In the kingdom of Bhutan, high in the Himalayan

Mountains, is Paro International Airport. One of the world’s

most challenging airports, Paro is 7,300 ft (2.23 km)
above sea level and surrounded by deep valleys and
18,000-ft (5.48-km) peaks. Here a Boeing 737-700
recently completed successful technical demonstration
test flights that proved its performance capabilities and
verified procedures for safe takeoff and landing opera-
tions in high-elevation, high-terrain environments.

FLIGHT OPERATIONS

VAN CHANEY
FLIGHT TEST PILOT
FLIGHT OPERATIONS PRODUCTION
BOEING COMMERCIAL AIRPLANES

MAGALY CRUZ
PERFORMANCE, AERODYNAMICS ENGINEER
FLIGHT OPERATIONS ENGINEERING

737-700
BOEING COMMERCIAL AIRPLANES

BUZZ NELSON
CHIEF PROJECT PILOT
FLIGHT OPERATIONS
BOEING COMMERCIAL AIRPLANES

TECHNICAL DEMONSTRATION FLIGHTS IN ALLEN ROHNER

REGIONAL DIRECTOR

BHUTAN
MARKETING
BOEING COMMERCIAL AIRPLANES

MIGUEL SANTOS
DIRECTOR
INTERNATIONAL SALES
BOEING COMMERCIAL AIRPLANES

JAMES WILSON
PERFORMANCE, AERODYNAMICS ENGINEER
SALES SUPPORT AERODYNAMICS
BOEING COMMERCIAL AIRPLANES
Third-Quarter 2003 — July AERO 3
P aro International Airport,
in the kingdom of Bhutan,
is high in the Himalayan
Mountains. At 7,300 ft (2.23 km)
engine-out takeoff procedures, which
is required for Paro operations,
engine-out missed approach and
go-around procedures, and Druk Air
1 TECHNICAL DEMONSTRATION
TEST FLIGHT AIRPLANE
The demonstration airplane was a
737-700 Boeing Business Jet (BBJ)
above sea level, with a runway procedures for landing on both configured with blended winglets and a
6,500 ft (1.99 km) long, surrounded directions of the runway at Paro. business jet interior (fig. 1 and table 1).
The 737-700 BBJ used for the demon-
by deep valleys and 18,000-ft This article discusses
stration flights is aerodynamically
(5.48-km) peaks, Paro is one of the equivalent to the commercial variant of
1. Technical demonstration
world’s most difficult airports for the 737-700 being offered to Druk Air.
test flight airplane.
takeoffs and landings.
TECHNICAL DEMONSTRATION
In February 2003, a Boeing 2. Technical demonstration 2 TEST FLIGHTS DESCRIPTION
737-700 successfully completed test flights description.
11 test flights at Paro International On February 6, 2003, two technical
3. Technical demonstration demonstration test flights were ac-
Airport. The series included two
test flight analysis. complished from runways 33 and 15
technical demonstration flights and
eight customer relations flights with
Druk Air Royal Bhutan Airlines, the Hotan

Golmud
national airline of Bhutan. Druk Air,
which operates two 72-passenger CHINA
BAe 146-100 jets from Paro to six
cities in five countries, is consider-
ing upgrading its fleet and extending
its routes. The rigorous test flights
proved that the 737-700 is capable BHUTAN Lhasa
of meeting all performance and
NEPAL Paro
procedural requirements for safe New Delhi Kathmandu
operations at Paro and other airports Thimphu

in high-elevation, high-terrain
environments. Imphal

The 737-700 performed flight Dhaka

maneuvers as predicted and met or BANGLADESH
exceeded performance expectations Monywa
Mandalay
for simulated one-engine-inoperative
INDIA MYANMAR
maneuvers, which were accomplished Sittwe

by reducing thrust on one engine

to idle power. The expected perform-
Sholapur
ance levels proved conservative when Rangoon
compared with the demonstrated
Bay of Bengal
performance of the 737-700.
Test flight data were verified
by flight data recorder (FDR) infor-
mation, indicating that predicted
airplane performance is represen- The kingdom of Bhutan is located near Nepal, between China
tative of actual airplane performance in the north and India in the east, south, and west. The kingdom,
as recorded by the FDR. which is roughly the size of Switzerland, has a population of
The test flights verified procedures 750,000 people. The Bhutanese value their rich natural environ-
for takeoff and landing operations ment and ecosystem, which includes 770 species of birds and
at Paro. The 737-700 demonstrated 5,500 species of plants.

