Code-Botany - COurse - Details PDF

BS
(4 Years) for Affiliated Colleges
Course Contents for Subjects with Code: BOT

This document only contains details of courses having code BOT.
Center for Undergraduate Studies, University of the Punjab 1
BS (4 Years) for Affiliated Colleges
Code Subject Title Cr. Hrs Semester

BOT‐101 Botany‐I (Plant Diversity) 3 I
Year Discipline
1 Botany, Zoology, Chemistry‐I

Syllabus Outline: Comparative study of the different plant groups with representative
examples, including Viruses, Bacteria, Algae, Fungi, Lichens, Bryophytes,
Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms.
Course Outline:
Comparative study of life form, structure, reproduction and economic
signification of
a. Viruses (RNA and DNA types) with special reference to Tobacco
Mosaic Virus (TMV).
b. Bacteria and Cyanobacteria (Nostoc, Oscillatoria).
c. Algae: (Chlamydomonas, Spirogyra, Chara, Pinnularia, Ectocarpus
and Polysiphonia).
d. Fungi: (Mucor, Penicillium, Phyllactinia, Ustilago, Puccinia and
Agaricus), their effects on crop production and industrial applications.
e. Lichens: (Physcia).
f. Bryophytes:
i- Riccia
ii- Anthoceros
iii- Funaria
g. Pteridophytes:
i- Fossils and Fossilization
ii- Major Groups and their Affinities
a. Psilopsida (Psilotum)
b. Lycopsida (Selaginella)
c. Sphenopsida (Equisetum)
d. Pteropsida (Marsilea)
iii- Seed Habit
h. Gymnosperms: (Cycas, Pinus and Ephedra)
Module Aims: The course is designed to provide an adequate knowledge about basic
concept of different plant groups and their phylogenetic relationship.
Learning Strategies:
1. Lectures
2. Group Discussion
3. Laboratory work
4. Seminar/ Workshop
Learning Outcome: Students are expected to familiarize with the morphological and
systematic knowledge about different plant groups. They will be able to make use
of this knowledge for detailed study in other disciplines.
Assessment Strategies:
1. Lecture Based Examination (Objective and Subjective)
2. Assignments
3. Class discussion
4. Quiz
5. Tests
Books Recommended:
1. Lee, E. R. (2007). Phycology. (4th Ed.) Cambridge University Press U.K.
2. Sambamurty, A.V.S.S. (2005). A Textbook of Bryophytes, Pteridophytes,

Gymnosperms and Paleobotany. I.K. International Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi, Banglore,
Mumbai. 573 pp.
3. Agrios, G.N. (2004). Plant Pathology. (8th Ed.), Academic Press London.
4. Prescott, L.M., Harley, J.P. and Klein, A.D. (2004). Microbiology, (3rd Ed.) WM.
C. Brown Publishers.
5. Mauseth. J.D. (2003). Botany: An Introduction to Plant Biology. (3rd Ed.) Jones &
Bartlett Pub.UK.
6. Biswas, C, and Johri, B.M. (1999). The Gymnosperms. Narosa Publishing House.
New Delhi and London.
7. Alexopoulos, C.J., Mims, C.W. and Blackwell, M. (1996). Introductory Mycology.

(4th Ed.) John Wiley and Sons, UK.


BOT‐102 Botany Lab‐I (Plant Diversity) 1 I
Year Discipline

Syllabus Outline: Culturing, preservation and staining of microorganisms. Study of
morphology and reproductive structures of the plant types mentioned in theory
identification of various plant types mentioned from prepared slides and fresh
specimens.
Course Outline:
Culturing and staining of microbial types.
Maintenance and preservation of cultures of microbes (Bacteria / Cyanobacteria /
Algae / Fungi)
Identification of various types mentioned in the syllabus from fresh / preserved
specimens and prepared slides.
Study of morphology and reproductive structures of the types mentioned in theory
(Specimens/prepared slides)
Module Aims: The course is designed to provide an adequate knowledge about basic
microbial techniques and morphological characteristics of different plant groups.
1. Lectures
2. Group Discussion
3. Laboratory work
Learning Outcome: Students are expected to familiarize with the morphological and
systematic knowledge about different plant groups. They are able to make use of
this knowledge for detail study in other disciplines.
2. Assignments
3. Class discussion
4. Quiz
5. Tests
Books Recommended:
1. Lee, E. R. (2007). Phycology (4th Ed). Cambridge University Press U.K.

Gymnosperms and Paleobotany. I.K. International Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi, Banglore,
Mumbai. 573 pp.
3. Agrios, G.N. (2004). Plant Pathology. (8th Ed.), Academic Press London.
4. Mauseth. J.D. (2003). Botany: An Introduction to Plant Biology. (3rd Ed.) Jones &
Bartlett Pub.UK.
5. Prescott, L.M., Harley, J.P. and Klein, A.D. (2004). Microbiology. (3rd Ed.), WM.
C. Brown Publishers.
6. Biswas, C, and Johri, B.M. (1999). The Gymnosperms. Narosa Publishing House.
New Delhi and London.
7. Alexopoulos, C.J., Mims, C.W. and Blackwell, M. (1996). Introductory Mycology.

(4th Ed.), John Wiley and Sons, UK.

Botany‐II (Plant Systematic Anatomy &
BOT‐103 3 II
Development Theory)
Year Discipline

Syllabus Outline: Introduction to Plant Systematics, aims and objectives. History of

classification, Introduction to nomenclature, International Code, Morphological
Study of Families, Anatomical study of cell wall and the Internal Structure
(Tissues) of the Plant Body, Simple and Complex Tissues Structure, Function and
Relationship, Developmental Embryology.
Course Outline:
Plant Systematics:
Introduction to Plant Systematics: Aims, Objectives and Importance.
Classification: Brief History of Various Systems of Classification (Artificial,
Natural and Phylogenetic) with emphasis on Takhtajan’s System of Classification.
Nomenclature: Introduction: Importance of Latin Names and Binomial
Nomenclature with an Introduction to International Code of Botanical
Nomenclature (ICBN), St. Louis Code.
Morphology: Brief Account of various morphological characters of root, stem
and leaf, Inflorescence, Flower, Placentation and Fruit Types.
Diagnostic Characters: Economic Importance and Distribution Patterns of the
following Families:
i. Ranuculaceae
ii. Brassicaceae
iii. Fabaceae
iv. Rosaceae
v. Euphorbiaceae
vi. Solanaceae
vii. Lamiaceae
viii. Apiaceae
ix. Asteraceae
x. Liliaceae
xi. Poaceae
Anatomy:
Cell Wall: Cell Wall Structure and Chemical Composition.
Simple Tissues: Parenchyma, Collenchyma, Sclerenchyma
Epidermis: Epidermis and Epidermal Appendages including Stomata.
Complex Tissues: Xylem, Phloem
Meristem: Types of Meristem, Stem and Root Apices, Secondary Meristem,
Vascular Cambium and Periderm. Structure and Development of Primary Root
and Stem, Structure of Leaf.
Developmental Embryology:
Capsella bursa-pastoris, Structure of Anther, Microsporogenesis,
Microgametophyte, Structure of Ovule, Megasporogenesis, Megagametophyte,
Endosperm Formation.
Module Aims: The course is designed to provide an insight to the basic concepts of Plant
Systematics and its Role in Classification. Anatomy in relation to Basic Structure
of Plants and their Developmental Biology.
1. Lectures
2. Group Discussion
3. Laboratory work
Learning Outcome: Students are expected to learn about the history of Plant Systematics
and its role in classification. They are able to make use of this knowledge for the
identification and grouping of different plants based on the anatomy.
2. Assignments
3. Class discussion
4. Quiz
5. Tests
Books Recommended:
1. Raven, P.H., Even, R.E. and Eichhom, S.E. (2010). Biology of Plants. W.H.
Freeman and Company Worth Publisher.
2. Stuessy, T.F. (2009). Plant Taxonomy. Columbia University Press. USA.
3. Lawrence, G.H.M. (2007). Taxonomy of Vascular Plants. (2nd Ed.). MacMillan and
Co. New York.
4. Raymond, F. and Eicbhorn, S.E. (2005). Esau’s Plant Anatomy. Meristerms cells
and tissue of the plant body, (3rd Ed.) John Wiley and Sons & Sons Inc.
5. Panday, B.P. (2004). A Text Book of Botany (Angiosperms). S. Chand

& Co. New Delhi.
6. Moore, R.C., Clark, W.D. and Vodopich, D.S. (2003). Botany. McGraw Hill
Company, U.S.A.
7. Mauseth, J. D. (1998). An Introduction to Plant Biology: Multimedia Enhanced.

Jones and Bartlett Publisher. UK.
8. Fahn, A. (1990). Plant Anatomy. Pergamon Press Oxford.
9. Maheshawari, P. (1971). Embryology of Angiosperms. McGraw Hill. New York.
10. Esau, K. (1960). Anatomy of Seed Plants. John Wiley and Sons, New York.

Botany Lab‐II (Plant Systematic Anatomy
BOT‐104 1 II
& Development Theory)
Year Discipline
Syllabus Outline: Identification of Families, Technical Description of Flower, Field Tours,

Specimen Collection, Epidermis, Epidermal Appendages, Study of Stomata, Study
of Xylem, Transverse Section of Leaf and Stem.
Course Outline:
Identification of Families with the help of keys,
Description of Flowers (in technical terms) of following Families;
Ranunculaceae, Brassicaceae, Fabaceae, Rosaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Cucurbitaceae,
Solanaceae, Lamiaceae, Apiaceae, Asteraceae, Liliaceae and Poaceae.
Study Tours: Field tours shall be undertaken to study and collect local plants.
Students are required to submit Forty (40) fully identified herbarium specimens.
Anatomy: Study of Epidermis, Stomata and Trichomes.
Tissues: Study of Simple Tissues from fresh material and prepared slides as well.
Study of Complex Tissues (Xylem), Maceration and Study of Xylem from
Macerated Material.
Stem and Leaf: Make a Transverse Section of Stem and Leaf of Angiosperm.
Module Aims: This course is designed to provide an insight of basic concepts of Plant
Systematics, its Role in Classification, Anatomy in relation to Basic Structure of
Plants and their Developmental Biology.
1. Lectures
2. Group Discussion
3. Laboratory work
Learning Outcome: Students are expected to learn about classification on the basis of
anatomical difference into different groups.
2. Assignments
3. Class discussion
4. Quiz
5. Tests
Books Recommended:
1. Raven, P.H., Even, R.E. and Eichhom, S.E. (2010). Biology of Plants. W.H.
Freeman and Company Worth Publisher.
2. Lawrence, G.H.M. (2007). Taxonomy of Vascular Plants. (2nd Ed.). MacMillan and
Co. New York.
3. Raymond, F. and Eicbhorn, S.E. (2005). Esau’s Plant Anatomy. Meristematic cells
and tissue of the plant body, (3rd Ed.) John Wiley and Sons Inc. New York.
4. Panday, B.P. (2004). A Text Book of Botany (Angiosperms). S. Chand and Co. New
Delhi.
5. Moore, R.C., Clark, W.D. and Vodopich, D.S. (2003). Botany. McGraw Hill
Company, U.S.A.
6. Foster, F. (2002). Practical Plant Anatomy. John Wiley and Sons, New York.
7. Mauseth, J.D. (1998). An Introduction to Plant Biology: Multimedia Enhanced.

Jones and Bartlett Publisher. UK.
8. Zahur, M.S. (1992). The Taxonomy of Angiosperms. Al-Hejaz Printers. Lahore.
9. Fahn, A. (1990). Plant Anatomy. Pergamum Press Oxford.
10. Maheshawari, P. (1971). Embryology of Angiosperms. McGraw Hill. New York.
11. Esau, K. (1960). Anatomy of Seed Plants. John Wiley and Sons, New York.

Botany‐III (Cell Biology, Genetics and
BOT‐201 3 III
Evolution)
Year Discipline
Syllabus Outline: An Introduction to Morphology and Functioning of Cell, Cellular

Organelles and Mechanisms of Cell Division, Study of Genes and their
Inheritance Patterns, Concept of Evolution.
Course Outline:
a) Cell Biology:
1. Structures and brief description of Bio-molecules
i. Carbohydrates
ii. Lipids
iii. Proteins
iv. Nucleic Acids
2. Cell: Physico-Chemical Nature of Plasma Membrane and Cytoplasm.
3. Ultrastructure of plant cell with a brief Description and Functions of the
following Organelles:
i. Endoplasmic Reticulum
ii. Plastids
iii. Mitochondria
iv. Ribosomes
v. Dictyosomes
vi. Vacuole
vii. Microbodies (Glyoxysomes and Peroxisomes)
4. Nucleus: Nuclear Membrane, Nucleolus, Ultrastructure and Morphology of

Chromosomes, Karyotype Analysis.
5. Reproduction in Somatic and Embryogenic Cell, Mitosis and Meiosis, Cell Cycle.
6. Chromosomal Aberrations; Changes in the Number of Chromosomes
Aneuploidy and Euploidy, Changes in the Structure of Chromosomes,
Deficiency, Duplication, Inversion and Translocation.
b) Genetics:
1. Introduction, Scope and brief History of Genetics, Mendelian Inheritance; Laws
of Segregation and Independent Assortment, Back Cross, Test Cross,
Dominance and Incomplete Dominance.
2. Sex linked inheritance, Sex Linkage in Drosophila and Man (Colo Blindness),
XO, XY, WZ Mechanisms, Sex Limited and Sex Linked Characters, Sex
Determination. 3. Linkage and Crossing Over, Definition, Linkage Groups,
Construction of Linkage Maps, Detection of Linkage. Recombination.
4. DNA Replication, Nature of Gene, Genetic Code, Transcription, Translation,
Regulation of Gene Expression (e.g. lac operon).
5. Transmission of Genetic Material in Bacteria; Conjugation and Gene
Recombination in Co-Transduction and Transformation.
6. Principles of Genetic Engineering / Biotechnology; Basic Genetic Engineering
Techniques.
7. A Brief Introduction of Gene Mutation.
8. Evolution
Module Aims: To introduce the students to basic aspects of Cell Biology, Genetics and
Evolution to provide the students with fundamental knowledge of these courses
for the understanding applied aspects of this course.
1. Lectures
2. Group Discussion
3. Laboratory work
Learning Outcome: On successful completion of this module students will be able to

describe, apply and integrate the basic concepts of Cell Biology including
Genetics and Evolution, Structure and Functions of Organisms.
2. Assignments
3. Class discussion
4. Quiz
5. Tests
Books Recommended:
1. Bretscher, A. (2007). Molecular Cell Biology. W. H. Freeman and Company
2. Weaver, R.F. (2005). Molecular Biology. McGraw Hill, St. Louis.
3. Griffiths, J.F., Miller, J.H., Suzuki, D.T., Lewontin, R.C. and Gelbart, W.M.
(2003). An Introduction to Genetic Analysis. W.H. Freeman and Company.
4. Sinha, U. and Sinha, S. (2003). Cytogenesis, Plant Breeding and Evolution. Vini
Educational Books, New Delhi.
5. Strickberger, M.V. (2003). Genetics. MacMillan Press Ltd., London.
6. Karp, G. (2002). Cell and Molecular Biology. Concepts and Experiments. (4th Ed.),
John Wiley and Sons. New York.
7. Gilmartin, P.M. and Bowler. C. (2002). Molecular Plant Biology. (Vol. 1 & 2).
Oxford University Press. UK.
8. Carroll, S.B., Grenier, J.K. and Velnerbee, S.D. (2001). From DNA to Diversity—
Molecular Genetics and the Evolution of Aminal Design. Blackwell Science.
9. Hoelzel, A.R. (2001). Conservation Genetics. Kluwer Academic Publishers.
10. Lodish, H. (2001). Molecular Cell Biology. W.H. Freeman and Company.
11. Dyonsager, V. R. (2000). Cytology and Genetics. (3rd Ed.), TATA and McGraw Hill
Publication Co. Ltd, New Delhi.

