Introduction to

Cloud Computing
Prepared by: Sushil Sah

By-Sushil Sah 1
History???

 The actual term "cloud" borrows from telephony

in that telecommunications companies, who until
the 1990s offered primarily dedicated point-to-
point data circuits, began offering Virtual Private
Network (VPN) services with comparable quality
of service but at a much lower cost.
 The Next Revolution in IT
The Big Switch in IT
Classical Computing Cloud Computing
 Buy & Own – Subscribe
 Hardware, System – Use
Software, Applications
often to meet peak
needs.
Every 18 months?

 Install, Configure, Test,

Verify, Evaluate
 Manage
 .. – $ - pay for what you use,
 Finally, use it based on QoS
 $$$$....$(High CapEx)
 Essential Utilities and Delivery Networks

Water
(1) Water Distribution
Network

(2) Electricity
Power Grid

(3) Gas

Telecom
(4) Telephone Networks
Computing Paradigms and Attributes:
Realizing the ‘Computer Utilities’ Vision

Web
Data Centres
Utility Computing
Service Computing
Grid Computing +
P2P Computing
Market-Oriented
Computing
-Ubiquitous
Cloud Computing -Reliable -Trillion $ business
… -Scalable
-Autonomic
Paradigms -Dynamic
discovery

-Composable
-QoS
-SLA
-…
Attributes/Capabilities
 Distributed Computing Systems
 Observation
 Many distributed systems are configured for High-Performance
Computing

 Cluster Computing
 Essentially a group of high-end systems connected through a
LAN:
 Homogeneous: same OS, near-identical hardware
 Single managing node
Distributed Computing Systems :
Cluster Computing
 Figure - An example of a cluster computing system.
 Distributed Computing Systems
 Grid Computing
 The next step: lots of nodes from everywhere:
 Heterogeneous
 Dispersed across several organizations
 Can easily span a wide-area network
 Note
 To allow for collaborations, grids generally use virtual
organizations. In essence, this is a grouping of users
(or better: their IDs) that will allow for authorization on
resource allocation.
 Distributed Computing Systems:
Cloud Computing
 Cloud Computing is a general term used to describe a new class of
network based computing that takes place over the Internet,
 basically a step on from Utility Computing
 a collection/group of integrated and networked hardware, software and
Internet infrastructure (called a platform).
 Using the Internet for communication and transport provides
hardware, software and networking services to clients
 These platforms hide the complexity and details of the underlying
infrastructure from users and applications by providing very simple graphical
interface or API (Applications Programming Interface).

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 Cloud Computing
 In addition, the platform provides on demand services,
that are always on, anywhere, anytime and any place.
 Pay for use and as needed, elastic
 scale up and down in capacity and functionalities
 The hardware and software services are available to
 general public, enterprises, corporations and businesses
markets

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 Cloud in Summary
 Cloud computing is an umbrella term used to refer to Internet based
development and services

 A number of characteristics define cloud data, applications services

and infrastructure:
 Remotely hosted: Services or data are hosted on remote
infrastructure.
 Ubiquitous: Services or data are available from anywhere.
 Commodified: The result is a utility computing model similar to
traditional that of traditional utilities, like gas and electricity - you pay for
what you would want!

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Cloud Architecture

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 What is Cloud Computing

 Shared pool of configurable computing resources

 On-demand network access
 Provisioned by the Service Provider

Adopted from: Effectively and Securely Using the Cloud Computing Paradigm by peter Mell, Tim 14
Grance
Cloud Computing Characteristics
Common Characteristics:
Massive Scale Resilient Computing
Homogeneity Geographic Distribution

Virtualization Service Orientation

Low Cost Software Advanced Security

Essential Characteristics:

On Demand Self-Service
Broad Network Access Rapid Elasticity
Resource Pooling Measured Service

Adopted from: Effectively and Securely Using the Cloud Computing Paradigm by peter Mell, Tim 15
Grance
cloud computing characteristics(cont’d)
 Scalability—: Infrastructure capacity allows for traffic
spikes and minimizes delays.
 Resiliency: — Cloud providers have mirrored solutions to
minimize downtime in the event of a disaster. This type
of resiliency can give businesses the sustainability they
need during unanticipated events.
 Homogeneity: No matter which cloud provider and
architecture an organization uses, an open cloud will
make it easy for them to work with other groups, even if
those other groups choose different providers and
architectures.

By-Sushil Sah 16
cloud computing characteristics(cont’d)
 On-demand self-service: A consumer can unilaterally
provision computing capabilities, such as server time
and network storage, as needed automatically without
requiring human interaction with each service’s provider.