4 AERO Third-Quarter 2003 — July

 1 737-700 TECHNICAL FLIGHT DEMONSTRATION AIRPLANE
FIGURE

at Paro International Airport. Boeing DEMONSTRATION AIRPLANE approximately 30 deg to avoid terrain
pilots Captain Buzz Nelson and 1 SPECIFICATIONS that extends from the west valley
Captain Van Chaney flew the 737-700 TABLE wall. This maneuver was followed by
accompanied by the Druk Air chief Airplane model Boeing 737-700 BBJ a left bank to position the airplane
pilot on the first flight and a senior Registration number N184QS along the east wall of the west fork
first officer on the second flight. Manufacturer’s serial number 30884 of the river. The climb continued
To prove the capability of the close to the east wall until the turn-
737-700 at Paro, the technical demon- Maximum taxi weight 171,500 lb (77,791 kg) back initiation point. A teardrop
stration flights had to show that the Maximum takeoff weight 171,000 lb (77,564 kg) turnback was initiated just after
airplane could take off following a Maximum landing weight 134,000 lb (60,781 kg) passing abeam the Chhukha village.
simulated single engine failure at the Here the terrain falls away off the
Maximum zero fuel weight 126,000 lb (57,153 kg)
most critical point during the takeoff right wing where a stream empties
ground roll (V1) and safely return Fuel capacity 9,700 U.S. gal (36,718 L) into the river. The turnback was
to the airport on one engine. Engines CFM56-7B flown with a 30-deg bank while
Terrain in the valleys surrounding maintaining speed throughout
Paro limits takeoff performance. the turn.
a turnback at the opposite end of the
Flight operations into and out of Paro After completing the teardrop
valley, and landing, with one engine
only occur when the visibility in maneuver, the pilots performed
remaining at idle (representing the
the valley is clear. This visibility is a flaps 15 (engine-out landing flap)
engine failure) throughout the demonstra-
required to allow an airplane to turn missed approach to runway 15. This
tion. One technical flight demonstration
around safely within the steep valley was followed by a go-around and a
was accomplished in each direction
walls and reach the minimum safe alti- teardrop turnback south of the runway
from the runway at Paro.
tude to depart the valley or return to the using the Druk Air runway 15 turn-
airport in the event of an engine failure. Runway 33 Technical back procedure. The condition was
The technical demonstration flight Demonstration Test Flight completed successfully with a normal
profile consisted of a takeoff with The first technical demonstration test flaps 40 landing using the Druk Air
a simulated single engine failure at flight was performed from runway 33 straight-in landing procedure.
V1, a turnback within the river valley, (fig. 2). After takeoff, a right bank The takeoff weight for runway 33 is
a missed approach, a go-around, was initiated for a heading change of limited by the turning radius required

Third-Quarter 2003 — July AERO 5

 2 PARO RUNWAY 33 TECHNICAL DEMONSTRATION TEST FLIGHT OVERVIEW
FIGURE
6,000 Takeoff weight: 115,633 lb (52,450 kg) at 7°C
V1, 125 kias; VR, 130 kias; V2, 136 kias
Flaps 5 takeoff
Flaps 15 missed approach and go-around
Flaps 40 landing
1,200 ft
4,000 Air conditioning off; anti-ice off
Lateral displacement from runway centerline, m

540 ft
2,000
1,200 ft
540 ft
Runway Runway
15 33
0 Landing
Takeoff Brake
release

-2,000
Contour heights
540 ft
1,200 ft above airport elevation
-4,000

-6,000
-8,000 -6,000 -4,000 -2,000 0 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000
Distance from brake release, m