Botany Lab‐III (Cell Biology, Genetics and
BOT‐202 1 III
Evolution)
Year Discipline
Syllabus Outline: Development of Concepts about Cell Structure, Chromosomal

Morphology, mechanisms of Cell Division, Extraction of Protein, DNA,
RNA from Plant Sources, Genetical Problems related to Transmission and
Distribution of Genetic Material.
Course Outline:
a) Cell Biology:
1. Study of cell structure using Compound Microscope and elucidation of
Ultrastructure from Electron Microphotographs.
2. Measurement of Cell Size.
3. Study of Mitosis and Meiosis by Smear/Squash Method and from Prepared
Slides.
4. Study of Chromosome Morphology and Variation in Chromosome Number.
5. Extraction and Estimation of Carbohydrates, Proteins, RNA and DNA from
Plant Material.
b) Genetics:
1. Genetic Problems related to Transmission and Distribution of Genetic Material.
2. Identification of DNA in Plant Material (Carmine/ Orcein Staining).
3. Study of salivary gland chromosomes of Drosophila.
Module Aims: The aim of this course is to provide the knowledge to the students about the
structure and functions of different cell structure organelles under laboratory
conditions.
1. Lectures
2. Group Discussion
3. Laboratory work
Learning Outcome: The learning outcomes will be same as theory paper. On completion the
students will be able to understand Scientific Methods for Implementation in
Applied Courses of Cell Biology, Genetics and Evolution.
2. Assignments
3. Class discussion
4. Quiz
5. Tests
Books Recommended:
1. Bretscher, A. (2007). Molecular Cell Biology. W. H. Freeman and Company
2. Griffiths, J.F., Miller, J.H., Suzuki, D.T., Lewontin, R.C. and Gelbart, W.M.
(2003). An Introduction to Genetic Analysis. W.H. Freeman and Company.
3. Sinha, U. and Sinha, S. (2003). Cytogenesis, Plant Breeding and Evolution. Vini
Educational Books, New Delhi.
4. Strickberger, M.V. (2003). Genetics. MacMillan Press Ltd., London.
5. Karp, G. (2002). Cell and Molecular Biology. Concepts and Experiments. (4th Ed.),
6. Gilmartin, P.M. and Bowler. C. (2002). Molecular Plant Biology. (Vol. 1 & 2).
Oxford University Press. UK.
7. Lodish, H. (2001). Molecular Cell Biology. W.H. Freeman and Co.
8. Dyonsager, V R. (2000). Cytology and Genetics. (3rd Ed.), TATA and McGraw Hill
Publication Co. Ltd, New Delhi.

BOT‐203 Botany‐IV (Plant Physiology and Ecology) 3 IV
Year Discipline
Syllabus Outline: The course content include Water Relation, Mineral Nutrition,
Photosynthesis, Respiration in relation to growth of Plants, Aims and Application
of Ecology.
Course Outline:
a) Plant Physiology:
1. Water Relations: Water Potential, Osmotic Potential, Pressure Potential,
Matric Potential; Absorption and Translocation of Water.
2. Mineral Nutrition: Soil as a Source of Minerals, Passive and Active Transport
of Nutrients, Essential Mineral Elements, Role and Deficiency Symptoms of
Macronutrients.
3. Photosynthesis: Introduction, Mechanism of Oxygenic and Non-Oxygenic
Photosynthesis: Light Reactions (Electron Transport and Photophosphorylation)
and Dark Reactions (Calvin Cycle), Differences between C2 and C3 Plants,
Factors affecting Photosynthesis.
4. Respiration: Definition and Respiratory Substrates, Mechanism of Glycolysis,
Krebs Cycle, Electron Transport and Oxidative Phosphorylation, Anaerobic
Respiration, Energy Balance in Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration.
5. Growth: Definition; Role of Auxins, Cytokinins, Gibberellins, Abscisic Acid
and Ethylene in controlling Growth.
6. Photoperiodism: Definition, Historical Background, Classification of Plants
based on Photoperiodic Response, Role of Phytochromes, and Hormones and
Metabolites in photoperiodism.
7. Dormancy: Definition and Causes of Seed and Bud Dormancy; Methods of
breaking Seed Dormancy, Physiological processes during Seed Germination.
8. Plant Movements: Classification, Phototropism, Nastic Movements,
Gravitropism and their Mechanisms
b) Ecology:
1. Introduction, aims and applications of Ecology.
2. Soil: Physical and Chemical Properties of Soil (Soil Formation, Soil Texture,
pH, EC, Soil Organisms, Soil Organic Matter) and their relationship to plants.
3. Light and Temperature: Quality of Light, Diurnal and Seasonal Variations,
Ecophysiological Responses.
4. Water: Field Capacity and Soil Water Holding Capacity, Characteristics of
Xerophytes and Hydrophytes, Effects of Precipitation on Distribution of
Plants.
5. Wind: Wind as an Ecological Factor and its Importance
6. Population Ecology: Introduction to Population Ecology.
7. Community Ecology:
i. Ecological Characteristics of Plant Community
ii. Methods of Sampling Vegetation (Quadrat and Line Intercept)
iii. Succession.
iv. Major Vegetation Types of the Local Area.

8. Ecosystem Ecology:
i. Definition and Components of Ecosystem.
ii. Food Chain and Food Web.
iii. Biogeochemical Cycles, Definition, Types with emphasis on Nitrogen and
Hydrological Cycles.
Module Aims: Specific objectives of this course will be to understand the following topics,
viz.; Water Relations, Conduction of Water and Organic Matter; the Role of Mineral
Nutrients in Growth and Development, Metabolic Processes of Photosynthesis and
Respiration, Hormonal Regulation of Growth and Development; Plant Movements,
Environmental (Light, Temperature), Control of Growth and Development.
1. Lectures
2. Group Discussion
3. Laboratory work
Learning Outcome: The aim is to give the students increased knowledge of metabolism,
physiology and structure of plants together with a better understanding of
regulation of growth and development and influence of environment.
2. Assignments
3. Class discussion
4. Quiz
5. Tests
BOOKS RECOMMENDED:
1. Taiz, L. and Zeiger, E. (2010). Plant Physiology. 5th Edition. Sinauers Publishing,
Company. Inc. California.
2. Illahi, I. (2009). Plant Physiology. Biochemical Processes in Plants. UGC Press.
3. Witham, F.W, Devlin, A., Blaydes, D.F. and Devline, R.M (1986) Exercises in
Plant Physiology. Prindle, Weber and Schmidt, Boston.
4. Schultz, E. (2005). Plant Ecology. (2nd Ed. ) Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
5. Smith, R. L. (2002). Ecology and Field Biology. Harper and Row Publishers, New
York.
6. Salisbury, F.B. and Ross, C.B. (2002). Plant Physiology. (7th Ed.), Wordsworth
Publishing Co. Belmont CA.
7. Ricklefs, R.E. (2001). The Economy of Nature. W.H. Freeman and Company .UK.
8. Hopkins, W.B. (2000). Introduction to Plant Physiology. (2nd Ed.),

9. Rick, R.E. (2000). Ecology. (1st Ed.). W.H. Freeman and Company, U.K.
10. Smith, R. L. (2000). Elements of Ecology. Harper and Row Publishers, New York.
11. Subrahmanyam, N.S. and Sambamurthy. A.V.S.S. (2000). Ecology. Narosa

Publishing House, New Delhi.
12. Townsend, C.R., Harper, J.L. and Begon, M.E. (2000). Essentials of Ecology.
Blackwell Scientific Publications, U.K.
13. Barbour, M.O., Burke, H.J. and Pitts, D.W. (1999). Terrestrial Plant Ecology. The
Benjamin, Cumming Publishing Co. California, USA.
14. Hussain, F. (1999). Field and Laboratory Manual of Plant Ecology. National
Academy of Higher Education, Islamabad.
15. Krebs, C. J. (1997). Ecology and Field Biology. Addison Wesley Longman Inc, New
York.
16. Chapman, J.L. and Reiss, M.J. (1995). Ecology; Principles and Applications.
Cambridge University Press. U.K.
17. Odum, E.P. (1970). Basic Ecology. V/B. Saunders. Philadelphia.

Botany Lab‐IV (Plant Physiology and
BOT‐204 1 IV
Ecology)
Year Discipline
Syllabus Outline: Water uptake by swelling seeds, loss of permeability by beet root cells,
Rate of transpiration by means of photometer, Cobalt Chloride Paper Method,
Extraction of Chlorophyll and Separation of Component Pigments, Studies of
Absorption Spectra, Winkler’s Method to Determine Oxygen Utilization by a
Respiring Plant, Amylase from Germinating Seeds and its Effect on Starch
Breakdown, Carbon Dioxide Evolution during Respiration by Titration Method,
Seed Germination.
Course Outline:
a) Plant Physiology:
1. Determination of Uptake of Water by Swelling Seeds when placed in Sodium
Chloride Solution of Different Concentrations.
2. Determination of the Temperature at which Beet Root Cells lose their
permeability.
3. Determination of the effects of environmental factors on the rate of
transpiration of a leafy shoot by means of a photometer by Cobalt Chloride
Paper Method.
4. Extraction of Chlorophyll from the leaves and Separation of Component
Pigments on a Paper Chromatogram.
5. Study of Absorption Spectra using Spectrophotometer.
6. Estimation of Oxygen utilized by a Respiring Plant by Winkler’s method.
7. Extraction of Amylase from Germinating Wheat Seeds and study of its effect
on Starch Break Down.
8. Measurement of Carbon Dioxide Evolution during Respiration of Germinating
Seeds by the Titration Method.
9. Effect of Light and Temperature on Seed Germination.
b) Ecology:
1. Determination of Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Soil.
2. Measurement of Light and Temperature.
3. Measurement of Vegetation by Quadrat and Line Intercept Methods.
4. Measurements of Wind Velocity.
5. Field Trips to Ecologically Diverse Habitats.
Module Aims: Specific objectives of this course will be to understand the Soil Plant
Relationship with reference to Environmental Factors and Plant Physiology.
1. Lectures
2. Group Discussion
3. Laboratory work
Learning Outcome: The aim is to give the students increased knowledge of metabolism,
physiology and structure of plants together with a better understanding of
regulation of growth and development and influence of environment.
2. Assignments
3. Class discussion
4. Quiz
5. Tests
Books Recommended:
1. Taiz, L. and Zeiger, E. (2010). Plant Physiology. (5th Ed.), Sinauers Publishing, Co.
Inc. California.
2. Illahi, I. (2009). Plant Physiology. Biochemical Processes in Plants. UGC Press.
3. Witham, F.W., Devlin, A., Blaydes, D.F. and Devline, R.M. (1986) Exercises in
Plant Physiology. Prindle, Weber and Schmidt, Boston.
4. Schultz, E. (2005). Plant Ecology. (2nd Ed.) Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
5. Smith, R. L. (2002). Ecology and Field Biology. Harper and Row Publishers, New
York.
6. Salisbury, F.B. and Ross, C.B. (2002). Plant Physiology. (7th Ed.), Wordsworth
Publishing Co. Belmont CA.
7. Ricklefs, R.E. (2001). The Economy of Nature W.H. Freeman and Company. UK.
8. Hopkins, W.B. (2000). Introduction to Plant Physiology. (2nd Ed.) John Wiley and
Sons. New York.
9. Rick, R.E. (2000). Ecology. (1st Ed.) W.H. Freeman and Company, UK.
10. Smith, R. L. (2000). Elements of Ecology. Harper and Row Publishers, New York.
11. Subrahmanyam, N.S. and Sambamurthy, A.V.S.S. (2000). Ecology. Narosa

Publishing House, New Delhi.
12. Townsend, C.R., Harper, J.L. and Begon, M.E. (2000). Essentials of Ecology.
Blackwell Scientific Publications, UK.
13. Barbour, M.O., Burke, H.J. and Pitts, D.W. (1999). Terrestrial Plant Ecology. The
Benjamin, Cumming Publishing Company California, USA.
14. Hussain, F. (1999). Field and Laboratory Manual of Plant Ecology. National
Academy of Higher Education, Islamabad.
15. Krebs, C.J. (1997). Ecology and Field Biology. Addison Wesley Longman Inc, New
York.
16. Chapman, J.L. and Reiss, M.J. (1995). Ecology. Principles and Applications.
Cambridge University Press. U.K.
17. Odum, E.P. (1970). Basic Ecology. V/B. Saunders. Philadelphia.

BOT‐301 Higher Fungi 3 V
Year Discipline
3 Botany
Syllabus Outline: Advanced features and complexity in structure of fungi.

Course Outline:
Ascomycotina: Mycelium, hyphae, cells and fungal tissues, Ascus, Sexual
Reproduction, Compatibility, Non-Sexual Reproduction, Classification,
Comparative study of Biology, Life Cycle Patterns, Ascospore Formation, Mode of
Ascocarp Development, Types of Centra and its Significance in various
Ascomycetes genera of classes Hemiascomycetes, Plectomycetes, Pyrenomycetes,
Discomycetes and Loculoascomycetes, Origin of Ascomycotina.
Basidiomycotina: Mycelium, Hyphal Cells and Fungal Tissues, Basidium and
Sexual Reproduction, Compatibility, Classification, Comparative study of Biology,
Occurrence, Importance, General Life Cycle, Morphology, Development and
Anatomy of Basidiocarp, Basidiospores and Spore Dispersal in various
Hymenomycetes Orders viz.; Agaricales, Aphyllophorales and Non-
Hymenomycetous Fungi of Gasteromycetes, Teliomycetes; Occurrence and
importance as Phytopathogenic Fungi, Life Cycle Patterns, Spores and Spore Stages
and Heteroecism in Rust Fungi (Uredinales) Biology, Economic Importance, Life
Cycle, Teliospores and Teliospore Germination in Smut Fungi (Ustilaginales).
Deuteromycotina (Fungi Imperfecti): Their Characteristics, Telomorph,
Anamorph Concept, Classification, Conidia, Conidiophores and Conidial Ontogeny,
Heterokaryosis, Parasexuality and its significance, Economic Importance of Conidial
Fungi,
Lichens: General Characters and Anatomy of Thallus.
Module Aims: The aim of this course is to know about the Diversity of Fungi which possess
cross walls in their hyphae, Knowledge about Occurrence of Pathogenic,
Mutualistic and Saprophytic Groups of these Fungi along with their Habitat and
Growth Condition.
1. Lectures
2. Group Discussion
3. Laboratory work
Learning Outcome: The study would be able to know about different fungal groups around
them and their economic importance.
1. Lecture Based Examination (Objective andSubjective)
2. Assignments
3. Class discussion
4. Quiz
5. Tests
Books Recommended:
1. Funder, S. (2010). Practical Mycology. Hafner Publishing Company, Inc., New York
and Kingston-upon-Thames.
2. Webster, J. (2009). Introduction to the Fungi. (4th Ed), Cambridge University Press.
U.K.
3. Sharp, R.F. (2006). Investigative Mycology. (2nd Ed.). Heinemann Edu. Books.
London. U. K.
4. Moore-Landecker, E. (2002). Fundamentals of Fungi. Prentice Hall Inc. New Jersey,

USA.
5. Khan, S.M. (1999). Laboratory Manual for Plant Pathogens. Pakistan.

Phytopathological Society, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
6. Alexopoulos, C.J., Mims, C.W. and Blackwell, M. (1996). Introductory Mycology. (4th
Ed.) John Wiley and Sons, New York.
7. Saleem, A. and Nasir, M.A. (1991). Culture Media. Government of the Punjab,
Agriculture Department.
8. Ahmad, S. (1952). Gasteromycetes of West Pakistan. Publication of Botany Deptt. P.U.

Lahore.
9. Ahmad, S. (1980). Ascomycetes of Pakistan. Vol. I and II. Biological Society of

Pakistan.
10. Ahmad, S. (1972). Basidiomycetes of Pakistan. Biological Society of Pakistan.
11. Ahmad, S. (1980). A Contribution to the Agaricales of Pakistan. Biological Society of

Pakistan.
12. Ahmad, S., Iqbal, S.H. and Khalid, A.H. (1997). Fungi of Pakistan. Sultan Ahmad
Mycological Society of Pakistan.
13. Kendric, B. (2000). The Fifth Kingdom. (3rd Ed.), Focus Publishing Co. USA.