 Broad network access: Capabilities are available over

the network and accessed through standard
mechanisms that promote use by heterogeneous thin or
thick client platforms (e.g., mobile phones, laptops, and
PDAs).

By-Sushil Sah 17
cloud computing characteristics(cont’d)

 Resource pooling: Multi-tenant model.. There is a

sense of location independence in that the customer
generally has no control or knowledge over the exact
location of the provided resources but may be able to
specify location at a higher level of abstraction (e.g.,
country, state, or datacenter). Examples of resources
include storage, processing, memory, network
bandwidth, and virtual machines.

By-Sushil Sah 18
cloud computing characteristics(cont’d)

 Rapid elasticity: Capabilities can be rapidly and

elastically provisioned, in some cases automatically, to
quickly scale out and rapidly released to quickly scale in.
To the consumer, the capabilities available for
provisioning often appear to be unlimited and can be
purchased in any quantity at any time.
 Measured Service: Cloud systems automatically control
and optimize resource use by leveraging a metering
capability at some level of abstraction appropriate to the
type of service (e.g., storage, processing, bandwidth,
and active user accounts).

By-Sushil Sah 19
 Cloud Service Models
Software as a Platform as a Infrastructure as a
Service (SaaS) Service (PaaS) Service (IaaS)

SalesForce CRM

LotusLive

Google
App
Engine

Adopted from: Effectively and Securely Using the Cloud Computing Paradigm by peter Mell, Tim 20
Grance
Cloud Computing reference model

By-Sushil Sah 21
 cloud computing environment
 cloud computing environments includes both the
development of applications and systems that
power the cloud computing solutions and the
creation of frameworks, platforms, and
infrastructures delivering cloud computing
services.
 cloud computing environments includes the
following:
 Application development
 Infrastructure and system development
 Computing platforms and technologies

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 Application development
 Applications that leverage cloud computing
benefit from its capability to dynamically scale on
demand.
 Such applications that takes the biggest
advantage of this feature is Web applications.
 Web applications has become a platform for
developing rich and complex applications,
including enterprise applications that now
leverage the Internet as the preferred channel
for service delivery and user interaction.

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 Application development
 Another class of applications that can potentially gain
considerable advantage by leveraging cloud computing
is represented by resource-intensive applications. Eg.
scientific applications.
 Cloud computing provides a solution for on-demand and
dynamic scaling across the entire stack of computing.
This is achieved by
 providing methods for renting compute power, storage, and
networking;
 offering runtime environments designed for scalability and
dynamic sizing; and
 providing application services that mimic the behavior of desktop
applications but that are completely hosted and managed on the
provider side.
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 Infrastructure and system development
 Distributed computing, virtualization, service
orientation, and Web 2.0 form the core
technologies enabling the provisioning of cloud
services from anywhere.
 Extreme dynamism of cloud systems where new
nodes and services are provisioned on demand,
constitutes the major challenge for engineers
and developers.
 IaaS solutions provide the capabilities to add
and remove resources and PaaS Service
solutions control the provisioning process and
the lease of resources. 25
 Infrastructure and system development
 Cloud computing is often summarized with the
acronym XaaS—Everything-as-a-Service—that
clearly underlines the central role of service
orientation.
 Virtualization is another element that plays a
fundamental role in cloud computing.
 Distributed computing, virtualization, service
orientation, and Web are all the considerations
that influence the way we program applications
and systems based on cloud computing.

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 Computing platforms and technologies
 Development of a cloud computing application
happens by leveraging platforms and
frameworks that provide different types of
services, from the bare-metal infrastructure to
customizable applications serving specific
purposes.
 Amazon web services (AWS)
 Google AppEngine
 Microsoft Azure
 Hadoop
 Manjrasoft Aneka

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Amazon Web Services (AWS)

 Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2) –Virtual machines and

CPU cycles
 Simple Storage Service (S3) –Virtual storage service
 Simple Queue Service (SQS) –Message passing API
 SimpleDB–Running queries on structured data in real
time –works with EC2 and S3

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Google App Engine

29
Winder Azure

 Windows Azure –Service hosting and management,

storage, computation, networking
 Microsoft SQL Services –Database services and
reporting
 Microsoft .NetServices –Service-based implementation
of .NET framework

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A Comparative

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Cloud -Adoption
Suitable Low priority or
for short term
projects.