DEMONSTRATION AIRCRAFT assuming that the airplane Engine failure was simulated by
2 TAKEOFF GROSS WEIGHT was positioned within 492 ft throttling back the left engine to idle
TABLE
Zero fuel weight* 100,433 lb (45,556 kg) (150 m) of the valley wall. at 125 kias, the V1 speed for takeoff.
The takeoff gross weight for
Runway 33 Fuel 15,200 lb (6,895 kg) the technical demonstration Runway 15 Technical
was calculated based on the Demonstration Test Flight
Takeoff weight 115,633 lb (52,450 kg) The second technical demonstration
airplane empty weight and the
Zero fuel weight* 100,433 lb (45,556 kg) weight of the crew, passengers, test flight was performed from
and fuel on board (table 2). runway 15 (fig. 3).
Runway 15 Fuel 13,900 lb (6,305 kg) After liftoff, a right bank was per-
Table 3 lists the airport con-
Takeoff weight 114,333 lb (51,861 kg) ditions and airplane configu- formed for a 10-deg heading change,
ration and takeoff speeds. followed by a left bank for a 60-deg
*Includes the weight of three crewmembers,
ten passengers, amenities, and potable water.

to perform a 30-deg bank turnback.

3 PARO RUNWAY 33 TEST FLIGHT PARAMETERS
TABLE
The available turning radius is based Airplane configuration
on the valley width at the net height Airport conditions Takeoff gross weight: 115,633 lb (52,450 kg)
achievable while maintaining not Takeoff time: 03:58 Zulu Takeoff thrust rating: CFM56-7B26
less than 492 ft (150 m) of lateral Landing time: 04:10 Zulu Center of gravity: 18.1%MAC
separation to the terrain and all ob- Tower-measured temperature: 7°C Stab trim: 5.25 units
stacles on either side of the intended Tower QNH: 1,021 mbar = 7,140 ft pressure altitude Flaps 5 takeoff
Tower wind: 190 deg at 6 kn Flaps 15 missed approach and go-around
track. The limit weight calculations
Flaps 40 landing
were based on the valley width at Airplane takeoff speeds Air conditioning off; anti-ice off
the net height for turnback initiation,
V1, 125 kias; VR, 130 kias; V2, 136 kias Left engine pulled to idle at V1

6 AERO Third-Quarter 2003 — July

 3 PARO RUNWAY 15 TECHNICAL DEMONSTRATION TEST FLIGHT OVERVIEW
6,000
FIGURE
Takeoff weight: 114,333 lb (51,861 kg) at 9°C
V1, 124 kias; VR, 130 kias; V2, 136 kias
Flaps 5 takeoff
4,000 Flaps 15 missed approach, go-around, and
landing
Air conditioning off; anti-ice off
Lateral displacement from runway centerline, m

540 ft 1,200 ft
2,000

1,200 ft
540 ft
Runway Runway
15 33
0 Landing
Takeoff

-2,000 Brake release

Contour heights
540 ft above airport elevation
1,200 ft
-4,000

-6,000
-8,000 -6,000 -4,000 -2,000 0 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000
Distance from brake release, m