BOT‐302 Higher Fungi Lab 1 V
Year Discipline
3 Botany
Syllabus Outline: Learning Techniques related to study of different Fungal Groups.

Course Outline:
1. Introduction to Microscopy, Light Microscope, Polarizing Microscope,
Electron Microscope and Scanning Electron Microscope, Microphotography.
2. Isolation and Study of various Saprophytic, Parasitic and Mutualistic Forms
in higher Fungi.
3. Study of various types of Ascocarps and Asci in various Representative
Groups using Fresh/Preserved Specimens or Prepared Slides.
4. Basidiomycetous Fungal Forms using Fresh/Preserved Specimens or
Prepared Slides.
5. Hyphal Systems in Polyporaceae.
6. Rusts and Smuts of Various Types.
7. Ectomycorrhizae.
8. Morphological and Anatomical Features of Lichens.
9. Isolation of Lichen Crystals in various Solvent Systems.
Module Aims: Basic aim of this course is to familiarize students with Fungi possessing
Septate Hyphae, Prominent Fruiting Bodies, their Identification and Biology with
relation to Economic Importance.
1. Lectures
2. Group Discussion
3. Laboratory work
Learning Outcome: Students would be able to distinguish between different Taxa of

Ascomycota and Basidiomycota. They will be become familiar with edible and
poisonous fungi and their association with trees.
2. Assignments
3. Class discussion
4. Quiz
5. Tests
Books Recommended:
1. Webster, J. (2009). Introduction to the Fungi. (4th Ed), Cambridge University Press.
2. Sharp, R.F. (2006). Investigative Mycology. (2nd Ed.). Heinemann Edu. Books. London.
U. K.
3. Saleem, A. and Nasir, M.A. (2001). Culture Media for Fungal Growth. Government of
the Punjab, Agriculture Department.
4. Alexopoulos, C.J., Mims, C.W. and Blackwell, M. (1996). Introductory Mycology. (4th
Ed.), John Wiley and Sons, New York.
5. Ahmad, S. (1982). Gastromycetes of West Pakistan. Publication of Department of

Botany P.U. Lahore.
6. Ahmad, S. (1980). A Contribution to the Agaricales of Pakistan. Biological Society of

Pakistan.
7. Ahmad, S. (1980). Ascomycetes of Pakistan. (Vol. I and II), Biological Society of

Pakistan.
8. Ahmad, S. (1972). Basidiomycetes of Pakistan. Biological Society of Pakistan.

BOT‐303 Microbial and Molecular Genetics 3 V
Year Discipline
3 Botany
Syllabus Outline: Genetic Study of Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes.
Course Outline:
Recombination in Bacteria: Chromosome of Bacteria, Transformation,
Transduction, Conjugation, Episomes and Plasmids.
Genetic Structure and Recombination in Viruses: Phage, Phenotype, Virulent,
Phages, Temperate, Phages.
Transposable Genetic Elements: Transposable Elements in Bacteria, Transposable
elements in Eukaryotes, Genetic and Evolutionary Significance of Transposable
Elements.
Gene Mutation: Spontaneous and Induced Mutation the Molecular Basis of
Mutation, Gene Suppression, Chemically Induced Mutations Practical Applications
of Mutations.
Genetic Code: General Nature of Genetic Code, Biochemistry of Genetic Code,
Confirmation of Genetic Code, Chain Termination Triplets.
Mechanism of Genetic Change – Recombination: General Homologous
Recombination the Holiday Model, Enzymatic Mechanism of Recombination, Site
Specific Recombination, Recombination and Chromosomal Rearrangements.
DNA Repair: Photoreactivation, Exscion Repair, Post-Replication Repair.
The Nature of the Gene: How Gene Works? Gene-Protein Relationship, Genetic
Observations explained by Enzyme Structure, Genetic Fine Structure
Complementation. The Structure and Function of Eukaryotic Chromosomes:
One DNA molecule per chromosome the role of Histone Proteins in packaging of
DNA Higher Order coiling Hetrochromatin and Euchromatin Chromosome Bands
Sequence Organization Replication and Transcription of Chromatin.
Control of Gene Expression: Induction and Repression in Prokaryotes, Basic
Control Circuits, Discovery of the lac Operon- Negative Control; Catabolite
Repression of the lac Operon - Positive Control, The Phage: a Complex of Operons,
Gene Regulation in Eukaryotes.
Module Aims: Course is designed to provide knowledge about Microbes their Evolution and
Phylogenetic Relationship, Study of Heredity Material, Gene Analysis and their
Product, Repair and Recombination.
1. Lectures
2. Group Discussion
3. Laboratory work
Learning Outcome: Students are expected to have knowledge about

Structure and Function of Microbes; their Role in Genetic Diversity, Variation of
Genes in Gene Pool and Awareness about Specificity and Complexity of genes.
2. Assignments
3. Class discussion
4. Quiz
5. Tests
Books Recommended:
1. Strickberger, M.W. (2009). Genetics, (5th Ed.) Macmillan Publishing N.Y.
2. Goodenough, U. (2006). Genetics. Saunders College Publishing, USA.
3. Old, R.W. and Primrose, S.B. (2004). Principals of Gene Manipulation, (3rd Ed.)
University of California Press.
4. Griffiths, A.J. F., Miller, J.H., Suzuki, D. T., Lewontin, R.C. and Gelbart, W. M.,
(2003). An introduction to Genetic Analysis. W. H. Freeman and Company, New York.
5. Lewin, L. (2000). Gene V. John Wiley and Sons. New York.
6. Brown, T.A. (1999). Genetics, A Molecular Approach, Van Nostrand Reinhold Int.,
7. Maloy, S.R., Cronan, Jr., J.E. and Freifelder, D. (1994). Microbial Genetics, Jonest
Bartelet Publisher, Boston, London.
8. Smith-Keary, P.F. (1975). Genetic Structure and Function, Macmillan Press, Ltd.,
London.

BOT‐304 Microbial and Molecular Genetics Lab 1 V
Year Discipline
3 Botany
Syllabus Outline: Study of Microbiological Techniques with relation to Genetics and
Numerical Problems.
Course Outline:
Numerical Problems:
a) Recombination in Bacteria
b) Recombination in Viruses
c) Gene Mutation
d) Transposable Genetic Elements
e) Control of Gene Expression
f) Mechanism of Genetic Change – Recombination
Practicals:
a) Bacterial Genetics
b) Bacterial Culture Techniques
c) Gram Staining
d) Transformation
e) Conjugation
Module Aims: Course is designed for study of microbes and their growth behavior,
Selective Recombination of Bacteria and Viruses, Effects of Mutation on possible
gene outcome.
1. Lectures
2. Group Discussion
3. Laboratory work
Learning Outcome: Students expected to identify Bacteria, their Reproduction, Strategy
Recombination Pattern and Gene Expression.
2. Assignments
3. Class discussion
4. Quiz
5. Tests
Books Recommended:
1. Maloy, S.R., Cronan, Jr., J.E. and Freifelder, D. (2008). Microbial Genetics, Jonest
Bartelet Publisher, Boston, London.
2. Old, R.W. and Primrose, S.B. (2007). Principals of Gene Manipulation, (3rd Ed.),
University of California Press.
3. Goodenough, U. (2004). Genetics, Saunders College Publishing, USA.
4. Grifths A.J.F., Miller, J.H., Suzuki, D.T., Lewontin, R.C. and Gelbart, W.M.
(2003). An introduction to Genetic Analysis. W.H. Freeman and Company, New York.
5. Strickberger, M.W. (2003). Genetics, (5th Ed.), Macmillan Publishers, London.
6. Lewin, L. (2000). Gene V. John Wiley and Sons. New York.
7. Brown, T.A. (1999). Genetics, A Molecular Approach, Van Nostrand Reinhold Int.,
London.
8. Smith-Keary, P.F. (1995). Genetic Structure and Function, Macmillan Press, Ltd.,
London.

BOT‐305 Evolutionary Trends in Trachaeophytes 3 V
Year Discipline
3 Botany
Syllabus Outline: Evolution; Modern Concepts and its Implications, Structural Organization
of Early Vascular Land Plants, Microphyllophyta, Sphenophyta and Filicophyta,
Gymnospersms and Angiospersms; their Evolutionay Importance, Origin and
Diversification of Angiospersms.
Course Outline:
Evolution: Definition, Modern Trends, Concepts of Primitive and Advanced
Characters
Trachaeophytes: Definition; Transition to Land and Modifications; Origin and
Alternation of Generations According to Homologous and Antithetic Theories.
The Structure and Organization of Land Plants: Organization of the Primary
Plant Body, leaf Morphology and Anatomy, Primary Development, Secondary
Development, Structure of Primary Xylem and Phloem, Stele Types, Xylem
Maturation Patterns,
Early Vascular Land Plants: General Characters and Evolutionary Implications in
Rhyniophyta, Importance of Rhynie Chert Plants; Cooksonoids and their
Importance; Zosterophyllophyta, Trimerophytophyta, Psilophyta (Psilopsida).
Microphyllophyta (Lycopsida): General Characters, Classification and
Evolutionary Implications, Spores Morphology and Diversity.
Arthrophyta (Sphenopsida): General Characters, Classification and Evolutionary
Implications.
Pteridophyta: General Characters, Classification and Evolutionary Implications in
Eusporangiate and Leptosporangiate Ferns, Origin and Development of Seed Habit.
Gymnosperms: General Characters, Organography, Classification and Evolutionary
Implications.
Angiosperms: General Characters, Organography, Evolutionary Importance, Origin
of Angiosperms.
Module Aims: The course is designed to provide an adequate knowledge of Trachaeophytes

and their Evolutionary Importance with special emphasis on Vegetative and
Reproductive Biology including morphology of Lower Vascular Land Plants.
1. Lectures
2. Group Discussion
3. Laboratory work
Learning Outcome: After studying this course students will develop better understanding of
the Concept of Evolution and Modern Evolutionary Trends. Students will be
expected to know about the Evolutionary Architecture of Early Vascular Land
Plants, Lycophytes, Sphenophytes and Ferns. General Characteristics of
Gymnosperms and Angiosperms would be taken in to account for

their evolutionary implication with respect to their origin.
2. Assignments
3. Class discussion
4. Quiz
5. Tests
Books Recommended:
1. Kramer, K.U., Green, P.S. and Götz, E. (2010). Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms
(The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants). (1st Ed.). Springer Link. 410pp. ISBN-
13: 978-3642080807.
2. Ward, L.F. (2010). Sketch of Paleobotany. Nabu Press, 128pp. ISBN-13: 978-
1176480469.
3. Berry, E.W. (2009). Paleobotany; A Sketch of the Origin and Evolution of Floras.
General Books LLC. 90pp. ISBN-13: 978-1151323286.
4. Ranker, T.A. and Haufler, C.H. (2008). Biology and Evolution of Ferns and
Lycophytes. Cambridge University Press. 500 pp. ISBN-13: 978-0521874113.
5. Taylor, T.N., Taylor, E.N. and Krings, M. (2008). Paleobotany: The Biology and
Evolution of Fossil Plants. (2nd Ed.), Academic Press.1252 pp. ISBN-13: 978-
0123739728.
6. Arnold, C.A. (2007). An Introduction to Paleobotany. Miller Press. 432 pp. ISBN-13:
978-1443723046.
7. Burek, C.V. and Wilding, R. (2005). History of Palaeobotany: Selected Essays

(Geological Society Special Publication). (1st Ed.), Geological Society of London,
304pp.ISBN-13: 978-1862391741.

Gymnosperms and Paleobotany. I.K. International Pvt. Ltd. 584 pp. ISBN-13: 978-
8188237456.
9. Kenrick, P. and Davies, P. (2004). Fossil Plants (Smithsonian's Living Past).

Smithsonian Books. 232pp. ISBN-13: 978-1588341563.
10. Willis, K.J. and McElwain, J.C. (2002). The Evolution of Plants. Oxford University
Press. 392 pp. ISBN-13: 978-0198500650.
11. Bell, P.R. and Hemsley, A.R. (2000). Green Plants: Their Origin and Diversity. (2nd
Ed.), Cambridge University Press. 360pp. ISBN-13: 978-0521646734.

Evolutionary Trends in Trachaeophytes
BOT‐306 1 V
Lab
Year Discipline
3 Botany
Syllabus Outline: Morphological studies of Representative Members, Section Cutting and
Double Staining Procedure, Field Excursion and Plants Collection, Presentation of
Preserved Specimens for Herbarium.
Course Outline:
1. Study of morphological and anatomical features of representative members of
plants mentioned in the text through prepared slides and preserved/actual
specimens.
2. Free Hand Sectioning and Staining (Single and Double) of the Representative
Specimens Mentioned in the text.
3. Field Excursion Tours and Report Writing. Students shall be required to
undertake a field study tour to the higher/lesser Himalayas to achieve the
following objectives.
4. Study of Trachaeophytes in their Natural Habitat and prepare Field Notes. They
will collect at least Fifty (50) plants including Lower and Higher
Trachaeophytes. Plants should be properly Identified and Mounted on
Herbarium Sheets including all Technical Informations/Data.
5. Each student shall be required to present a Comprehensive Field Report during
the Practical Examination covering all aspects of the Field-Work duly supported
by well-documented photographs.
Module Aims: The course is designed to provide an adequate knowledge of the

Trachaeophytes and their evolutionary importance with special emphasis on
vegetative and reproductive structure of Lower Vascular Land Plants.
1. Lectures
2. Group Discussion
3. Laboratory work
Learning Outcome: Through this course students will get the better opportunity to
understand the plants taught in theory, their morphological and anatomical
features through preserved specimens and slides. Students would get the
opportunity to collect the specimens and learn to present these in the form of
preserved and pressed specimens.
2. Assignments
3. Class discussion
4. Quiz
5. Tests
Books Recommended:
1. Kramer, K.U. Green, P.S. and Götz, E. (2010). Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms
(The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants). (1st Ed.). Springer Link. 410pp. ISBN-
13: 978-3642080807.
2. Taylor, T.N., Taylor, E.N. and Krings, M. (2008). Paleobotany: The Biology and
Evolution of Fossil Plants. (2nd Ed.), Academic Press.1252 pp. ISBN-13: 978-
0123739728.

Gymnosperms and Paleobotany. I.K. International Pvt. Ltd. 584 pp. ISBN-13: 978-
8188237456.
4. Kenrick, P. and Davies, P. (2004). Fossil Plants (Smithsonian's Living Past).

Smithsonian Books. 232pp. ISBN-13: 978-1588341563.
5. Willis, K.J. and McElwain, J.C. (2002). The Evolution of Plants. Oxford University
Press. 392 pp. ISBN-13: 978-0198500650.

