PD 4

SELF-ESTEEM &
ATTITUDE
I I E N 0 1 G
Objectives
• To have a basic understanding of self-confidence and its
importance
• To learn how to develop self-confidence
Outline
• What is self-esteem?
• Self-esteem and self-confidence
• Conditions of self-esteem
• How does self-esteem develop?
• Low self-esteem
• What is attitude?
• Developing attitude
What is Self-esteem?
• It is he degree to which the qualities and characteristics contained in
one’s self-concept* are perceived to be positive.
• It reflects a person’s physical self-image, view of his or her
accomplishments and capabilities, and values and perceived success in
living up to them, as well as the ways in which others view and
respond to that person.
*one’s description and evaluation of oneself, including psychological and physical characteristics, qualities,
skills, roles and so forth
What is Self-esteem?
• The more positive the cumulative perception of these qualities
and characteristics, the higher one’s self-esteem.
• A reasonably high degree of self-esteem is considered an
important ingredient of mental health, whereas low self-esteem
and feelings of worthlessness are common depressive symptoms.
Self-esteem vs. Self-confidence
• Self-Confidence
• Self-assurance – trust in one’s abilities, capacities, and judgment
• Self-Esteem
• The degree to which the qualities and characteristics contained in
one’s self-concept are perceived to be positive.
How are self-esteem and self-confidence related?
• Self-confidence may increase your self-esteem
• Self-esteem may increase your self-confidence
Conditions of Self-esteem
1. Will to understand
• The desire for clarity, for intelligibility, for comprehension of that which
falls within the range of awareness, is the guardian of a person’s mental
health and the motor of a person’s intellectual growth.
2. Cognitive self-assertiveness
• This is expressed through the policy of thinking, of judging, and of
governing action accordingly.
Conditions of Self-esteem
• The policies by which a man determines the state of his self-
esteem are formed gradually across time; they are not the product
of the choices of a single moment or issue.
• The collapse of self-esteem is not reached in a day, a week, or a
month: it is the cumulative result of a long succession of defaults,
evasions, and irrationalities—a long succession of failures to use
one's mind properly.
How does self-esteem develop?
I. Affective Models of Self- A. Belonging: the feeling that one is
esteem: assume that that unconditionally loved and valued,
self-esteem develops at an not for any particular quality or
reason but simply for who one is.
early age and is • A sense of belonging gives them the
characterized by two types feeling that no matter what happens,
of feelings they are valued and respected.
• American psychologist Carl Rogers
highlighted this aspect of self-esteem
when he discussed people’s need for
unconditional positive regard
I. Affective Models of Self- B. Sense of Mastery: Mastery involves
esteem: assume that that the perception that one is having
self-esteem develops at an an impact on the world—not
necessarily in any large-scale
early age and is sense, but in one’s day-to-day life.
characterized by two types • Mastery is not the same as perceived
of feelings competence.
• Mastery is the feeling we get when we
are immersed in an activity or are
striving to overcome some obstacle
II. Cognitive Models of Self- A. Add-em-up Model: assumes that global
self-esteem represents the sum of the
esteem: view self-esteem as way people evaluate their more specific
a more or less conscious qualities.
decision people make B. Weight-em By Importance Model:
regarding their worth as a assumes that self-esteem depends not
only on how you evaluate yourself in
person and emphasize that specific domains, but also on how
how we evaluate ourselves important you think it is to be good in
those domains.
in various domains
C. Self-Ideal Model: assumes that self-
determines our overall level esteem depends on the difference
of self-esteem. between who we think we are now and
who we would ideally like to be.
III. Sociological Models of Self-esteem: assume that self-
esteem is influenced by societal factors, so from this
perspective, sociological variables, such as
occupational prestige, income, education, and social
status (e.g., race, religion, and gender) are assumed to
affect self-esteem*
*evidence supporting such associations is weak

