GNED 03 MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD

LEARNING EPISODE

Mathematics Language and Symbols

Core Idea: Like any language, mathematics has its own symbols, syntax and rules.

Learning Outcomes:

1. Discuss the language, symbols and conventions of mathematics (K)

2. Explain the nature of mathematics as a language (K)

3. Perform operations on mathematical expressions correctly (S)

4. Acknowledge that mathematics is a useful language (V)

LESSON PROPER
CHAPTER 2- MATHEMATICAL LANGUAGE AND SYMBOLS

RELATION AND FUNCTION

RELATION
- a rule that relates values from a set of values (domain) to a second set of values
(range).
- a pairing of two quantities as ordered pairs (x,y)

X- input, independent variable, domain, abscissa

Y- output, dependent variable, range, ordinate

Set of Ordered Pairs

(0,0), (0,1), (0,2), (1,2)

Mapping Diagram
0 0
1 1
2

INPUT OUTPUT

4 Types of Relation
One-to-One
a A
b B
c C

X Y

One-to-Many
1 70
3 79
5 83
87
X Y

Many-to-One
A 3
B 9
C 10
D 15

X Y
Many-to-Many

4 A
8 B
12 C
18 D
X Y

FUNCTION
- is a relation where each element in the domain is related to only one value in the
range.

Examples:

Ordered Pairs
Function
(2,3), (-1,2), (3,5), (4,3)

Not Function
(2,3), (-1,2), (2,5), (4,3)
 Mapping Diagram
Function

1 1
2 2
3 3
4 4
5 5

X Y
Not Function
1 1
2 2
3 3
4 4
5 5

X Y

Graph
Function

Not Function

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OxZ0JL4Bjzk (Check out this link)

FUNCTION NOTATION

Often in practical applications, the value of one quantity depends on the value of another.
Example:

-a person’s salary may depend on the number of hours worked

-the total production at a factory may depend on the number of machines used
 For example, the function y=x 2, if x=1, then y=1; if x=2, then y=4; and if x=3, then
y=9.

{ ( 1 , 1 ) , ( 2,4 ) , ( 3,9 ) }

Input( Output
X) (Y)
1 y=x 2 1
2 4
3 9

Functions are often given names such as f(x), g(x), h(x), etc.
For example, “f(x)=x2 + 2”, this means that f(x) refers to the rule that assigns the y = x2
+ 2 to any real numbers x. Same for g(x)= x – 1 or for h(x) = x 3

Example:
Given: f(x) = x2 + 2; g(x) = x – 1; h(x) = x 3
Find:
1.)f(3)
f(3) = (3)2 +2
f(3) = 11
2.)h(2)
h(2) = (2)3
h(2) = 8
3.)g(5)
g(5) = 5 – 1
g(5) = 4

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3i4MVwChSZc (check out this link)

OPERATIONS ON FUNCTIONS

1. (f +g)(x) = f(x) + g(x)

2. (f - g)(x) = f(x) - g(x)
3. (f • g)(x)=f(x) • g(x)
f f ( x)
4. ()g
( x )=
g (x)

Example 1:
f(x) = x 2−x g(x) = 2 x−2

1. (f +g)(x) = f(x) + g(x)

= x 2−x +2 x−2
= x 2+ x−2

2. (f - g)(x) = f(x) - g(x)

= x 2−x−(2 x−2)
= x 2−x−2 x+ 2
= x 2−3 x+ 2

3. (f • g)(x)= f(x) • g(x)

= ( x ¿¿ 2−x )(2 x−2) ¿
=2 x3 −2 x 2−2 x 2+ 2 x
= 2 x3 −4 x 2 +2 x
= 2(x ¿ ¿ 3−2 x 2+ x)¿

4. ( fg ) ( x )= gf ((x)x)
x2 −x
=
2 x−2

x(x −1)
=
2(x−1)

x
=
2

Example 2:
Given: h ( x )=x 2+ 2 x−8
: g ( x )=3 x3 +12 x 2

1. h ( x )+ g ( x )
= x 2+ 2 x−8+3 x3 +12 x 2
= 3 x 3+13 x 2 +2 x −8

2. h ( x )−g(x )
= x 2+ 2 x−8−(3 x 3 +12 x2 )
= x 2+ 2 x−8−3 x 3−12 x2
= −3 x 3−11 x 2+ 2 x−8
=(−1)(−3 x 3−11 x 2+2 x−8)
= 3 x 3+11 x 2−2 x +8
3. h ( x ) • g (x)
 =( x 2+ 2 x−8)( 3 x 3 +12 x 2 )
= 3 x 5+ 6 x 4−2 4 x 3
+12 x 4 +24 x 3−96 x 2
= 3 x 5+18 x 4 −96 x 2
h(x )
4. g ( x)
x 2+ 2 x−8
= 3
3 x +12 x2
(x +4 )( x−2)
= ( x + 4)(3 x 2)
x−2
= 3 x2