BOT‐307 Environmental Biology 3 V
Year Discipline
3 Botany
Syllabus Outline: Study of Environmental Factors and Pollutants with relation to Biolife.
Course Outline:
Introduction: Aim and Scope, Interdisciplinary Approach.
Natural Resources: Nature and Conservation of the following: Energy, Water,
Mineral and Land Resources. Agriculture, Forestry, Range Land, Wild Life and
Aquaculture.
Environmental Pollution: Nature and Classification.
Air Pollution: Sources and Effects of Pollutants on Plant Growth viz; Fluoride,
Sulphur dioxide (SO2), Ozone, Pan + Smog, Ammonia, Chlorine, Ethylene, Dusts
etc., Nature, Causes, Prevention and Control of Air Pollution (Vehicular Pollution
and Industrial Chimney Wastes).
Water Pollution: Sources of Water Pollution, Nature of Pollutants. Ground Water
and Marine Pollution, Impacts of Water Pollution, Prevention of Water Pollution.
Radiation Pollution: Nuclear Concepts and Terminology, Comparative
Radiosensitivity of Organisms, Radiation Effects at Ecosystem level, Fate of radio-
nuclides in the environment, The Fall Out Problem, Nuclear Waste Disposal.
Sources, Nature and Impacts of Solid Waste Pollution, Noise and Thermal
Pollution.
Pesticides and Agro-Chemicals: Herbicides, Insecticides and Fungicides as Plant
Poisons and their Impact on Ecosystem.
Environmental Crisis: Major Courses and Solutions, Ozone Hole, Green House
Effect, Acid Rains, Chemical and Biological Warfare.
Biodiversity and Conservation: Evaluation, Criteria and Values; Inventory and
Measuring of Biodiversity; In-situ and Ex-situ Conservation of Plants.
Module Aims: Completion of this program will produce a working knowledge of ecological
sampling, analysis and interpretation of biological data and prepare graduates to
study and resolve the ecological consequences of environmental problems.
1. Lectures
2. Group Discussion
3. Laboratory work
Learning Outcome: The students will acquire knowledge about the hazardous effects of
different Environmental Pollutants and Relative Measures for their
Control/Prevention.
2. Assignments
3. Class discussion
4. Quiz
5. Tests
Books Recommended:
1. Koziol, M.J. and Whatley, F.R. (2009). Gaseous Air Pollution and Plant Metabolism.
Butterworths. U.K.
2. Goodstein, E.S. (2008). Economics and the Environment. Prentice Hall Publishers. New
Jersey.
3. Mitsa, W.J. and Gosselink, A. (2007). Wetlands. Johan Wiley and Sons, Inc. New
York.
4. Simmons, I.G. (1981). The Ecology of Natural Resources. Edward Arnold.
5. Emery, M. (2005). Promoting nature in cities and towns.
6. Varshney, C.K. (2005). Water Pollution and Management, Wiley Eastern Limited.
7. Johnson, C.E. (2004) Eco-Crisis. John Wiley and Sons. Inc., New York.
8. Agrawal, K.C. (2001). Environmental Biology, Agro Botanical Publishers, India.
9. Chhatwal, D.R., Mehra, M.C., Satake, M., Katyal, T., Katyal, M. and Nagahiro. T.
(2001). Encyclopedia of Environmental Pollution and its Control. (6 Vols.), Anmol
Publication, New Delhi, India.
10. Moriarty, F. (2001) Ecotoncology. Acadmeic Press Inc.
11. Nobel, B.J. and Kormond, Y. (2001). Environmental Science. Prentice Hall Inc. New
Jersey. USA.
12. Treshow, M. (2001) Environment and Plant Response. McGraw Hill New York.
13. Usher, M. (2001). Widllife Conservation Evaluation. Chapman and Hall.
14. Rao, D.N., Ahmad, K.J., Younas, and Singh, S.N. (2000). Perspectives in
Environmental Botany (Vol. I,) Print House, Lucknow, India.
15. Smith, L. and Graham, A. (2000). Impact Assessment and Sustainable Resource
Management. John Wiley and Sons, New York.
16. Jeffrey, A.M. (1999). Economics and Biological diversity. International union for
conservation of Nature and Natural Resources in Gland, Switzerland.
17. Owen, O.S. (1999) Natural Resources Conservation - An Ecological Approach.

MacMilian Co., New York.
18. Southwick, C.H. (1997). Global Ecology, Sinauer Associates Inc.

Sunderland, Massachusetts. USA.
19. Mansfield, T.A. (1990). Effect of Air Pollutants on plants. Cambridge University Press,
London, New York, Melbourne.
20. Duffey, E. (1980). The Conservation of Nature, McGraw Hill Book Company, New
York.
21. Odum, E.P. (1971) Fundamentals of Ecology. W.B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia,
PA.

BOT‐308 Environmental Biology Lab 1 V
Year Discipline
3 Botany
Syllabus Outline: The course include different laboratory techniques used for soil and water
analysis from industrial waste and visit to different industries.
Course Outline:
1. Examination of Industrial Waste Water and Municipal Sewage for
i) Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)
ii) pH and EC
iii) BOD and COD
iv) Chlorides, Carbonates, Bicarbonates and Nitrates.
2. Examination of Water Samples from different sites for the Presence and Diversity of
Organisms.
3. Examination of the Effects of Automobile Exhaust on the Adjacent Vegetation.
i) Lead Count
ii) Chlorophyll Content
iii) Symptoms
iv) Soot and Particulate Matter.
4. A visit to EPA to study the Instruments used for Monitoring Pollution.
5. A visit to the Industrial Organizations to examine their Effluent Treatment System.
6. A visit to the municipal Organization to study their Sewage Treatment System.
7. A Study Tour to a National Park and a wetland site to evaluate attributes criteria and
values of the area concerned.
8. Irradiation of Seeds and study of the Effects of Seed Irradiation on Seed
Germination, Growth and Yield of plants.
9. Field observation on the Sources and Impacts of various Air Pollutants.
Module Aims: Completion of this program will produce a working knowledge of Ecological
Sampling, Analysis and Interpretation of Biological Data and prepare graduates to
study and resolve the Ecological Consequences of Environmental Problems.
1. Lectures
2. Group Discussion
3. Laboratory work
Learning Outcome: The students will acquire knowledge about the Hazardous Effects of
different Environmental Pollutants and the Measures for their Control/Prevention
by using different Laboratory Techniques.
2. Assignments
3. Class discussion
4. Quiz
5. Tests
Books Recommended:
1. Koziol, M.J. and Whatley, F.R. (2009). Gaseous Air Pollution and Plant Metabolism.
Butterworths. Londan.
2. Goodstein, E.S. (2008). Economics and the Environment. Prentice Hall Publishers, New
Jersey.
3. Varshney, C.K. (2005). Water Pollution and Management, Wiley Eastern Limited.
4. Chhatwal, D.R., Mehra, M.C., Satake, M., Katyal, T., Katyal, M. and Nagahiro. T.
(2001). Encyclopedia of Environmental Pollution and its control. (6 vols.), Anmol
Publication, New Delhi, India.
5. Mansfield, T.A. (1990). Effects of Air Pollutants on Plants. Cambridge University

Press, London, New York, Melbourne.
6. Odum, E.P. (1971) Fundamentals of Ecology. W.B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia.

BOT‐309 Bioinformatics 3 VI
Year Discipline
3 Botany
Syllabus Outline: Study of different softwares in relation to Macromolecules including DNA,

Protein etc.
Course Outline:
Current state of Data on Genomes, Information on Genome Data-Bases and Web
Sites etc., Retrieval and Interpretation of Genomic Data, Use of Software relating to
Biodiversity and Ecological and Taxonomical studies, Software related to Structure
of Macromolecules including Proteins, DNA, etc. and Reaction Kinetics.
Module Aims: The course is designed to provide knowledge about basic bioinformatics tools
for detailed study of life sustaining elements at molecular level and taxonomical,
and Phylogenetic relationship of organisms.
1. Lectures
2. Group Discussion
3. Laboratory Work
Learning Outcome: Students are expected to have awareness about Structural and
Functional Strategies of Biomolecules. They are expected to have a complete
knowledge to Construct, Develop and Predict Genomic Data.
2. Assignments
3. Class Discussion
4. Quiz
5. Tests
Books Recommended:
1. Edwards, D., Stajich, J.E. and Hansen, D. (2009). Bioinformatics Tools and
Application. Springer Link Publishers. ISBN: 0387927379.
2. Bach, J.S. and Rubin, E. (2004). The New Avenues in Bioinfurmatica. Kluwer
Academic Publisher. Netherlands.
3. Hancock, J.M. and Zvelebil, M.J. (2004). Dictionary for Bioinformatics and
Computational Biology (1st Ed), John Wiley and Sons Inch. New York.
4. Baxevanis, A.D. and Ouelletle, B.F.R. (2005). Bioinformatics: A practical Guide to the
Analysis for Genes and Proteins (3rd Ed.), John Wiley and Sons, New York.

BOT‐310 Bioinformatics Lab 1 VI
Year Discipline
3 Botany
Outline of Syllabus: Study of different Software in relation to Macromolecules including DNA,

Protein etc. by using Internet Facilities.
Course Outline:
Database Search, NCBI BLAST, Pairwise sequence alignment, Multiple sequence
alignment (Clustal W) Phylogenetic analysis 4, Sequencing Genomes: Physical
Mapping, Genome Structure, Interpreting Genomic Sequence Data: Gene Finding,
Structure Prediction, Expasy Tools, Primer Designing Protein Translation,
Oligonucleotide Properties Calculator.
Module Aims: The course is designed to provide knowledge about basic bioinformatics
books for detailed study of Life Sustaining Elements at Molecular Level,
Taxonomical, and Phylogenetic relationship of organisms.
1. Lectures
2. Group Discussion
3. Laboratory work
Learning Outcome: Students are expected to have awareness about Structural and
Functional Strategies of Biomolecules. They are fully guided to Construct,
Develop and Predict Genomic Data.
2. Assignments
3. Class discussion
4. Quiz
5. Tests
Books Recommended:
1. Edwards, D., Stajich, J. E. and Hansen, D. (2009). Bioinformatics Tools and

Application. Springer Link Publisher. ISBN: 0387927379
2. Bach, J.S. and Rubin, E. (2004). The New Avenues in Bioinformatics. Kluwer
Academic Publishers, Netherlands.
3. Hancock, J.M. and Zvelebil, A. (2004). Dictionary for Bioinformatics and

Computability. John Wiley Liss.
4. Baxevanis, A.D. and Ouelletle, B.F.R. (2005). Bioinformatics: A

practical Guide to the Analysis for Genes and Proteins (3rd Ed.), John Wiley and sons.
New York.

BOT‐311 Plant Anatomy (Advance Course) 3 VI
Year Discipline
3 Botany
Syllabus Outline: An introduction of primary internal structures of tissue of root, stem, leaf
flower and secondary growth of stem and analysis related to it.
Course Outline:
Secondary Xylem: Axial and Ray System, Growth Layers, Reaction Wood,
Gymnosperm Wood, Angiosperm Wood, Differentiation in Secondary Xylem,
Strength of Wood in Relation to Structure.
Stem: Tissue Systems, Leaf Traces, Leaf Gaps, Branch Traces and Branch Gaps,
Vascular Bundles, Concept of Stele Delimitation of Vascular Region, Endodermis,
Pericycle, Origin of Vascular Cambium, Common Forms of Secondary Growth.
Anomalous Secondary Growth: Secondary Growth in Monocots, Grafting and
Wound Healing.
Types of Stems: Conifer. Woody Dicotyledons, Dicotyledonous Vine, Herbaceous
Dicotyledons, Herbaceous Monocotyledons.
Leaf: Histology of Angiosperm, Leaf, Mesophyll, Vascular System, Bundle Sheaths,
Supporting Structure, Secretary Structures, Petiole, Histology of Gymnosperm Leaf,
Development of Leaf, Growth of Leaf Lamina, Monocotyledonous Leaf,
Development of Vascular Tissues, Abscission of Leaves.
Root: Concept, Origin, Morphology, Primary Structure, Root Cap, Vascular
Cylinder, Development of Histogens, Primary and Secondary Growth, Development
of Lateral Roots, Development of Adventitious Roots, Development of Buds on
Roots, Structure in Relation to Function.
Root-Shoot Transition: Secretary Structures, Glands, Nectaries, Hydathodes,
Internal Secretary Structures, Laticifers.
Flower: Concept, Structure, Vascular System, Different Parts, Sepals, Petals,
Stamen, Carpel, Ovule, Organogenesis, Histogenesis, Abscission.
Module Aims: To introduce Basic Concept of Primary Plant Body a learning Idea of Root-
Shoot Transition, Secondary Growth and Anomalies, Types of Stem, Root and
Leaf.
1. Lectures
2. Group Discussion
3. Laboratory Work
Learning Outcome: Student will understand basic anatomical concepts of Primary Structure
of Root, Stem, Leaf and Flower. They will be able to discuss the idea of secondary
growth.
2. Assignments
3. Class Discussion
4. Quiz
5. Tests
BOOKS RECOMMENDED:
1. Evert, R.F. and Easu, K. (2006). Esau’s Plant Anatomy. John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
2. Fahn, A. (2001). Plant Anatomy (5th Ed.). Ergamon Press. Oxford.
3. Dickinson, W.C. (2000). Integrative Plant Anatomy. Academic Press. London.
4. Esau, K. (2000). Anatomy of Seed Plants. John Wiley and Sons Inc. New York.
5. Robson, N.K.B., Cutler, D.F. and Gregory, M. (2000). New Research in Plant Anatomy.
Academic Press, London.
6. Eames, E. (1990). An Introduction to Plant Anatomy. McGraw Hill Book Co. Inc. New
York.

BOT‐312 Plant Anatomy (Advance Course) Lab 1 VI
Year Discipline
3 Botany
Syllabus Outline: Concept of Leaf Vascular Bundle, Mesophyll Tissue Distribution, Primary
Structure of Root, Stem and Leaf, Structure of Wood.
Course Outline: Study of Tissues from the Living and Preserved Material of Stems, Roots and
leaves.
Module Aims: This course is designed to provide understandings about Primary and
Secondary Plant Body, Secondary Growth and Primary and Secondary
Anomalous Structures in plants, Leaf, Stem, Root and Flower Anatomy, Basic
Structure of Root, Stem and leaf, and Wood Structure.
1. Lectures
2. Group Discussion
3. Laboratory work
Learning Outcome: Student will be able to understand the Tissues Arrangement in Root,
Stem, Leaf and Secondary Plant Body.
2. Assignments
3. Class discussion
4. Quiz
5. Tests
Books Recommended:
1. Evert, R.F. (2006). Esau’s Plant Anatomy. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York.
2. Fahn, A. (2001). Plant Anatomy. (5th Ed.), Ergamon Press, Oxford.
3. Dickinson, W.C. (2000). Integrative Plant Anatomy. Academic Press London.
4. Esau, K. (2000). Anatomy of Seed Plants. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York.
5. Robson, N.K.B., Cutler, D.F. and Gregory, M. (2000). New Research in Plant Anatomy.
6. Eames, E. (1990). An Introduction to Plant Anatomy. McGraw Hill Book Co. Inc., New
York.

BOT‐313 Gene Cloning (Advance Course) 3 VI
Year Discipline
3 Botany
Syllabus Outline: Principles and Strategies for Gene Cloning including Conjugation,
Transformation and Transduction.
Course Outline:
The Principles of Cloning DNA:
i) General Principles of Cloning
ii) Strategies for gene cloning
Vehicles: Plasmid and Bacteriophages:
Plasmids
i) Basic Features of Plasmids
ii) Size and Copy Number
iii) Conjugation and Compatibility
iv) Plasmid Classification
Bacteriophages:
i) Basic Features of Bacteriophages
ii) Lysogenic Phages
ii) Viruses as Cloning Vehicles
Purification of DNA:
i) Preparation of total Cell DNA
ii) Preparation of Plasmid DNA
iii) Preparation of Bacteriophage DNA
Manipulation of Purified DNA:
i) The range of DNA Manipulative Enzymes
ii) Enzymes for Cutting DNA- Restriction Endonucleases
iii) Ligation- Joining DNA Molecule together
Introduction of DNA into Living Cells:
i) Transformation
ii) Selection for Recombinants
iii) Introduction of phage DNA into Bacterial Cells
iv) Selection for Recombinant Phage
The Applications of Cloning in Gene Analysis:
i) Cloning of Specific Gene
ii) Studying Gene Location and Structure
iii) Studying of Gene Expression
Gene Cloning in Research and Biotechnology:
i) Production of Protein from Cloned Gene
ii) Gene Cloning in Medicine
iii) Gene Cloning in Agriculture
Module Aims: The course work is designed to highlight importance of Gene Cloning in
Research and Biotechnology, learning about the Concept of Cloning Agents, their
Behavior, Structure and Manipulations.
1. Lectures
2. Group Discussion
3. Laboratory work
Learning Outcome: Students are expected to have an understanding about the importance
of cloning, techniques to construct genomic libraries and a broad view about
cloning vector types and strategies.
2. Assignments
3. Class discussion
4. Quiz
5. Tests
Books Recommended:
1. Primrose, S.B., and Twyman, R. M. (2006). Principles of Gene Manipulation and

Genomics. Blackwell Scientific Publications.
2. Pierca, B.A. (2005). Genetics; A Conceptual Approach. W. H. Freeman and

Company, New York.
3. Snustad, D.P. and Simmons, M. J., (2005). Principles of Genetics, (4th Ed.). John
Wiley and Son, Inc. New York.
4. Gardner, E.J. (2004). Principles of Genetics. John Willey and Sons, New York.
5. Primrose, S.B., Twyman, R.M. and Old, R.W. (2004). Principles of Gene
Manipulation, an Introduction to Genetic Engineering. (6th Ed.), Blackwell Scientific
Publications.
6. Synder, L. and Champness, W. (2004). Molecular Genetics of Bacteria. ASM Press,

Washington D.C.
7. Wilson, J. and Hunt, T. (2004). Molecular Biology of the Cell – The Problems book,
Garland Publishing Inc.
8. Old, R.W. and Primrose, S.B. (2003). Principals of Gene Manipulation. University
of California Press.
9. Glover, D.M. (2001). Gene Cloning. The Mechanics of DNA Manipulation. Chapman
and Hall.
10. Brown, T.A. (2000). Gene Cloning and DNA Analysis; An Introduction. Chapman
and Hall Publishers.