Cloud
deployme
nt
High priority or
Not Long term
projects.
suitable
 Cloud - Adoption

 Here Cloud Means The environment of cloud where

the cloud services are being operated.

 Adoption term states that accepting the services of

new Technology.

 Adoption means following some kind of new trend or

existing trend or a technology.
 Cloud-Adoption
 This Cloud adoption is suitable for low priority
business applications.

 Because as we have already discussed that the

cloud computing is not beneficial for long term
projects.

 It supports some interactive applications that

combines two or more data sources.
 Cloud-Adoption

 These applications must having low availability

requirements and short life spans.

 For example:-if a marketing company requires to grow

his business in the whole country in a short span of time
then it must need a quick promotion or short promotion
across the country.
 Cloud - Adoption

 Cloud Adoption is useful when the recovery

management, backup recovery based implementations
are required.

 By considering the above key points we conclude that it

is only suitable for the applications that are modular and
loosely coupled.
 Cloud -Adoption

 It will works well with research and development

projects.

 It means the testing of new services ,design models and

also the applications that can be get adjusted on small
servers.
 Cloud-Adoption

 Applications which requires different level of

infrastructure throughout the day or throughout the
month should be deployed Through the cloud.

 The applications whose demand is unknown can also be

deployed using clouds.
 Cloud- Adoption

Not suitable

Cloud-
Adoption Goal-
Critical

Not suitable
Not suitable Core
Business
Data Application
Sensitive s
Application
s
 Cloud-Rudiments
 In this Topic we will discuss the Essentials
or rudiments of cloud-computing.
 Cloud-Market
Saas,paas,ia
as

Delivering
application
infrastructure
 Cloud-Rudiments
 Here the higher level capabilities of the cloud is as
follows:-
 Resource Aggregation and integration

Physical System
Virtualization management
management Server
Provisioning Environment

Central Logical View

 Cloud-Rudiments

 Resource Aggregation and integration

 Cloud solution Integrates or aggregates the information

of These 3 resources which are shown in the fig of
previous slide.

 After That the integrated information will be sent into a

central logical view.
 Cloud - Rudiments

 Application Services here app services states that the

services related to a particular s/w .

 The Application instances represents the agreement

between service provider and the consumer to use
services on On- Demand basis.
 Cloud also provides the facility of reservation of
resources.
 It means that it is guaranteed that at a given point of time
the resources or the services will surely available for
consumer
Cloud-Rudiments

Reservation of services On-demand capacity

Applicatio
n
 Cloud-Rudiments
 Self-Service portal
 But I need An ex of self-service
there is one
nobody glass of
to serve water

Customer will go
itself and take a
glass of water Restaurants

 Self-service is facility provided by cloud to consumers.

 This supports the account – owners signing up and being able to use
the purchased capacity.
 Users can request machine or entire multi-machine environments and
monitor and control them using a web based self-service portal.
 Cloud-Rudiments
 Allocation Engine The DRM provides the automated
allocation and reallocations of resources.
 The DRM is key component of any cloud solutions that
maximize the efficiency the IAAS.
 The DRM is a Dynamic resource management.

 Reporting and accounting The actual resource

allocation and the actual cloud usage will be get recorded
or collected in an accounting database.
 The data will be available centrally to create reports of
usage .
 For example:-capacity allocated vs. capacity used by the
consumer
 Cloud-Rudiments
 Self-service We have discussed earlier that this a
self service portal provided by the cloud.
 Dynamic Workload management Here Cloud virtual
machines are enabled with automated s/w’s that
controls the workflow requests.
 Also the virtual machines are enabled with a lifecycle
that increase the effective utilization of resources.
 Cloud- Rudiments
 Resource AutomationIt clearly shows that the resources
will automatically plus effectively utilized As and when they
are required by the service consumers.
 Metering of resources With the help of the metering of
resources in any cloud user organization would bring the
transparency to the business and environment for the
management to see the usage of resources.
 Defining Clouds: There are many views for what is cloud computing?

Over 20 definitions:
– http://cloudcomputing.sys-con.com/read/612375_p.htm
– Renting “remote storage”  backup
– Renting “remote server”  hosting Web server
– Renting “remote more servers”  to manage large workload
Buyya’s Scientific definition of Cloud Computing 
– “Cloud is a market-oriented distributed computing system
consisting of a collection of inter-connected and virtualised
computers that are dynamically provisioned and presented
as one or more unified computing resources based on
service-level agreements (SLA) established through
negotiation between the service provider and consumers.”
– SLA = {negotiated and agreed QoS parameters + rewards +
penalties for violation of agreement....}
Types of clouds
 Public Cloud - the infrastructure is made available to the general
public or a large industry group and is owned by the organization
selling cloud services.