COMPOSITE FUNCTIONS

1.) (f○g)(x) = f(g(x))

(read as f of g of x)

2.) (g○f)(x)= g(f(x))

(read as g of f of x)

Example 1:
Given: f ( x )=4 x +1
g ( x )=2 x
h ( x )=x 2

1. f ( g ( x ) )=f ¿)
= 4 ( 2 x ) +1
= 8 x +1

2. g ( f ( x ) )=g ¿)
= 2 ( 4 x +1 )
= 8 x +2

3. h ( g ( x ) )=h ( 2 x )
= (2 x)2
= 4 x2
4. f ( h ( x ) ) =f (x 2 )
= 4 ( x ¿¿ 2)+1 ¿
= 4 x2 +1

5. g ( h ( x ) )=g(x 2 )
= 2(x 2)
 = 2 x2
6. f ( g ( h ( x ) ) ) =f ( g ( x 2) )
= f (2 x 2 )
= 4 ( 2 x 2 ) +1
= 8 x 2+ 1

Example 2:
Given: h ( x )=7+ x
p ( x ) =x 2−3
c ( x ) =3 x
1. h ( p ( x ) )=h( x 2−3)
¿ 7+ x 2−3
¿ x 2+ 4
2. p ( c ( x ) ) =p ( 3 x )
¿ ( 3 x )2 −3
¿ 9 x 2−3
3. c ( h ( x ) )=c ( 7+ x )
¿ 3 ( 7+ x )
¿ 21+ x∨x +21
2
4.h ( c ( p ( 1 ) ) )=h(c ( ( 1 ) −3 ) )
¿ h ( c (−2 ) )
¿ h ( 3 (−2 ) )
¿ h (−6 )
¿ 7+ (−6 )
¿1

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fDlWPUEPqBM (Check out this link)

 Activity 5: Relation and Function
Name: ______________________________ Score:____________________
Course, Year & Section: ________________ Date: _____________________

I. Write F if the given is a function and NF if not.

1.) F= { ( 1 , 2 ) , ( 2,2 ) , (3,5 ) ,( 4,5) } F

2.) G={ ( 1,3 ) , ( 1,4 ) , ( 2,5 ) , ( 2,6 ) ,(3,7) } NF
3.) C= { ( 2,5 ) , ( 1,6 ) , (1,9 ) ,( 4,3) } NF
4.) L= { (−3,7 ) , (−1,5 ) , ( 6 ,−2 ) , (−1,9 ) ,(5,3) } NF
5.) H={ ( 1,3 ) , ( 2,6 ) , (3,9 ) , … ,(n ,3 n) } F

6.) 9.) F
F
Karl 200
Aira 300
Joy 400
Mae

X Y

7.) 5 10.) F
F 6
0
7
1
8
2
9

X Y

8.) NF
3 1
4 9
5 16
6 25
7 36
49

X Y
A. Given the function f ( x )=2 x 2 and g ( x )=3 x+1 , find :

1. f ( x ) + g ( x )= 2x2 + 3x + 1
2. f ( x )−g ( x )= 2x2 – 3x - 1
3. f (g( x)) 18x2 + 12x + 2
4. f (x)2 4x4
5. f (x)3−g ( x ) + g(x)2 8x6 + 9x2 + 3x

B. Given the function f ( x )=2 x +7 and g ( x )=3 x, find:

6. f ( x ) + g ( x ) 5x + 7
7. f ( x )−g ( x ) x - 7
8. f (g( x)) 6x + 7
9. f ( 3 )+ g (−3 ) 4
10. f ( 5 )+ g ( 11 ) 50

C. Evaluate each function and use the answer to complete the given cross number puzzle.
A B C
1 0 3 1 3
D E
0 2 0 5 1
F G H
5 1 0 1 9
I J
7 8 1 7 2
K L M
1 2 7 6 3
N P Q R
9 6 1 6 1
S T
3 1 3 8 1
U V
6 4 2 4 7

Given: F ( x )=2 x 2+5 , G ( x ) =x2 + x +7, H ( x ) =9 x+15

Across Down
a. F(7) = 103 a. H(10) = 105
c. F(2) = 13 b. F(2) + G(3) = 32
d. F(10) = 205 c. H(2) + G(10) = 150
f. H(4) = 51 e. G(10) = 117
g. G(3) = 19 h. H(6) + F(3) = 92
i. H(7) = 78 i. F(6) = 77
j. F(7) +H(6) = 172 j. G(2) = 13
k. F(2) + 3G(5) + 3 = 127 k. H(3) – F(3) = 19
m. G(7) = 63 l. F(9) + H(9) = 263
n. F(8) – F(4) = 96 p. H(11) = 114
q. F(7) – H(3) = 61 r. H(11) +3 = 117
s. H(5) + H(7) = 138 t. H(2) + G(6) = 82
u. G(4) + F(4) = 64
v. G(3) x F(2) = 247