BOT‐314 Gene Cloning (Advance Course) Lab 1 VI
Year Discipline
3 Botany
Syllabus Outline: Techniques for the DNA Isolation and Transformation.
Course Outline:
1. Problems Related to Gene Cloning
2. Conjugation
3. Total Cell lysate preparation
4. Plasmid DNA Isolation
5. Plasmid DNA detection on Gel Electrophoresis
6. Transformation of Plasmid DNA to E. coli.
Module Aims: Module designed to impart a detailed knowledge to students about Cloning
Techniques and their Practical Applications.
1. Lectures
2. Group Discussion
3. Laboratory work
Learning Outcome: Students are expected to have knowledge about parameters involved in
Cloning of Desired Gene in Cloning Vector, Useful Approach for Isolation of
Gene of Interest and its Practical Applications.
2. Assignments
3. Class discussion
4. Quiz
5. Tests
Books Recommended:
1. Primrose, S.B. and Twyman, R.M. (2006). Principles of Gene Manipulation and
Genomics. Blackwell Scientific Publications.
2. Pierca, B.A. (2005). Genetics; A Conceptual Approach. W. H. Freeman and

Company, New York.
3. Gardner, E.J. (2004). Principles of Genetics, John Willey and Sons, New York.
4. Primrose, S.B., Twyman, R.M. and Old, R.W. (2004). Principles of Gene
Manipulation, an Introduction to Genetic Engineering. (6th Ed.), Blackwell Scientific
Publications.
5. Wilson, J. and Hunt, T. (2004). Molecular Biology of the Cell: The Problems Book,
Garland Publishing Inc.
6. Old, R.W. and Primrose, S.B. (2003). Principals of Gene

Manipulation, University of California Press.
7. Glover, D.M. (2001). Gene Cloning. The Mechanics of DNA Manipulation.

Chapman and Hall.
8. Brown, T.A. (2000). Gene Cloning and DNA Analysis. An Introduction. Chapman
and Hall.

BOT‐315 Plant Tissue Culture (Advance course) 3 VI
Year Discipline
3 Botany
Syllabus Outline: Study of different Techniques used in Plant Tissue Culture
Course Outline:
Introduction to Plant Tissue Culture
A Plant Tissue Culture Laboratory
Aseptic Technique
Tissue Culture Media,
Cellular Totipotency
Callus Cultures
Cell Suspension Cultures
Protoplast Cultures
Anther and Pollen Culture
Production of Pathogen –free Plants.
Module Aims: The subject is offered with the aim of understanding the basic principles of
Plant Tissue Culture Technology and its Applications.
1. Lectures
2. Group Discussion
3. Laboratory work
Learning Outcome: At the end of the course the students should be able to understand the
different techniques used in Plant Tissue Culture including Plant
Micropropagation, Callus and Suspension Culture and their Applications.
2. Assignments
3. Class discussion
4. Quiz
5. Tests
Books Recommended:
1. Dixon, R.A. and Gonzales, R.A. (2003). Plant Cell Culture. A Practical Approach.
Oxford University Press, Oxford, New York.
2. Bhojwani, S.S. and Razdan, M.K. (2001). Plant Tissue Culture: Theory and Practice.
Elsevier, Amsterdam, Oxford, New York.
3. Dodds, J.H. and Roberts, L.W. (2000). Experiments in Plant Tissue Culture.
Cambridge University Press. Cambridge, London, New York.

BOT‐316 Plant Tissue Culture Lab 1 VI
Year Discipline
3 Botany
Syllabus Outline: Practical knowledge about different protocols used in Plant Tissue
Culture.
Course Outline:
1. Acquaintance with a Plant Tissue Culture Laboratory.
2. Concepts and Demonstration of Equipment used in a Plant Tissue Culture
Laboratory.
3. Aseptic Techniques.
4. Preparation of Plant Tissue Culture Media.
5. Culture of various Explants, Observation and Growth Studies of Callus Cultures.
Module Aims: The laboratory exercise is based on concepts and research proposals used in
Plant Tissue Culture. The module will provide opportunity for the students to
learn Sterile Techniques into Plant Tissue Culture Techniques and the Interaction
of Plant Hormones.
1. Lectures
2. Group Discussion
3. Laboratory work
Learning Outcome: The students will have an understanding about the functioning of
various Equipments used in Tissue Culture Work. The students will be able to
understand about how Plants obtain Nutrients, Energy and Water while growing
under Laboratory Conditions.
2. Assignments
3. Class discussion
4. Quiz
5. Tests
Books Recommended:
1. Dixon, R.A. and Gonzales, R.A. (2003). Plant Cell Culture. A Practical Approach.
Oxford University Press, Oxford, New York.
2. Bhojwani, S.S. and Razdan, M.K. (2001). Plant Tissue Culture: Theory and Practice.
Elsevier, Amsterdam, Oxford, New York.
3. Dodds, J.H. and Roberts, L.W. (2000). Experiments in Plant Tissue Culture.
Cambridge University Press. Cambridge, London, New York.

BOT‐317 Palynology (Advance course) 3 VI
Year Discipline
3 Botany
Syllabus Outline: Palynology; its Scope and Importance, Neopalynology and

Palaeopalynology, Structure, Morphology, Ornamentation Pattern of Spores and
their Technical Description, Branches of Neoplaynology, Chemical Composition
of Exine and Organic Thermal Maturity, Maceration Techniques to Isolate
Palynomorphs and Field Work.
Course Outline:
Neopalynology:
Production and Dispersal of Spores and Pollen
Ultra-structure and Stratification of Exine.
Spore and Pollen Diversity, Morphology and Ornamentational Pattern, Technical
Description.
Environmental Palynology, Occurrence and Significance of Airborne Pollen with
respect to Allergies and Asthma, Control Measures.
Mellitopalynology, Aeropalynology and Archaeopalynology. Palynology in
Medicine and Criminology.
Palaeopalynology:
Ultra-structure and Chemical composition of Fossil Exine.
Palynomorphs as Sedimentary Particles, Preservation in Sediment, Post Depositional
Hazards.
Palynomorphs in Oil and Gas Exploration, Geochronology, Stratigraphic
Correlation, Reconstruction of Past Plant communities, Index Palynomorphs,
Organic Thermal Maturity.
Technical Description of Palynomorphs.
Maceration Techniques and Field Work.
Module Aims: This course is designed to understand the Importance, Scope and
Applications of Palynology in other Fields, Techniques used to Isolate
Palynomorphs, their Technical Description and Evaluation of Palynological Data.
1. Lectures
2. Group Discussion
3. Laboratory work
Learning Outcome: After getting through this course students would be able to know about
Palynology, its Branches and their Importance, they would be able to Isolate
Palynomorphs from Sedimentary Rock samples through different Maceration
Techniques. Field Study Tour would enhance their knowledge of theory and better
understanding of the subject.
2. Assignments
3. Class discussion
4. Quiz
5. Tests
Books Recommended:
1. Brooks, J. (2010). Organic Maturation Studies and Fossil Fuel Exploration.

2. Agashe, S.N. and Caulton, E. (2009). Pollen and Spores: Applications with Special
Emphasis on Aerobiology and Allergy. Science Publishers. 412pp. ISBN-13: 978-
1578085323.
3. Scott, A.C. (2009). Coal and Coal-bearing strata; recent advances. Blackwell
Scientific Publishers, Oxford.
4. Erdtman, G. (reprinted 2008). An Introduction to Pollen Analysis. Morison Press.
260pp. ISBN-13: 978-1443723077.
5. Traverse, A. (2007). Paleopalynology: Topics in Geobiology. (2nd Ed.), Springer

Link Publishers. 813 pp. ISBN-13: 978-1402066849.
6. Harley, M., Morton, C.M. and Blackmore, S. (2000). Pollen and Spores:
Morphology and Biology, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 530pp.
7. Kapp, R.O., Davis, O.K. and King, J.E. [Illustrated by Hall, R.C.] (2000). Ronald
O. Kapp's Pollen and Spores. (2nd ed.), AASP Found. 279 pp. ISBN 931871-05-0.
8. Kurmann, M.H. and Doyle, E. (1994). Ultrastructure of Fossil Spores and Pollen.
Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 227pp. ISBN-13: 978-0947643607.
9. Collinvaux, P.A., De Oliveira, P.E. and Moreno, E. (1999). Amazon: Pollen

Manual and Atlas. Harwood Academic Publishers. 344pp. ISBN-13: 978-
9057025877.
10. Traverse, A. (1996). Nomenclature and Taxonomy: Systematics. In: Jansonius, J.

and McGregor, D.C. Eds., Palynology: Principles and Applications, American
Association of Stratigraphic Palynologists Foundations, 11-28, Publishers Press.
11. Jones, G.D., (1995). Pollen of the Southeastern United States: with Emphasis on
Melissopalynology and Entomopalynology. AASP Foundation Contribution Series
No. 30: 76 pp., 104 photographic plates. ISSN 0160-8843.
12. Punt, W., Blackmore, S., Nilsson, S. and Thomas, A.L. (1994). Glossary of Pollen
and Spore Terminology. LPP Contributions Series No. 1: 71pp. LPP Foundation,
Laboratory of Palaeobotany and Palynology, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The
Netherlands. ISBN 90-393-0230-8.

BOT‐318 Palynology Lab 1 VI
Year Discipline
3 Botany
Syllabus Outline: Extraction of Pollen and Spores, Preparation of Strew Mount Slides,
Single Grain Manipulation and their Technical Description, Field Study Tour for
the Collection of Rock Samples from Salt Range, Pakistan and a Comprehensive
Field Report of Study Tour.
Course Outline:
1. Extraction of pollen and spores from Anther/Strobili/Sori, their Identification and

Technical Description.
2. Palynological Analysis of Paleozoic, Mesozoic and Cenozoic Rock samples through
Standard Procedures.
3. Preparation of Strew Mount Slides and Single Grain Manipulation(s).
4. Field Tour to the Salt Range, Pakistan to study Paleozoic, Mesozoic and Cenozoic
Outcrops including Sample Collecting Techniques. Each student shall be required
to submit a comprehensive Field Tour Report at the time of Practical
Examination. Specific marks shall also be allocated for such a report.
Module Aims: This course is designed to understand the Importance, Scope and
Applications of Palynology in other Fields, techniques used to Isolate
palynomorphs, their Technical Description and Evaluation of Palynological Data.
1. Lectures
2. Group Discussion
3. Laboratory work
Learning Outcome: After getting through this subject, students would be able to study
Extant and Extinct Palynomorphs extracted through different Standard
Techniques, to describe the Data Technically and Preparation of Permanent
Mounts of this material, Field Study Tour would enhance their knowledge
pertaining to the Preparation of Comprehensive Field Report and presentation of
the data scientifically.
2. Assignments
3. Class discussion
4. Quiz
5. Tests
Books Recommended:
1. Hesse, M., Halbritter, H., Weber, M., Buchner, R., Frosch-Radivo, A. and
Ulrich, S. (2010). Pollen Terminology: An Illustrated Handbook. (1st Ed.), Springer
Link Publishers. 264pp. ISBN-13: 978-3211999356.
2. Icon Group International, (2010). Microtechnique: Webster's Timeline History,

1893 – 2005. 24pp. ICON Group International, Inc. ASIN: B003L5DP80.
3. Phipps, D. and Playford, G. (2010). Techniques for Extracting Palynomorphs from

Sediments. Department of Mineralogy and Geology. sp. pub. Univ. Queensland,
Brisbane, Australia.
4. Shah, S.M.I. (1977). Stratigraphy of Pakistan. Memoirs of the Geological Survey of

Pakistan, v. 22, pp. 381.
5. Traverse, A. (2007). Palaeopalynology: Topics in Geobiology. (2nd Ed.), Springer

Link Publishers. 813 pp. ISBN-13: 978-1402066849.
6. Punt, W., Blackmore, S., Hoen, P.P., Nilsson, S. and Thomas, A. Le (2007).
Glossary of Pollen and Spore Terminology. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology,
143(1): 1-81.
7. Armstrong, H. and Brasier, M. (2005). Microfossils. (2nd Ed.). J. Wiley-Blackwell

Scientific Publishers. 304pp. ISBN-13: 978-0632052790.
8. Harley, M., Morton, C.M. and Blackmore, S. (2000). Pollen and Spores:
Morphology and Biology, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 530pp.
9. Gee, E R. (2000). Geological Maps of Salt Range. Geological Survey of Pakistan.
10. Kurmann, M.H. and Doyle, E. (1994). Ultrastructure of Fossil Spores and Pollen.
Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 227pp. ISBN-13: 978-0947643607.
11. Soil Survey of Pakistan (2000). Topographic Sheets of Salt Range, Pakistan.
12. Collinvaux, P.A., De Oliveira, P.E. and Moreno, E. (1999). Amazon: Pollen
Manual and Atlas. Harwood Academic Publishers. 344pp. ISBN-13: 978-
9057025877.