heading change. The left bank took the successfully with a normal flaps 15 However, before the technical
airplane across the valley toward the landing using the Druk Air straight-in demonstration flights, Boeing and
east wall and avoided a hill that extends landing procedure on runway 15. Druk Air pilots flew practice flights.
from the west wall of the valley. The turnback procedure limit After these flights, the pilots deter-
A right bank was then held for for runway 15 originally was deter- mined that the critical requirement was
an approximate 95-deg heading change, mined to be the turning radius clearing the ridge beyond the village
which directed the airplane from the required to perform the 30-deg bank of Silung Nang, which requires a net
east side of the valley back toward the turnback. This limit was based on height of 9,100 ft (2.77 km) at the
west side and the Silung Nang village. the valley width at the net height turn initiation point. The limit weight
The airplane flew over Silung Nang achieved while maintaining a mini- calculations were based on the
and the ridge behind it, which required mum 492-ft (150-m) splay outside requirement to achieve this height on
an altitude of 9,100 ft (2.77 km). the intended track. the net flight path. The turn radius
After the airplane cleared the ridge,
a turnback was initiated with a 30-deg 4 PARO RUNWAY 15 TEST FLIGHT PARAMETERS
bank while maintaining the designated TABLE
V2 speed. Airplane configuration
Airport conditions Takeoff gross weight: 114,333 lb (51,861 kg)
After completing the turnback
maneuver, the pilots performed a Takeoff time: 04:22 Zulu Takeoff thrust rating: CFM56-7B26
flaps 15 (engine-out landing flap) Landing time: 04:30 Zulu Center of gravity: 18.1%MAC
missed approach to runway 33, fol- Tower-measured temperature: 9°C Stab trim: 5.25 units
lowed by a go-around and a teardrop Tower QNH: 1,020 mbar = 7,140 ft pressure altitude Flaps 5 takeoff
Tower wind: 140 deg at 6 kn Flaps 15 missed approach, go-around,
turnback north of the runway using
the runway 33 turnback procedure. and landing
Airplane takeoff speeds Air conditioning off; anti-ice off
The condition was completed
V1, 124 kias; VR, 130 kias; V2, 136 kias Right engine pulled to idle at V1
Third-Quarter 2003 — July AERO 7
was not limiting at this condition, TECHNICAL DEMONSTRATION verify the capability to match actual
assuming a 30-deg bank. 3 TEST FLIGHT ANALYSIS flight profiles.
Table 2 shows the airplane takeoff Figures 4 and 5 show the ground
gross weight for the runway 15 tech- FDR Analysis tracks and altitude profiles for the
nical demonstration flight. Table 4
FDR information was downloaded demonstration test flights from runways
lists the airport conditions and airplane
from the airplane after the technical 33 and 15, respectively. The calcu-
configuration and takeoff speeds.
Engine failure was simulated by demonstration test flights. The FDR lated flight paths with one engine
throttling back the right engine to idle flight paths were compared with pulled back to idle thrust closely
at 124 kias, the V1 speed for takeoff. profiles of predicted performance to match the demonstrated flight paths.

4 PARO RUNWAY 33 TEST FLIGHT GROUND TRACK AND ALTITUDE PROFILE

FIGURE

3,000
Data from flight data recorder
Predicted data, one engine at idle
940 ft
Lateral displacement from runway centerline, m

1,070 ft

1,000
Runway Runway
15 33

-1,000

1,200 ft
Chhukha
Liftoff Brake
540 ft
release
-3,000 540 ft

Contour heights
above airport elevation
1,200 ft

-5,000
-12,000 -10,000 -8,000 -6,000 -4,000 -2,000 0 2,000 4,000

Distance from liftoff end, m

9,000
Barometric altitude, ft

Outbound
terrain within
150 m
8,000

7,000
-12,000 -10,000 -8,000 -6,000 -4,000 -2,000 0 2,000 4,000
Distance from liftoff end, m

8 AERO Third-Quarter 2003 — July

 5 PARO RUNWAY 15 TEST FLIGHT GROUND TRACK AND ALTITUDE PROFILE
FIGURE

4,000
Data from flight data recorder
Predicted data, one engine at idle
Lateral displacement from runway centerline, m

2,000
1,200 ft

540 ft
Runway Runway
15 33
0

Brake 540 ft Silung

-2,000
release Nang
1,200 ft
Contour heights
above airport elevation

-4,000
-2,000 0 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000 12,000 14,000

Distance from brake release, m

11,000
Barometric altitude, ft

Outbound
terrain within
150 m
9,000

7,000
-2,000 0 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000 12,000 14,000
Distance from brake release, m

