars, offers conservation of water in a certain

building. Using ultra-low flush toilets and low-flow shower heads can help minimize

wasting of water. The utilization of grey water and non-sewage will minimize the

demands on local aquifer (Stephen & Harrell, 2008).

2.3.2 Natural Building

Natural building mostly relies on humans than in technology. Major emphasis

on sustainability involves a set of building materials and systems. Different ways of

attaining sustainability through natural building focus on resiliency and the use of

minimally processed and renewable resources that would produce healthy living

environment. Natural building depends on the needs and character of the users and

constructors and also to particular disposition of the building site, geology, climate

and local ecology (Smith, 2002).

Utilizing renewable materials is the primary focus of this idea. The key factor

of natural building is by prioritizing health and comfort through the reduction of the

impacts of other supporting systems and buildings to the environment. In order to be

more sustainable, natural building primarily utilizes abundantly available, recycled

and renewable materials.

19
2.3.3 Passive Solar Design

Passive solar design relies to the efficient usage of energy given out by the sun

for the heating and cooling of spaces. In this principle, walls, windows and floor are

made to store and distribute collected energy for efficient uses. Some elements of the

building take advantage of natural energy components in its medium to suck up and

emit the heat created by exposure to the sun. Passive systems can eliminate or

decrease heating and cooling costs through no mechanical systems in order to lessen

maintenance (BCKL, 2009).

2.3.4 Green Building Materials

Green building materials are composed of low maintenance mediums that

conserve energy and improve human’s health and productivity. It is consisted of

renewable resources which are environmentally responsible because their impacts are

considered over the life of the product. There are several qualities that could be

evaluated in order to choose a green building material which includes low-off gassing

of hazardous emissions, zero or low toxicity, high recyclability, durability, longevity,

reused and recycled content (Cullen, 2010).

Green building materials are much better than concrete because it produces

less carbon dioxide and is more durable and considered to be c\heaper. Clay and sand

are the most commonly used to various types of natural buildings. Clay Blocks or

Adobe could be formed when water and another fibre is mixed with each other. Other

materials usually used in natural building are: straw, rammed earth, timber frame or

cordwood, stone and bamboo. A diverse recycled non-toxic materials are usual in

natural building, such as urbanite, recycled glass and other vehicle windscreens

(Woolley, 2006).

20
2.3.5 Green roofs

This idea provides a various purposes for a building or establishment which

includes assimilating of rainwater; it also serves as an insulating material that helps

not only the building itself, but also whole urbanity to lower urban temperatures and

alleviate the heat island effect; a natural habitat for animals and it serves as aesthetics

to the people all over the roof which helps humans in relieving stress (Vandermeulen,

2011).

Green technology can be used on green roofing systems such as roofs with

solar thermal panels and cool roofs. Green roofs are often referred to as vegetated

roofs, eco roofs and living roofs (Wilmers, 1990).

2.3.6 Green Walls

The incorporation of plants onto the façade of a building is also known as

vertical greenery. Skyscrapers are the principal building design and it commonly has

enormous hard surfaces and compared to green roof, green walls can cover more

revealing hard surfaces in the man-made environment (Jonathan, 2003). Green walls,

as the name implies, are simply a wall of vegetation that partially covers a part of a

building or structure and are either supported vertically by soil or by inorganic

material.

21
 2.4 Conceptual Framework

SUSTAINABLE BIOPHILIC
ARCHITECTURE
l ARCHITECTURE

WATER WATER SYSTEMS

-Utilizing a water feature into the
design for physiological benefits. Different water systems

GREENERIES/VEGETATION
-a place where green plants are grown NATURAL BUILDING
or kept

NATURAL LIGHT
-is the ambient light in open air PASSIVE SOLAR DESIGN
created by sunlight efficient usage of energy given out by
the sun for the heating and cooling of
spaces.
AIR
is the intentional introduction of
outdoor air into a space

GREEN BUILDING MATERIALS

ELEMENTS LIKE WOOD

Using the element of wood into the
design concept

GREEN ROOFS
THE USE OF BOTANICAL
SHAPES AND FORMS INSTEAD
OF SRAIGHT LINES

GREEN WALLS

NATURAL LANDSCAPE AND

ECOSYSTEM

A PROPOSED DISNEYLAND
PHILIPPINES
22
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theme-parks/

ANDREWLONG7. (2015, July 17). Disneyland Opening Day

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day-facts/

(PDF) Biophilic architecture, the concept of healthy sustainable architecture. (2006, January

1). ResearchGate.

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/287940355_Biophilic_architecture_the_con

cept_of_healthy_sustainable_architecture

Calabrese. (n.d.). Bullfrog Films: 1-800-543-3764: Environmental DVDs andEducational

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Disneyland opening day facts. (2015, July 17). Wandering In

Disney. https://wanderingindisney.com/2015/07/17/disneyland-opening-day-facts/

History.com Editors. (2009, November 24). Disneyland opens.

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Jeffrey Stanton. (1997). [Library of Congress].

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biophilic-design-is-good-for-you-and-bio-terminologies-defined-a2f4bdd73284

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Moss, D., & Scheer, R. (2018, February 19). What is biophilic design in architecture?.

EarthTalk.org. https://earthtalk.org/biophilic-design-architecture/

Thomas, L. (2019, May 29). Bank of America [Photograph ].

https://www.azobuild.com/article.aspx?ArticleID

Thomas, L. (2019, May 29). Bank of

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WALT DISNEY – THE DREAM OF DISNEYLAND. (n.d.).

http://www.mywaltdisneyquotes.com/walt-disney-disneyland/.

Thomas, L. (2019, May 29). Bank of

America [Photograph ]. https://www.azobuild.com/article.aspx?ArticleID

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