BOT‐319 Laboratory Techniques 2 VI
Year Discipline
3 Botany
Syllabus Outline: Visit of different laborites of the department to learn different Techniques
being used along with the working of different Instruments.
Course Outline:
Students shall be required to visit all Research Laboratories in the Department on a
Regular Basis to learn Advanced Techniques. They will submit Report about each
Laboratory at the end of the Semester, which should elaborate and highlight details
of all Advanced Techniques/Instrumentation in the written form. Each student will
appear for Viva Voce Examination pertaining to that report during which time he/she
shall be asked various questions pertaining to the said techniques. Total marks for
this course would be divided into two parts viz.; Written Repot and Viva Voce
Examination. Students shall consult Books available in the Library for each the
discipline as directed by the respective Teacher/Faculty Member.
Module Aims: The aim of this course is to acquaint the student with the working of various
Instruments and Techniques used in different laboratories.
1. Group Discussions
2. Laboratory Work
Learning Outcome: The students are expected to learn about the basic concepts of different
Instruments and experiments being performed in different laboratories.
1. Written Reports
2. Class Discussion
3. Oral Presentation

BOT‐320 Seminar 2 VI
Year Discipline
3 Botany
Syllabus Outline: Presentation
Course Outline:
Each student will be allocated a specific topic pertaining to a particular discipline
in the subject of Botany for preparation of Seminar. The Student shall be required
to prepare Seminar in consultation with the respective Teacher(s) by using latest
books / research papers available in the library or elsewhere. At the end of the
Semester he/she will be required to submit a Written Report on that particular
topic followed by Comprehensive Oral Presentation. The seminar would be
evaluated by a Special Committee constituted for that purpose and convened by
the Chairman. Separate marks shall be allocated for Written Report and Oral
Presentation.
Module Aims: The course is designed to give awareness about the preparation of scientific
talk. The module contains Literature Survey by using Books and Research
Articles.
1. Group Discussion
2. Assignment
Learning Outcome: The student will be able to make a valuable Scientific Presentation and
get confidence. They can also learn how to write a Scientific Report.
2. Assignments
3. Class Discussion
4. Quiz
5. Tests
BS (4 Years)
Y for Affiliated
d Colleges
Code Subject Title Cr. Hrs Sem

mester
BOT-401 Air Pollu
ution, its Impacts and Control
C 3 V
VII
Yeear Discipline
D
4 BOTANY
B
Syllabuss Outline: Nature

N of Atm
mosphere, Airr Pollution causing Factoors and Measurements forr their
Remedies.
R
Course Outline:
O
Atm
mosphere Introduction: Natture and Scopee.
Cheemistry of Trooposphere andd Stratospheree, Primary Pollutants, Troposphere Ozonne and
its Impacts, Straatospheric Ozzone and its Destruction, Atmosphericc Aerosols; Origin,
O
pes, Functionss and Impactss, Acid Rain annd its Adversee Effects.
Typ
Traace Gases andd Global Warm
ming, The Greeenhouse Theeory, The Culpprit Gases andd their
Waarming Potenttial, Estimates of Greenhousse Impacts.
Airr Quality in Urban Atm
mosphere; Intrroduction. Exxhaust Emisssions from Motor
M
Veh
hicles, Waste Heat, Primarry and Photochhemical Polluutants, Urban Pollution Rannkings
in Pakistan andd other Counttries, Catalystt System for Emission Coontrol from Motor
M
hicles, Organn Metallic Coompounds in the Environnment, (Organn Lead and Organ
Veh O
Meercury). The Health
H Effects of Environmeental Pollutannts, Effects on Inert Materiaals and
Gen
neral Adversee Effects.
Rad
diation and Nuclear Expplosion: Backkground Infoormation, Raadiation Impaact at
Eco
osystem Leveel and Comparrative Sensitivvity of Organnisms, Fate off Radionuclidees and
Falll Out Problem
m, Disposal of
o Radioactivee Wastes, the Lessons of Chernobyl,
C Nuuclear
Winter, Environnmental Connsequences of Nuclear War,
W Uncertainties and Recent
R
velopments.
Dev
Con
ntrol of Air Pollution;
P Air Quality Standards, Internaational Air Quuality Program
mmes,
Con
ntrol of Atmoospheric Polluttion at Sourcee.
i to develop skills in form

Module Aims: The objective of this course is mulating andd solving probblems
arissing from Em
merging Technnologies for the
t Energy annd Industrial Waste.
W The course
c
is designed to know the Effects of Air Pollution as motivation for control of
Anthropogenic Omissions to the Atmosphere.
1. Lectures
2. Group Discussion
3. Laboratory work
Learning Outcome: To make the student capable to design a System Component and Process for
Controlling Pollution/Environmental Hazards. On completion of the course, the
students are able to discuss and explain Fundamental reasons of Air Pollution, to
create awareness on Pollution generated at different stage of Industries Outcome
Procession.
2. Assignments
3. Class discussion
4. Quiz
5. Tests
Books Recommended:
1. Bridgeman, H.A (2009). Global Air Pollution. Belhaven Press, London.
2. Southwick, C.H. (2007). Global Ecology. Sinauer Associates, Inc. Sunderland, Massachusetts.
3. Crawley, M.J. (2007). Plant Ecology (3rd Ed.). Blackwell Science Ltd. (U.K).
4. National Research Council, USA, (2007). Committee on Medical and Biological Effects of
Environmental Pollutants; Ozone and other Photochemical Oxidants. National Academy of Sciences,
Washington, D.C.
5. Schneider, S.H. (2005). Global Warming. Sierra Club Books. San Francisco.
BS (4 Years)
Y for Affiliated
d Colleges

mester
BOT-402 Air
A Pollution
n, its Impaccts and Conttrol (Lab.) 1 V
VII
Yeear Discipline
D
4 BOTANY
B
Syllabus Outline: Airr Sampling, Ambient

A Air Analysis, Poolluting Agennts, Bioindicaators for Pollution
Alerts,
A Field Survey of Deensely Polluteed Areas, Stuudy of Environnmental Polluutants
in
i relation to reduction
r thee Hazardous Effects.
E
Course Outline:
O
1. Air Saampling: Geneeral Consideraations in samppling and use of
o various Insttruments.
2. Analyssis of Ambiennt Air for Ozonne.
3. Analyssis of Ambiennt Air for NO2.
4. Analyssis of Ambiennt Air for SO2.
5. Identiffication of Souurces of variouus Air Pollutaants and study of their Charaacteristics.
6. Bio-In
ndicators and study
s of Sympptoms of Air Pollutants
P on Vegetation.
V
7. Study of Impact of Radiation
R on Germination
G a early Seeddling Growth.
and
8. Field Work,
W Visit too Industrial Sittes showing Air
A Pollution.
Module Aims:
A To study
s importaant Particulatte Matter thaat our especiaally importannt in Air Pollution
Control Efffect of Radiaation on Plant Growth.
Learningg Strategies:
1. Lectures
2. Group Disscussion
3. Laboratorry work
W
Learningg Outcome:
To understaand various air
a pollutants their
t impact on
o plants and control.
2. Assignments
3. Class discussion
4. Quiz
5. Tests
Books Recommended:
1. Bridgeman, H.A (2009). Global Air Pollution. Belhaven Press, London.
2. Southwick, C.H. (2007). Global Ecology. Sinauer Associates, Inc. Sunderland, Massachusetts.
3. Crawley, M.J. (2007). Plant Ecology (3rd Ed.). Blackwell Science Ltd. (U.K).
4. National Research Council, USA, (2007). Committee on Medical and Biological Affects of
Environmental Pollutants; Ozone and other Photochemical Oxidants. National Academy of Sciences,
Washington, D.C.
5. Schneider, S.H. (2005). Global Warming. Sierra Club Books. San Francisco.
**************************************
BS (4 Years)
Y for Affiliated
d Colleges

mester
BOT-403 Biohazzards, Biosaafety, Bioeth
hics 3 V
VII
Yeear Discipline
D
4 BOTANY
B
Syllabus Outline: Haazardous role of Microbess Ethical Mannipulation off Gene and Safety
S Measurres to
Overcome Environmenntal Pollution.
Course Outline:
O
Hazardouss Roles of Microbes
M in thhe Environmeent, Microorgganisms as a Source of Diisease
and other Nuisances, Solution to various Hazzards, new trends
t in Moonitoring of toxic
Environmeental Hazardss by Microbess.
Safety an
nd the Genetic Manipuulation of Organisms,
O R
Risk Assessment in Geenetic
Manipulation, Deliberaate Release off Genetically Modified Miicroorganismss (GMOs), Roole of
Genetic Modification
M Safety Com
mmittee, Hazaard Groups of Organism
ms, Guidelinees for
Microbial and Animal Cell
C Culture.
Cloning of
o Animal annd Human Beings;
B Moral, Ethical, Legal
L and Pattent Issues, Trade
T
Secrets. In
nternational Regulations
R a contained Use of Geenetically Moodified Organnisms
and
(GMOs).
Radiation, Health and Safety;
S Sourcees and Laboraatory use of Radiation,
R Raadiation Proteection,
disposal of
o Radioactivve Materials from Laboraatories, Proteection of Woorkers and Public.
P
Environmeental Pollution and Law.
Module Aims:
A The course is dessigned to proovide essentiaal knowledgee about variouus Agents caausing
Biohazards. Highlightinng the Reasonns for Unethiical use of Biiodiversity annd Guidance about
Measurem
ments leads to Biosafety.
1. Lectures
3. Laboratorry work
W
Learning Outcome: Students are expected to have knowledge about the Measurements of
Environmental Sustainability. They will have idea for how to utilize the Biological Resources
which are friendly to Environment.
2. Assignments
3. Class discussion
4. Quiz
5. Tests
Books Recommended:
1. S.I. Cutter, (2003). Environmental Risks and Hazards. Publishers Prentice Hall.
2. Donnellan, C. (2002). Cloning. Independent Educational Publication.
3. Donnellan, C. (2001). The Ethics of Genetic Engineering. Independent Educational Publication.
4. O’Mahony, P.J. (2000). Nature, Risk, and Responsibility: Discourses of Biotechnology.

Routhedge Routhedge Publisher.
5. Hansen, D.J. (2000). The Work Environment; Healthcare, Laboratories and Biosafety. Lewi
Publishers.
6. Torrance, I. (2000). Bio-Ethics for new Millennium, Saint Andrew Press.
****************************************************
BS (4 Years)
Y for Affiliated
d Colleges

mester
BOT-404 Biohazard
ds, Biosafetty, Bioethicss (Lab.) 1 V
VII
Yeear Discipline
D
4 BOTANY
B
Syllabus Outline: Dem

monstration for
f Handling of Microbes Aseptically, Learning of Appropriate
A S
Safety
Precaution
ns and Ethicall Use of Biodiversity.
Course Outline:
O
1. Microb
biological Prrocedures thhat are relateed to hazardds will be Demonstrated
D d and
Evaluaated in Laboraatory Exercisse.
2. Demon
nstration of Aseptic
A Technniques.
3. Techniques to Release/Dispose off
o Microbial Cultures.
4. Handliing of Pathoggenic Bacteriaa.
5. Hazard
ds commonly found in Microbiologgical Laborattories and appropriate
a S
Safety
utions and Responses.
Precau
6. Hazard
ds of workinng with Bacteeria, Virus, Parasites,
P Reccombinant annd Procedurees and
regulations.
Module Aims:
A The co
ourse designeed for guidancce about techhniques for microbiologica
m al procedure which
w
are not hazzardous for Environment and
a friendly human
h health.
1. Lectures
3. Laboratorry work
W
Learningg Outcome: Students aree expected too have know

wledge about Safety Meassures followeed for
handling of
o Microbial Molecules
M andd Laboratory Precautions for
f their propeer Dispose offf.
2. Assignments
3. Class discussion
4. Quiz
5. Tests
Books Recommended:
1. S.I. Cutter, (2003). Environmental Risks and Hazards, Prentice Hall.
2. Donnellan, C. (2002). Cloning. Independent Educational Publication.
3. Donnellan, C. (2001). The Ethics of Genetic Engineering. Independent Educational Publication.
4. O’Mahony, P.J. (2000). Nature, Risk, and Responsibility: Discourses of Biotechnology.

Routhedge Routhedge Publisher.
5. Hansen, D.J. (2000). The Work Environment; Healthcare, Laboratories and Biosafety. Lewi
Publishers.
6. Torrance, I. (2000). Bio-Ethics for new Millennium, Saint Andrew Press.

BS (4 Years)
Y for Affiliated
d Colleges

mester
BOT-405 Plant Nutrition
N and
d Soil Fertillity 3 V
VII
Yeear Discipline
D
4 BOTANY
B
Syllabus Outline: To study compoosition of diffferent nutrientts, absorptionn, translocatioon and assimilation
of various nutrients, Nittrogen fixatioon.
Course Outline:
O
Introductio
on, Scope and
d History of M
Mineral Plant Nutrition.
The Inorgaanic Componnents of Plantss, Water, Dryy Matter, Minneral Competiition, Essentiaal and
other Miineral Elemeents, Macroonutrient andd Micronutrrient Elemennts, Compaarative
Macronutrrient and Miccronutrient Ellements; Com
mparative Elem
mental Requiirements of Higher
H
Plants; Deficiencies andd Tissue Anallysis, Deficienncy Symptom
ms of Individuual Elements.
The Mediia of Plant Nutrition,
N Thhe Variety of
o Nutrient Media:
M Soil; Solution Cuulture;
Chemical Compositionn of Nutrient Solutions; Modified
M Soluution Culture, Culture Soluutions
compared with Soil Sollutions.
The Acquiisition of Nitrrogen Absorpption of Nitraate and Amm
monium Ions; Nitrogen Fixxation,
Physiology
y of Formatioon of Root Noodules, Physioology of Sym
mbiotic Nitroggen Fixation.
Mineral Metabolism,
M T Functionns of Nutrieents, Nutrientt Elements as
The a Constituennts of
Metabolitees and Compplexes, Nutrieent Elementss as Activators, Cofactorss or Regulatoors of
Enzymes, Nutrient Elem
ments in Physsiological Proocesses.
Ecologicall Aspects of Plant Nutritiion, Phenotyppic Plasticity, The Conceppt of the Ecootype,
Role of Mineral
M Elem
ments in Plannt Ecology, Interplay betw
ween Plants and their Mineral
M
Media.
Soil Fertiliity Evaluationn.
Soil and Fertilizer N, P,, K, Ca, Mg, S,
S Fe and Traace Elements.
Liming and Use of Gyppsum.
Fertilizers and Efficientt Use of Wateer.
Module Aims:
A b able to get an update on
The sttudents will be o issues relaated to Plant Nutrition andd Soil
Fertility In
ntegrated on Sustainable
S Laand Use and Natural
N Resource Management.
1. Lectures
2. Group Discussion
3. Laboratory Work
Learning Outcome: The students will develop an insight into the Mineral Requirements, Media
Preparations and Mineral Metabolism. All Agriculture Practices based on fertilization will be
analyzed.
2. Assignments
3. Class Discussion
4. Quiz
5. Tests
Books Recommended:
1. Taiz, L.D. and Zeiger, E. (2010). Plant Physiology. (5th Ed.), Sierauer Associates.
2. Barker, A.V. and Pilbeam, D.J. (2007). Hand Book of Plant Nutrition. CRC Press Washington
D.C.
3. Epstein, E. and Bloom, J.A. (2005) Mineral Nutrition of Plants: Principles and Perspectives.
(2nd Ed.), Sierauer Associates.
4. Tisdale, S. and Nelson, W. (2005). Soil Fertility and Fertilizers. (3rd Ed.), Mchillans.
5. Wallace, T. (2005). The Diagnosis of Mineral Deficiencies in Plants. Her Majesty’s Stationery
Office, London.
*********************************************
BS (4 Years)
Y for Affiliated
d Colleges

mester
BOT-406 Plant Nutrition and Soil
S Fertilityy (Lab.) 1 V
VII
Yeear Discipline
D
4 BOTANY
B
Syllabus Outline: Stu

udy of differennt media for plant
p growth,, macro and micronutrients
m s, determinatiion of
total waterr requirements.
Course Outline:
O
1. Sand and Wateer Culture Meethods.