SUMMARY: AFFECTIVE MODELS SUMMARY: COGNITIVE MODELS

• Unconditional feelings of • Self-esteem is strongly related
belonging and a sense of to people’s self-evaluations
mastery comprise the essence • Self-esteem is also related to
of high self-esteem the certainty of self-knowledge
• These feelings typically
develop early in life, largely as
a result of parent–child
interactions.
Other ways to develop self-esteem?
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs (1943): a motivational theory in
psychology comprising a five-tier model of human needs
• Every person is capable and has the desire to move up the hierarchy
toward a level of self-actualization
• Progress is often disrupted by a failure to meet lower level needs. Life
experiences, including divorce and loss of a job, may cause an
individual to fluctuate between levels of the hierarchy.
• Therefore, not everyone will move through the hierarchy in a
unidirectional manner but may move back and forth between the
different types of needs.
Maslow’s
Hierarchy of Needs
FROM BOTTOM TO TOP
Biological and air, food, drink, shelter, warmth, sex, sleep, etc.
Physiological
Needs
Safety Needs protection from elements, security, order, law,
stability, etc.
Love and friendship, intimacy, trust, and acceptance, receiving
Belongingness and giving affection and love. Affiliating, being part
Needs of a group (family, friends, work).
Esteem Needs (1) esteem for oneself (dignity, achievement,
mastery, independence) and (2) the desire for
reputation or respect from others (e.g., status,
prestige).
Self-actualization realizing personal potential, self-fulfillment, seeking
Needs personal growth and peak experiences.
Activity
• Measure your Self-esteem using the Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale
• Scores below 15 indicate low self-esteem
• Link: https://openpsychometrics.org/tests/RSE.php
Is it possible to have low self-esteem and
high self-confidence at the same time?
Low Self-esteem
THREE FACES OF LOW SELF-ESTEEM
1. The Imposter
• Acts happy and successful but is really terrified of failure
• Lives with the constant fear that she or he will be found out
• Needs continuous successes to maintain the mask of positive self-
esteem, which may lead to problems with perfectionism,
procrastination, competition, and burn-out
Low Self-esteem
2. The Rebel
• Acts like the opinions or good will of others, especially people
who are important or powerful, don’t matter
• Lives with constant anger about not feeling good enough.
• Continuously needs to prove that others' judgments and criticisms
don't hurt, which may lead to problems like blaming others
excessively, breaking rules or laws, or opposing authority
Low Self-esteem
3. The Victim
• Acts helpless and unable to cope with the world and waits for
someone to come to the rescue
• Uses self-pity or indifference as a shield against fear of taking
responsibility for changing his or her life
• Looks repeatedly to others for guidance, which can lead to such
problems as unassertiveness, underachievement, and excessive
reliance on others in relationships
Low Self-esteem
EFFECTS OF LOW SELF-ESTEEM
• Can create anxiety, stress, loneliness, and increased likelihood of
depression
• Can cause problems with friendships and romantic relationships
• Can seriously impair academic and job performance
• Can lead to increased vulnerability to drug and alcohol abuse
Low Self-esteem
EFFECTS OF LOW SELF-ESTEEM
Worst of all, these negative consequences themselves reinforce the
negative self-image and can take a person into a downward spiral
of lower and lower self-esteem and increasingly unproductive or
even actively self-destructive behavior.
“Self-esteem (or the lack of it)
is the reputation a man
acquires with himself.”
Activity
Answer the following with YES or NO:
• Plastic straws are harmful to the environment.
• Exercise is important in maintaining good health.
• Soft drinks are unhealthy beverages.
• Poverty is a serious problem that needs to be addressed.
• Smoking is an unhealthy behavior.
Activity
Answer the following with YES or NO:
• I use plastic straws.
• I exercise regularly.
• I drink soft drinks.
• Within the last year I have donated money or engaged in
volunteer work to address the problem of poverty.
• Within the last year I have smoked a cigarette.
COGNITIVE DISSONANCE:
The state of having inconsistent thoughts,
beliefs, or attitudes, especially as relating to
behavioral decisions and attitude change.
What is Attitude?
• Attitudes: evaluations of a particular person, behavior, belief, or
concept.
Attitude and Self-esteem

• Self-esteem characterized as a positive attitude toward the self.
Developing Attitude
• Consistency is key. Act according to what you believe is right,
especially when it comes to yourself.
• Practice makes perfect. In developing a positive attitude towards
the self, do it repeatedly so it becomes a habit.
• Commitment is crucial. When you decide to improve your attitude
towards the self, stick to it until you get the results you desire –
i.e. a healthy positive attitude towards yourself.

PD 4

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SELF-ESTEEM &

*evidence supporting such associations is weak

SUMMARY: AFFECTIVE MODELS SUMMARY: COGNITIVE MODELS

Attitude and Self-esteem

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