The calculated altitudes at the turnback the turn initiation point. radius available in the valley at each
initiation points for both flights were Flying parallel to the valley wall altitude line on a digitized topography
within 50 ft (15 m) on the conservative near Silung Nang instead of crossing map. Maximum takeoff weight was
the ridge removes the requirement to calculated by plotting the available
side of the predicted altitudes.
reach 9,100 ft (2.77 km) and allows turn radius and the turn radius required
Turn Procedure Optimization a greater takeoff weight. The perfor- as a function of gross takeoff weight.
For the technical demonstration test mance then becomes limited by the Figure 6 is an example takeoff
flight from runway 15, takeoff weight width of the valley. Through careful weight calculation. The bottom plot
was limited by the Druk Air proce- selection of the turn initiation point, shows the airplane altitude at the
dural requirement to fly over a ridge additional takeoff weight is possible. turn initiation point. The middle plot
after flying south over Silung Nang. The available turn radius as a shows the corresponding airspeeds.
To clear the ridge, a net altitude function of altitude was determined The top plot shows the turn diameter
of 9,100 ft (2.77 km) is necessary at by computing the maximum turn required for a 30-deg bank, which

Third-Quarter 2003 — July AERO 9

 6 PARO TAKEOFF WEIGHT CALCULATION
Flaps 5 takeoff
FIGURE
Air conditioning off; anti-ice off
Forward center of gravity
No wind
Engine failure at V1

12,000
Dia
met
er a
Turn diameter required/available, ft

vail
abl
11,000 Dia
met
e at
gro
SUMMARY
er a ss h
vail eigh
10,000 able t The success of rigorous tech-
at n
et h nical demonstration test flights
e ight
nk* at Paro International Airport in
9,000 d for 30-deg ba
Diameter require
Bhutan validated the capability
8,000
of the Boeing 737-700 to
*
d for 35-deg bank perform as predicted in a
Diameter require
7,000 high-elevation, high-terrain
*Assumes a 150-m splay on each side of intended track environment.
The test flight data demon-
165 strate that the 737-700
160 ■ Met or exceeded performance
ktas
155 expectations for simulated
one-engine-inoperative
Airspeed

150
flight maneuvers, proving
145
that predicted performance
140 is representative of actual
kias
135 performance as recorded
130 by the FDR.
■ Verified procedures for safe
Height above airport at turn initiation, ft

2,000 takeoff and landing opera-

1,900 Gross tions at Paro, one of the
1,800 heigh
t world’s most challenging
1,700
Net h airports.
1,600 eight
1,500
1,400 Druk Air BAe 146 minimum altitude
1,300
1,200
10,800 110,000 112,000 114,000 116,000 118,000 120,000 122,000

Gross weight, lb

is solely a function of true airspeed as part of its commitment to ensure

and bank angle, and the turn diameter that current and potential customers Editor’s note:
available at the corresponding can maximize payload capability Druk Air Royal Bhutan Airlines only
net height. during safe takeoff and landing opera- operates BAe 146-100 jets at this
Boeing continues to investigate tions in high-elevation, high-terrain time; Boeing is not maximizing the
product and operational improvements environments. payload capability of the BAe jets.

10 AERO Third-Quarter 2003 — July

 IMPORTANCE OF SPEED DURING
TAKEOFF TURNBACK PROCEDURES
Proper speed is essential when flying takeoff
turnback procedures. Lower speeds decrease
the climb capability and thereby reduce terrain
clearance. Higher speeds increase the turn radius
and bring the airplane closer to valley walls.
The pilots had the option of overbanking
to stick-shaker speed or the initial buffet speed to
achieve a smaller turn radius. They also could
have combined pitch and roll to trade speed for
altitude and reduced turn radius. Although these
maneuvers are non-normal and were beyond
the scope of this study, the pilots discussed TAKEOFF
their potential use to avoid terrain in an emer-
gency or in high, unexpected cross-canyon CAPABILITY
wind conditions. REFINEMENT
Optimal performance was achieved during After the technical demon-
the takeoffs from Paro by accelerating the strations, several performance
airplane to a speed that was 10 kias faster than options were studied to
the minimum safety takeoff speed (10 kias of improve the takeoff weight
improved climb). This allowed for 30 deg of bank capability from Paro. These
angle and provided the climb gradient necessary included additional optimiza-
to initiate the turnback. tion of the turn procedures,
increased takeoff thrust, use
of alternate forward center of
gravity positions, and instal-
lation of a weather station
to allow use of Druk Air
procedures B and C for
runway 15. Using these
procedures, the 737-700
can take off from Paro with
114 passengers and 4,850 lb
(2,200 kg) of payload. Other
enhancements that were stud-
ied, such as potential runway
extensions and the removal of
obstacles surrounding the air-
port, will further improve safe
operation at Paro.