2. Sttudy of Deficciency Symptooms of Macroo and Micronnutrient Elemeents.
3. Phhenotypic Ad
daptations of plants
p to Nutrrients, Deficieency and Metthods of Grow
wth Analysis.
4. Plant Tissue Analysis
A for Prrinciple Inorgganic Ions.
5. Determination
D of P, Ca and Mg Content of Soil.
6. Prreparation off Fertilizer Miixtures.
7. Determination
D of total Wateer Requiremeents of a Cropp by using Clim
matic Data (B
Blaney and Crriddle
Formula will be
b used).
8. Prreparation off Standard Aciid, Alkali andd Indicator Soolutions.
Module Aims:
A This Laboratory
L Coourse will hellp students too solve probleems related too Soil Fertilitty and
Fertilizers.. Students willl learn about various technniques of grow
wing plants.
1. Lectures
3. Laboratorry Work
W
Learningg Outcome: Experiments

E based on Thheory Syllabuus will be expplored. Studennts will be abble to
grow plants in differennt media. Studdents will bee able to obseerve differentt symptoms due
d to
y of various nuutrients in thee media
deficiency

2. Assignments
3. Class Discussion
4. Quiz
5. Tests
Books Recommended:
1. Taiz, L.D. and Zeiger, E. (2010). Plant Physiology. (5th Ed.), Sierauer Associates.
2. Barker, A.V. and Pilbeam, D.J. (2007). Hand Book of Plant Nutrition. CRC Press Washington
D.C.
3. Epstein, E. and Bloom, J.A. (2005) Mineral Nutrition of Plants: Principles and Perspectives.
(2nd Ed.), Sierauer Associates.
4. Tisdale, S. and Nelson, W. (2005). Soil Fertility and Fertilizers. (3rd Ed.), McMillans.
5. Wallace, T. (2005). The Diagnosis of Mineral Deficiencies in Plants. Her Majesty’s Stationery
Office, London.
******************************************
BS (4 Years)
Y for Affiliated
d Colleges

mester
BOT-407 Biodegrradation and
d Bioremediation 3 V
VII
Yeear Discipline
D
4 BOTANY
B
Syllabus Outline: En
nvironmental Pollutants, Biodegradation
B n and Microbbial Technologgies, Strategiees for
Bioremediiation.
Course Outline:
O
The Enviro
onment and Poollution: Introoduction, Enviironmental Laaw.
Treatment Technologiess.
Traditionall Approaches to Pollution Control.
C
a. Biotreaatment Technnologies for Poollution Contrrol.
b. Biocattalyst Selectionn and Geneticc Modificationn.
c. Enrich
hment and Scrreening Strateggies.
d. Design
n of enrichmennt strategies reelating to the Environmentaal Source.
e. Microb
biological Tecchniques for Enrichment
E annd Selection.
f. Genetiical Approachh.
The Carbon Cycle
C and Xennobiotic Com
mpounds:
Biodegradatiion and Microobial Technoloogies by Microoorganisms.
a. Acclim
mation
b. Detoxiification
c. Activaation
d. Sorptio
on
e. Bioavaailability: Sequ
questering and Complexing..
f. Co-meetabolism
onmental Effects.
g. Enviro
Effects of Metals
M and Raadionuclide onn Environmennt.
Metal and Radionuclide Microbial Treatment.
Biotechnollogy for Metall and Radionuuclide Removaal and Recoveery.
Recalcitran
nt Molecules.
Module Aims: The course is designed to provide the students the knowledge of Biodegradation of
Pollutants and its Application in Biodegradation Studies.
1. Lectures
2. Group Discussion
3. Laboratory work
Learning Outcome: After studying this course students will be able to understand the Chemistry of
Biodegradation and its Application in Biodegradation Studies.
2. Assignments
3. Class discussion
4. Quiz
5. Tests
Books Recommended:
1. Tortora, G.J., Christine L., Case, C.L., Funke, B.R., Funke, B. and Case, C. (2006).
Microbiology: An Introduction. Pearson Education Publishers.
2. Borlak, J. (2005). Handbook of Toxicogenomics: Strategies and Applications. John-Wiley and

Sons Limited.
3. Heikki, M., Hokkanen, T. and Hajek, A.E. (2004). Environmental Impacts of microbial
Insecticide: Needs and Methods for Risk Assessment, Science.
4. McEldowney, S., Hardmen, D.J. and Waite, S. (2003). Pollution: Ecology and Biotreatment.
Longman Scientific Technical.
5. Mitchell, R. (2002). Environmental Microbiology. (2nd Ed.), Wiley Liss.
6. Tickner, J.A. (2002). Precaution, Environmental Science, and Preventive Public Policy. Island
Press.
7. Sunahara, G.I., Agnes, Y., Renoux, A.Y., Thellen, C., Gaudet, C.L., and Pilon, A. (2002).
Environmental Analysis of Contaminated Sites. John-Wiley and Sons Limited.
8. Chapelle, F.H. (2001). Ground – Water Microbiology and Geochemistry (2nd Ed.), John Wiley and
Sons. Inc.
9. Alexander, M. (1999). Biodegradation and Bioremediation. Academic Press, Inc.
10. Poole, R.K. and Gadd, G. M (1989). Metal Microbe Interaction. IRL Press.
****************************************.
BS (4 Years)
Y for Affiliated
d Colleges

mester
BOT-408 Biodegrada
B ation and Biioremediatioon (Lab.) 1 V
VII
Yeear Discipline
D
4 BOTANY
B
Syllabus Outline: Baacterial Isolattion from diffferent Envirronmental Soources, Technniques for Teesting
Degradatio
on Ability of Bacteria.
Course Outline:
O
1. Issolation of Bacteria from Oiil Wastes, Pollluted Water from
f Industriees and Sewagee.
2. Sppray Plate Technique
T for Testing the Degradation Ability of Bacteria
B for different Aroomatic
H
Hydrocarbons.
3. Bioremediation
B n from Culturee by Metal Reesistant Bacterria.
Module Aims:
A The co
ourse is desiggned in a wayy to understannd how Biodeegradation off Pollutants iss done
practically
y.
1. Lectures
3. Laboratorry Work
W
Learningg Outcome: After
A studyingg this course, students willl be in a conddition to understand how we
w can
Clean ourr Environmeent from Pollutants by Depredating Organisms and its Praactical
Applicatio
ons.
Assessmeent Strategiess:
1. Lecture Based
B Examination (Objecttive and Subjeective)
2. Assignmeents
3. Class Disccussion
4. Quiz
5. Tests
BOOKS RECOMMENDED:
Microbiology: An Introduction. Pearson Education Publishers.
2. Borlak, J. (2005). Handbook of Toxicogenomics: Strategies and Applications. John-Wiley and

Sons Limited.
3. Heikki, M., Hokkanen, T. and Hajek, A.E. (2004). Environmental Impacts of microbial
Insecticide: Needs and Methods for Risk Assessment, Science.
4. McEldowney, S., Hardmen, D.J. and Waite, S. (2003). Pollution: Ecology and Biotreatment.
Longman Scientific Technical.
5. Mitchell, R. (2002). Environmental Microbiology. (2nd Ed.), Wiley Liss.
6. Tickner, J.A. (2002). Precaution, Environmental Science, and Preventive Public Policy. Island
Press.
7. Sunahara, G.I., Agnes Y., Renoux, A.Y., Thellen, C., Gaudet, C.L., and Pilon, A. (2002).
Environmental Analysis of Contaminated Sites. John-Wiley and Sons Limited.
8. Chapelle, F.H. (2001). Ground – Water Microbiology and Geochemistry (2nd Ed). John Wiley and
Sons. Inc.
10. Poole, R. K. and Gadd, G.M (1989). Metal Microbe Interaction. IRL Press.
****************************************
BS (4 Years)
Y for Affiliated
d Colleges

mester
BOT-409 Microbes, Man and the Environment 3 VIIII
Yeear Discipline
D
4 BOTANY
B
Syllabuss Outline: Types

T of Microbes
M andd their Evollution; Distrribution of Microbes inn the
Environmment and Sttrategies for Success, Positive annd negativee Interactionns of
microbes with men.
Course Outline:
O
Microbia al Evolution n and Nutriition: The Origin
O of Liife, Phylogeeny, Evolutioon of
Microbes, Bacteria, Archaea annd Fungi, Evvolution of Microbes into i Diversifying
Ecosystemms, Diversityy of Energy Generating Systems of Microbes.
M
Microbia al Structuree, Replication and Mootility: Bactterial Repliccation, Adheesion,
Motility and
a Growthh, Fungal Reeplication, Yeasts,
Y Mollds and Spores, Diversiity of
Viruses an nd Viral Repplication.
Microbess in the En nvironmentt: Microbes and Nutrieents. Carbonn Cycling inn the
Ecosystemm. Brown roots and Whitte Rots, Micrrobes and Nutrients,
N Nittrogen Cycliing in
the Ecosyystem., Amm monification,, Nitrification, De-Nitrifification.
Microbia al Partnersship: Microobial Assocciations with Plant Roots, R Leguumes,
Rhizobia and Nitrogen Fixation,, Mycorrhizzal Associatiions with Plant Roots, from
Trees to Orchids,
O Aniimal Fermennters, Ruminnants and Hinnd Gut Ferm menters, Cellulose
Digestionn, Methanogeens and Chyytrids, Microbes and Inseects.
Microbess as Pathoggens: Bacterrial Pathogenns of Plantss, Colonizatiion and Invasion
Strategiess, Fungal Paathogens of Plants, Coloonization annd Invasion Strategies,
S U
Using
Microbes to Fight Peests and Diseease, Biologgical Controll, Bacterial Diseases
D of Man,
Colonizattion and Invvasion of Tisssues, Modeels of Toxinn Action, Fuungal Diseasses of
man, Deermatophytees, Candidaa and Asppergillosis, Viral diseases of Man,
Antimicro obials and Targets,
T Antiibiotics and Antiviral Agent,
A Targeets and Moddes of
Action, Emergence
E annd Mechanissm of Antibiiotic Resistaance.
Exploitattion of Miccrobes in In ndustry: Microbes
M as Cell Factoriies, Primaryy and
Secondary y Metabolitees, Fermentaation System ms, Enzymess and Industrry, Microbes and
Food, Usee of Microbees in Food and a Beveragee Productionn, Food Spoiilage and Tooxins,
Exploitatiion of Natural Microbiall Communitiies in the Treeatment of Sewage.
S
Module Aims: To highlight the Role of Microbes in the Environment and Ecosystem and to
show their Beneficial and Detrimental Roles in the Environment and on men.
1. Lectures
2. Group Discussion
3. Laboratory Work
Learning Outcome: To enhance the understanding of Microbes to students, their Importance

and Positive/Negative Interactions with Man.
2. Assignments
3. Class Discussion
4. Quiz
5. Tests
Books Recommended:
1. Edwards, C. (2008). Microbiology of Extreme Environments; Environmental

Biotechnology. McGraw Hill Publishers.
2. Mitchell, R. (2006). Environment Microbiology. John Wiley and Sons, Inc. New York.
3. Black, J.G. (2005). Microbiology: Principles & Explorations. (6th Ed.). McGraw Hill,
Publishers.
4. Holt, J.G., Krieg, N.R., Speath, P.H.A., Steley, J.T. and Williams, S.T. (2005). Bergey’s
Manual of Determinative Bacteriology. (10th Ed.), William and Wilkins Publishers.
5. Cappuccino, J.G. and Sherman, N. (2002). Microbiology, A laboratory Manual, (4th Ed.),
The Benjamin Cummings Publishing Company Inc.
6. Sayler, G.S. and Fox, R. and Blackburn, J.W. (2001). Environmental Biotechnology for
Waste Treatment. Plenum Publishing Corparation.
8. Mitchell, R. (1992). New Concepts in Environmental Microbiology. Alan R. Liss.
***********************************************
BS (4 Years)
Y for Affiliated
d Colleges

mester
BOT-410 Microbes,
M M and thee Environmeent (Lab.)
Man 1 VIIII
Yeear Discipline
D
4 BOTANY
B
Syllabuss Outline: Types

T of Microbes
M andd their Evollution; Distrribution of Microbes inn the
Environmment and Sttrategies for Success; Poositive and Negative Innteractions of
o Microbes with
Men.
Course Outline:
O
The praccticals in thhis course will introduuce the stuudents to a wide rangge of
Microbiollogical Labboratory Tecchniques. Skill developpment in thhe handlingg and
growth of Microorgaanisms is a key part of o the Practiicals. Studennts will perrform
Assays onn Antibioticcs and studyy a range off Yeast, Bacteria and Fuungi. Assesssment
will comp
prise a practiical skill Com
mpetence Teest and shortt Answers Questions.
Q
Module Aims: To highlight

h thee Role of Microbes
M in the Environnment and Ecosystem
E annd to
show theiir Beneficial and Detrim
mental Roles in
i the Enviroonment and on Men.
Learningg Strategiess:
1. Lectures
2. Group Diiscussion
3. Laboratoory Work
4. Seminar// Workshop
Learningg Outcome:: To enhannce the unnderstandingg of MICR ROBES to students, their

Importancce and Positiive/Negativee Interactionns with Man..
ment Strategiies:
Assessm
1. Lecture Based
B Examination (Objjective and Subjective)
S
2. Assignments
3. Class Disscussion
4. Quiz
5. Tests
Books Recommende
R ed:
1. E
Edwards, C. C (2008). Microbiollogy of E
Extreme Ennvironments; Environm
mental
B
Biotechnology
y. McGraw Hill.
H
2. Mitchell, R. (2006). Environment Microbiology. John Wiley and Sons, Inc. New York.
3. Black, J.G. (2005). Microbiology: Principles and Explorations, (6th Ed.). McGraw Hill,
Publishers.
4. Holt, J.G., Krieg, N.R., Speath, P.H.A., Steley, J.T. and Williams, S.T. (2005). Bergey’s
Manual of Determinative Bacteriology. (10th Ed.), William and Wilkins Publishers.
5. Cappuccino, J.G. and Sherman, N. (2002). Microbiology, A laboratory Manual, (4th Ed.),
The Benjamin Cummings Publishing Company Inc.
6. Sayler, G.S. and Fox, R. and Blackburn, J.W. (2001). Environmental Biotechnology for
Waste Treatment. Plenum Publishing Corporation.
8. Mitchell, R. (1992). New Concepts in Environmental Microbiology. Alan R. Liss.
*************************************************
BS (4 Years)
Y for Affiliated
d Colleges

mester
BOT-411 Water
W Pollution, its Man
nagement an
nd Control 3 VIIII
Yeear Discipline
D
4 BOTANY
B
Syllabuss Outline: To identifyy Water Quuality and its i Parameteers; Organic and Inorgganic
Pollutantss, Pesticidess, Oil, Therrmal and Heeavy Metal Pollutions in Water; Water W
Pollution Managemennt and Contrrol.
Course Outline:
O
Introductiion; Nature and Scope,, Water Reqquirements in Society, Water Polllution
Parameterrs., Propertiees of Pollutedd Water, Sour
urces of Wateer Pollution.
Organic Pollution
P andd Eutrophicattion, Origin of Organic Pollutants,
P P
Pathogens. Effects
of Organiic Pollutants, Eutrophicaation, Sourcees of Nutriennts, Effects ofo Eutrophiccation
and its Co
ontrol.
Pesticide, Thermal and a Oil Polllution of Water,
W Sourcces of Pestticides in Water,
W
Bioaccum mulation and Degradationn of Pesticidees, Adverse Effects
E of Peesticides, Theermal
Pollution of Water and its Impactss, Sources annd Nature off Oil-Pollutioon, its Effectts and
Control.
Heavy Metals
M in Aqquatic Enviroonment, Naature and Cooncern abouut Heavy Metals, M
Sources ofo Contaminnation of Mercury, Leadd, Cadmium m, Arsenic, Chromium,
C Zinc,
Copper annd Manganesse and their Toxicity.
T
Waste Waater Managem ment; Introdduction, Chemmical Treatm
ment (Primarry, Secondaryy and
Tertiary Treatments),
T B
Biological T
Treatment (Aerobic and Anaerobic
A Treeatments).
Water Pollution Contrrol: Backgroound Information, Legisllation, Varioous approachhes to
Water Polllution Contrrol.
Module Aims: To highlight

h thee importancee of Water Pollution
P to student
s and to acquaint them
with its different
d typees. To teach them the waays to Contrrol Water Poollution and teach
its Arrang
gements.
1. Lectures
3. Laboratoory Work
Learningg Outcome: The studennt is expectted to know the parameeters which determine Water
W
Pollution,, the variouss ways in which
w it can become poolluted, the Managemen
M t and
Control of Polluted Water
W Habitaants.
2. Assignments
3. Class Discussion
4. Quiz
5. Tests
Books Recommended:
1. Lenihan, J. and Fletcher, W.W. (2004). The Marine Environment: Environment and Man
(Vol. VI). (Ed.). Blackie and Sons, Glasgow and London.
2. Southwick, C.H. (2003). Global Ecology. Sinauer Associates Inc. Publishers. Sunderland,
Massachusetts.
3. Ciaccio, L.L. (2001). Water and Water Pollution Handbook. Marcel-Dekker, Inc. New
York.
4. Mason, C.F. (2001). Biology of Freshwater Pollution. Longman Printing Company,

London and New York.
5. Harrison, R.M. (2000). Pollution: Causes, Effects and Control. The Royal Society of
Chemistry. Cambridge.
**************************************************
BS (4 Years)
Y for Affiliated
d Colleges

mester
BOT-412 Wateer Pollution, its Management and Control
C (Laab) 1 VIIII
Yeear Discipline
D
4 BOTANY
B
Syllabuss Outline: Physicochem