Third-Quarter 2003 — July AERO 11

INCREASE TAKEOFF GROSS WEIGHT CFM56-7B26/B2, has Takeoff gross weight can be increased
been offered to Druk further by using the optimal airplane
USING CFM56-7B26/B2 THRUST RATING Air as a new product. takeoff center of gravity (CG) location
AND ALTERNATE CENTER OF GRAVITY The CFM56-7B26/B2 instead of the conservative forward-limit
thrust rating will location specified by the standard air-
The technical flight demonstrations produce at least 2% more thrust than plane flight manual (AFM). The increase
were performed using the CFM56-7B26 the CFM56-7B26 rating at the Paro is achieved by using the AFM-alternate
thrust rating, which currently is International Airport elevation. The CG takeoff performance option on
the highest thrust rating certified on the additional thrust is worth approximately the 737-700, which allows the operator
737-700. A new thrust bump rating, 2,100 lb (953 kg) of additional takeoff to select one of two specified CG
gross weight at Paro. locations. Using CG locations aft of
the forward limit decreases airplane
drag and lowers stalling speeds, thereby
increasing takeoff performance. For
example, using a 23%MAC CG location
instead of the forward-limit location for

12 AERO Third-Quarter 2003 — July

runway 15 increases 737-700 takeoff
gross weight by 1,200 lb (544 kg).
Airport conditions and terrain
constraints limited the demonstration
takeoff gross weight to approximately
115,000 lb (52,163 kg). However,
by optimizing the turn procedures
and using the CFM56-7B26/B2 thrust
rating and alternate CG performance,
takeoff gross weights in excess of
approximately 120,000 lb (54,431 kg)
are achievable. This improvement would
allow Druk Air to fly a 737-700 with
a full passenger payload from Paro to
all its current initial destinations.

Third-Quarter 2003 — July AERO 13

 Miguel Santos is director of international sales for
countries in Asia and Africa. During his 24-year career
with Boeing, he has held engineering and management
positions in advanced engineering, marketing, sales
support engineering, marketing management, customer
requirements, and sales organizations. Miguel has
bachelor’s and master’s degrees in aerospace
engineering and an MBA.

Allen Rohner is regional director of marketing for countries in

the Indian Ocean, Indian subcontinent, and Africa. In his 30 years at
Boeing, Allen has held technical analyst positions in aerodynamics
engineering, working on the 747, 767, and 777 programs in sales
and marketing support and product development. Allen was key in
facilitating and organizing the effort that made the technical demon-
stration test flights in Bhutan happen.

Capt. Van Chaney has almost 20 years of aircraft testing

experience, both as a test pilot and an aerospace engineer.
A 737 and 757 pilot, Van has worked at Boeing for seven years
and conducts research in the company’s H-295 Helio Courier and
Cessna 206. He is a member of the Society of Experimental Test
Pilots and has authored several professional papers.

14 AERO Third-Quarter 2003 — July

About the Authors
Magaly Cruz is a performance
engineer with five years of experience in
aerodynamics. Magaly was instrumental
in developing takeoff procedures for the
Paro technical demonstration flights.

James Wilson, lead engineer, supports the sales of all

Boeing airplane models by providing aerodynamic performance
information. During his 18 years with Boeing, James has
worked in aerodynamics on 747-400 certification, 747 and
767 fleet support, and 747, 767, and 777 fuel mileage.

Capt. Buzz Nelson has flown more

than 14,000 flight-hours during his
40-year aviation career. He is qualified
on all models of the 737, 747, 757, 767, and 777 and has
been involved in their development and certification programs
during his 30 years with Boeing. For almost 10 years, Buzz
was a member of the Society of Automotive Engineers S-7
committee, which writes design practices for the handling
qualities of large commercial airplanes and flight deck designs.

Third-Quarter 2003 — July AERO 15