P mical Analysiis of Polluted Water Sam
mples from different
d Pollluted
Sites through use of Equipments.
E
Course Outline:
O
1. Water Sammpling: Geneeral Consideerations in Saampling.
2. Analysis of
o Industrial and Seweraage Waste-W Water for impportant Physiical and Chem
mical
Parameterrs.
3. Field Worrk: Visit to Inndustrial Sitees showing Water
W Pollutiion.
Module Aims: To make

m the sttudent capabble of a detailed Analyysis of any Water
W Sampple to
render it Polluted
P andd to Determinne the Degreee of Pollutioon.
1. Lectures
3. Laboratoory Work
Learningg Outcome:: The studennt should be able to deteermine Wateer Quality annd Indicate if the
sample is polluted.
ment Strategiies:
Assessm
1. Lecture Based
S
2. Assignments
4. Quiz
5. Tests
Books Recommended:
1. Lenihan, J. and Fletcher, W.W. (2004). The Marine Environment: Environment and Man
(Vol. VI). (Ed.). Blackie and Sons, Glasgow and London.
2. Southwick, C.H. (2003). Global Ecology. Sinauer Associates Inc. Publishers. Sunderland,
Massachusetts.
3. Ciaccio, L.L. (2001). Water and Water Pollution Handbook. Marcel - Dekker, Inc. New
York.
4. Mason, C.F. (2001). Biology of Freshwater Pollution. Longman Printing Company,

London and New York.
5. Harrison, R.M. (2000). Pollution: Causes, Effects and Control. The Royal Society of
Chemistry. Cambridge.
**************************************************
BS (4 Years)
Y for Affiliated
d Colleges

mester
BOT-413 Challeenges of a Changing
C Eaarth 3 VIIII
Yeear Discipline
D
4 BOTANY
B
Syllabus Outline: Impact of Air Pollutioon on Plannt Growth, Impact of Industrial Waste
W
Effluents onn Plant Grow
wth, Climate Change in Pakistan.
P
Course Outline:
O
Acchievementss and Challennges; Food, Land, Wateer and Oceanns, Out of Brreath,
Aiir Quality inn the 21st Cenntury, Manaaging Planetaary Metabollism, The Caarbon
Cyycle, Globaal Change and a the Chhallenge forr the Futurre, Advancees in
Un nderstandingg Global Bioogeochemisttry, Understaanding the Metabolic
M Syystem
off the Planett, Land Ocean Interactions, Regioonal Globall Linkages, The
Cllimate System: Predictioon, Change and Variabiility, Hot Sppots of Landd Use
Chhange, The Climate
C Systtem; A Regional or Gloobal Concernn, Looking ata the
Fuuture: Stimullating and Observing
O thhe Earth Sysstem, Does the
t Earth Syystem
neeed Biodiveersity? Can Technologgy spare thhe Planet towards Global G
Suustainability??
Module Aims:
A Th
his course is designed to provide the knowledge about the prresent Condiitions
of the Earth, major
m Challennges and possible Strateegies to coupp the Presentt Day
Earth’s Crisis.
1. Lectures
2. Group Discusssion
3. Labboratory Woork
4. Sem minar/ Workkshop
Learnin
ng Outcomee: After studdying this subject, studdent will havve an insighht of learning the
major achhievements of modern day d earth annd various global
g challeenges
that earthh is facing. Student mayy also have knowledgee of past, prresent
climate prrospects andd future’s plaans to combaat these challenges.
Assessm
ment Strategiies:
1. Lecture Based
S
2. Assignments
4. Quiz
5. Tests
Books Recommended:
1. Bell, J.N.B. and Treshow, M. (2002). Air Pollution and Plant Life. John Wiley & Sons,
Inc. New York.
2. IGBP New Letter, (2002). The Newsletter of the International Geosphere Biosphere
Programme: A study of Global Change. The Royal Swedish Academy of Science,
Stockholm, Sweden.
3. Newman, E.I. (2000). Applied Ecology and Environmental Management. Blackwell

Science Ltd., Oxford.
4. Burrough, T. (2001). Climate Change: A Multidisciplinary Approach. Cambridge Univ.

Press, Cambridge, U.K.
**********************************************
BS (4 Years)
Y for Affiliated
d Colleges

mester
BOT-414 Challengees of a Chan
nging Earth
h (Lab.) 1 VIIII
Yeear Discipline
D
4 BOTANY
B
Syllabuss Outline: Impact

I of Air
A Pollutioon on Plantt Growth, Impact
I of Industrial
I W
Waste
Effluents
E onn Plant Grow
wth, Climate Change in Pakistan.
P
Course Outline:
O
1. Impact of Air
A Pollutionn on Plant Growth.
2. Impact of Industrial
I W
Waste Effluennts on Plant Growth.
G
3. Climate Chhange in Pakkistan.
Module aims: Thiss course is designed

d to provide
p the knowledge
k a
about the Prresent Condiitions
of th
he Earth, Maajor Challennges and Posssible Strateggies to Coupp the Presentt Day
Eartth’s Crisis.
1. Lectures
3. Laboratoory Work
Learnin
ng Outcom me: After performing
p Practical work,
w studeents may have abilitty of
understandding the Air and Water Pollution
P cauused by variious agencies and
their effectts on plants growth.
g
Assessm
ment Strategiies:
1. Lecture Based
S
2. Assignments
4. Quiz
5. Tests
Books Recommended:
1. Bell, J.N.B. and Treshow, M. (2002). Air Pollution and Plant Life. John Wiley and
Sons, Inc. New York.
2. IGBP New Letter, (2002). The Newsletter of the International Geosphere Biosphere
Programme: A study of Global Change. The Royal Swedish Academy of Science,
Stockholm, Sweden.
3. Newman, E.I. (2000). Applied Ecology and Environmental Management. Blackwell

Science Ltd., Oxford.
4. Burrough, T. (2001). Climate Change: A Multidisciplinary Approach. Cambridge Univ.

Press, Cambridge, U.K.
****************************************************
BS (4 Years)
Y for Affiliated
d Colleges

mester
BOT-415 Microbiiology 3 VIIII
Yeear Discipline
D
4 BOTANY
B
Syllabuss Outline: All

A the basicc Microbial techniques
t reelated to thee growth andd identificatioon of
bacteria an
nd virus.
Course Outline:
O
Inntroduction and
a History of Microbioology, Methoods of Microbbiology.
Pure Culture Technique, Sterilization, Culture Meedia, Selectivve Media, Light L Microscopy,
Phase Contrasst Microscoppy, Fluoresceent Microscopy, Electron Microscopyy.
B
Bacterial Morrphology, Ceell Structure and
a Reproduuction.
B
Bacterial Growwth.
B
Basis of Classsification andd Major Grouups of Bacterria (Bacteriaal Diversity).
E
Effect of Enviironmental Factors
F on Baacterial Grow
wth.
G
General Charracteristics, Ultrastructurre and Multtiplication of
o Virus andd Bacteriophhages.
Plant Virus, Transmission
T n and Symptooms of Viruss Infected Pllants, Effect of Virus on Plant
M
Metabolism.
Module Aims: Thee aim of this course is too train the sttudents in thhe field of Microbiology
M y. The
student will
w also beccome acquaiinted with the t Structure and Function of the wide
range of Microorgani
M sms studied in Microbioology
1. Lectures
3. Laboratoory Work
Learningg Outcome: The studennt will be abble to underrstand the vaast Diversityy of Bacteriaa and
Viruses, related
r to thee Isolation annd Culturingg Techniquess.
2. Assignments
3. Class Discussion
4. Quiz
5. Tests
Books Recommended:
1. Alcamo, I. E. (2010). Fundamentals of Microbiology. (9th Ed.), Jones & Bartlett Publishers,
USA.
Microbiology: An Introduction (9th Ed), Pearson Education Publishers.
3. Talaro, K.P. (2006). Foundations in Microbiology: Basic Principles. McGraw Hill.

Publisher.
4. Black, J.G. (2005). Microbiology: Principles and Explorations, (6th Ed.), Publisher
McGraw Hill.
5. Pelczar, M.J., Chan, E.C.S. and Krieg, N.R. (2000). Microbiology. (8th Ed.), MacGraw
Hill.
***************************************
BS (4 Years)
Y for Affiliated
d Colleges

mester
BOT-416 Microbiologgy (Lab.) 1 VIIII
Yeear Discipline
D
4 BOTANY
B
Syllabuss Outline: All

A Basic Microbial
M Tecchniques relaated to the Growth andd Identificatioon of
Bacteria and
a Viruses.
Course Outline:
O
Culture Media
M Prepaaration: Preparation and Sterilizaation of Cultture Media, Solid
Media, Seemi-Solid meedia, Liquid Media,
M Agarr Slopes, Streeak Plates, Poour Plates.
Staining Techniques
T : Simple Staining, Negattive Staining,, Gram Stainn, Acid-Fast Stain,
S
Spore Staiin, Capsule Stain.
S
Cultural Techniquess: Culture Trransfer Techhniques, Isolaation of Puree Cultures, Serial
S
Agar Plating Procedures to
Dilution-A t Quantify Viable
V Cells..
Cultivatioon of Bacterria: Nutritionnal Requirem
ments-Routinne and Selecttive Media, Effect
E
of Temperrature and pHH on the Groowth of Bacteeria, Bacteriaal Growth Cuurves.
Biochemiical Activitiies of Bactteria: Starcch Hydrolyssis, Casein Hydrolysis Test,
Oxidase, Indole
I Produuction Test, Methyl
M Red Test, Ureasee Lest, Nitratte Reduction Test,
Oxidationn Fermentatioon Tests.
Module Aims: Kno owledge andd practical skkills shall bee acquired by the studennts. The courrse is
designed to enable thhe students about Asepttic Handlingg of Microoorganisms. Itt will
also intro
oduce the stuudents with the Protocols and Techhniques usedd for the studdy of
Microorganisms.
1. Lectures
3. Laboratoory Work
Learningg Outcome:: The outcom me of this frramework wiill be that thhe students will
w be acquaainted
with the teechniques invvolved in Miicrobiology and
a other rellated Discipliines.
Assessm
ment Strategiies:
1. Lecture Based
S
2. Assignments
3. Class discussion
4. Quiz
5. Tests
Books Recommended:
1. Pommerville, C.J. (2007). Alcamo's Laboratory Fundamentals of Microbiology. (8th

Ed.). Elsevier Publishers.
2. Gerhardt, P., Murray, R.G.E., Wood, W.A. and Krieg, N.R. (1994). Methods for
General and Molecular Bacteriology. American Society for Microbiology, Washington,
DC.
3. Cappuccino, J.G. and Sherman, N. (1992). Microbiology, A Laboratory Manual. (3rd

Ed.), The Benjamin / Cummings Publishing Company Inc.
4. Jognson, T.R. and Case, C.L. (1992). Laboratory Experiments in Microbiology. (3rd Ed.),
The Benjamin / Cummings Publishing Company Inc.
***************************************

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BS

Course Contents for Subjects with Code: BOT

Code Subject Title Cr. Hrs Semester

1. Lee, E. R. (2007). Phycology. (4th Ed.) Cambridge University Press U.K.

2. Sambamurty, A.V.S.S. (2005). A Textbook of Bryophytes, Pteridophytes,

7. Alexopoulos, C.J., Mims, C.W. and Blackwell, M. (1996). Introductory Mycology.

1. Lee, E. R. (2007). Phycology (4th Ed). Cambridge University Press U.K.

2. Sambamurty, A.V.S.S. (2005). A Textbook of Bryophytes, Pteridophytes,

7. Alexopoulos, C.J., Mims, C.W. and Blackwell, M. (1996). Introductory Mycology.

Code Subject Title Cr. Hrs Semester

Syllabus Outline: Introduction to Plant Systematics, aims and objectives. History of

2. Stuessy, T.F. (2009). Plant Taxonomy. Columbia University Press. USA.

5. Panday, B.P. (2004). A Text Book of Botany (Angiosperms). S. Chand

7. Mauseth, J. D. (1998). An Introduction to Plant Biology: Multimedia Enhanced.

8. Fahn, A. (1990). Plant Anatomy. Pergamon Press Oxford.

9. Maheshawari, P. (1971). Embryology of Angiosperms. McGraw Hill. New York.

Code Subject Title Cr. Hrs Semester

Syllabus Outline: Identification of Families, Technical Description of Flower, Field Tours,

7. Mauseth, J.D. (1998). An Introduction to Plant Biology: Multimedia Enhanced.

8. Zahur, M.S. (1992). The Taxonomy of Angiosperms. Al-Hejaz Printers. Lahore.

9. Fahn, A. (1990). Plant Anatomy. Pergamum Press Oxford.

10. Maheshawari, P. (1971). Embryology of Angiosperms. McGraw Hill. New York.

Code Subject Title Cr. Hrs Semester

Syllabus Outline: An Introduction to Morphology and Functioning of Cell, Cellular

4. Nucleus: Nuclear Membrane, Nucleolus, Ultrastructure and Morphology of

Learning Outcome: On successful completion of this module students will be able to

2. Weaver, R.F. (2005). Molecular Biology. McGraw Hill, St. Louis.

5. Strickberger, M.V. (2003). Genetics. MacMillan Press Ltd., London.

9. Hoelzel, A.R. (2001). Conservation Genetics. Kluwer Academic Publishers.

Code Subject Title Cr. Hrs Semester

Syllabus Outline: Development of Concepts about Cell Structure, Chromosomal

4. Strickberger, M.V. (2003). Genetics. MacMillan Press Ltd., London.

7. Lodish, H. (2001). Molecular Cell Biology. W.H. Freeman and Co.

Code Subject Title Cr. Hrs Semester

iv. Major Vegetation Types of the Local Area.

2. Illahi, I. (2009). Plant Physiology. Biochemical Processes in Plants. UGC Press.

4. Schultz, E. (2005). Plant Ecology. (2nd Ed. ) Springer-Verlag, Berlin.

8. Hopkins, W.B. (2000). Introduction to Plant Physiology. (2nd Ed.),

11. Subrahmanyam, N.S. and Sambamurthy. A.V.S.S. (2000). Ecology. Narosa

17. Odum, E.P. (1970). Basic Ecology. V/B. Saunders. Philadelphia.

Code Subject Title Cr. Hrs Semester

2. Illahi, I. (2009). Plant Physiology. Biochemical Processes in Plants. UGC Press.

4. Schultz, E. (2005). Plant Ecology. (2nd Ed.) Springer-Verlag, Berlin.

11. Subrahmanyam, N.S. and Sambamurthy, A.V.S.S. (2000). Ecology. Narosa

17. Odum, E.P. (1970). Basic Ecology. V/B. Saunders. Philadelphia.

Code Subject Title Cr. Hrs Semester

Syllabus Outline: Advanced features and complexity in structure of fungi.

4. Moore-Landecker, E. (2002). Fundamentals of Fungi. Prentice Hall Inc. New Jersey,

5. Khan, S.M. (1999). Laboratory Manual for Plant Pathogens. Pakistan.

8. Ahmad, S. (1952). Gasteromycetes of West Pakistan. Publication of Botany Deptt. P.U.

9. Ahmad, S. (1980). Ascomycetes of Pakistan. Vol. I and II. Biological Society of

10. Ahmad, S. (1972). Basidiomycetes of Pakistan. Biological Society of Pakistan.

11. Ahmad, S. (1980). A Contribution to the Agaricales of Pakistan. Biological Society of

Code Subject Title Cr. Hrs Semester

Syllabus Outline: Learning Techniques related to study of different Fungal Groups.

Learning Outcome: Students would be able to distinguish between different Taxa of

5. Ahmad, S. (1982). Gastromycetes of West Pakistan. Publication of Department of

6. Ahmad, S. (1980). A Contribution to the Agaricales of Pakistan. Biological Society of

7. Ahmad, S. (1980). Ascomycetes of Pakistan. (Vol. I and II), Biological Society of