 Private Cloud – the infrastructure is operated solely for an

organization.

 Community Cloud - the infrastructure is shared by several

organizations and supports a community that has shared
concerns.

 Hybrid Cloud - composition of two or more clouds (public, private,

or community) as unique entities but bound by standardized
technology that enables data and application portability.

By-Sushil Sah 50
The “good” about cloud computing
 Resources, such as CPU cycles, storage, network bandwidth, are
shared.

 When multiple applications share a system, their peak demands for

resources are not synchronized thus, multiplexing leads to a higher
resource utilization.

 Resources can be aggregated to support data-intensive

applications.

 Data sharing facilitates collaborative activities. Many applications

require multiple types of analysis of shared data sets and multiple
decisions carried out by groups scattered around the globe.

By-Sushil Sah 51
More “good” about cloud computing

 Eliminates the initial investment costs for a private computing

infrastructure and the maintenance and operation costs.

 Cost reduction: concentration of resources creates the opportunity

to pay as you go for computing.

 Elasticity: the ability to accommodate workloads with very large

peak-to-average ratios.

 User convenience: virtualization allows users to operate in familiar

environments rather than in idiosyncratic ones.

By-Sushil Sah 52
 Why cloud computing could be successful
when other paradigms have failed?
 It is in a better position to exploit recent advances in software, networking,
storage, and processor technologies promoted by the same companies
who provide cloud services.
 It is focused on enterprise computing; its adoption by industrial
organizations, financial institutions, government, and so on could have a
huge impact on the economy.
 A cloud consists of a homogeneous set of hardware and software
resources.
 The resources are in a single administrative domain (AD). Security,
resource management, fault-tolerance, and quality of service are less
challenging than in a heterogeneous environment with resources in
multiple ADs.

By-Sushil Sah 53
 Delivery models
Software as a Service (SaaS) Deployment models
Platform as a Service (PaaS) Public cloud

Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) Private cloud

Community cloud
Hybrid cloud

Cloud computing
Infrastructure
Distributed infrastructure
Defining attributes
Resource virtualization
Massive infrastructure
Autonomous systems
Utility computing. Pay-per-usage
Resources
Accessible via the Internet
Compute & storage servers
Networks Services Elasticity

Applications

By-Sushil Sah 54
Cloud delivery models

 Software as a Service (SaaS)

 Platform as a Service (PaaS)

 Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)

By-Sushil Sah 55
Software-as-a-Service (SaaS)
 Applications are supplied by the service provider.
 The user does not manage or control the underlying cloud
infrastructure or individual application capabilities.
 Services offered include:
 Enterprise services such as: workflow management, group-ware and
collaborative, supply chain, communications, digital signature, customer
relationship management (CRM), desktop software, financial
management, geo-spatial, and search.
 Web 2.0 applications such as: metadata management, social
networking, blogs, wiki services, and portal services.
 Not suitable for real-time applications or for those where data is not
allowed to be hosted externally.
 Examples: Gmail, Google search engine.

By-Sushil Sah 56
Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS)
 Allows a cloud user to deploy consumer-created or acquired
applications using programming languages and tools supported by
the service provider.
 The user:
 Has control over the deployed applications and, possibly, application
hosting environment configurations.
 Does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure including
network, servers, operating systems, or storage.
 Not particularly useful when:
 The application must be portable.
 Proprietary programming languages are used.
 The hardware and software must be customized to improve the
performance of the application.

By-Sushil Sah 57
Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS)

 The user is able to deploy and run arbitrary software, which can
include operating systems and applications.

 The user does not manage or control the underlying cloud

infrastructure but has control over operating systems, storage,
deployed applications, and possibly limited control of some
networking components, e.g., host firewalls.

 Services offered by this delivery model include: server hosting, Web

servers, storage, computing hardware, operating systems, virtual
instances, load balancing, Internet access, and bandwidth
provisioning.

By-Sushil Sah 58
NIST cloud reference model
Carrier

Service
Consumer Service Provider Broker

Service Layer Service

Management Intermediation
SaaS
S P
PaaS
IAAS
Business e r
Auditor support
IaaS c i
Security
u v
Aggregation

audit Resource r a
abstraction and Provisioning i
control layer c
Privacy t y
impact audit Physical resource
y
layer Arbitrage
Portability/
Hardware Interoperability
Performance
audit
Facility

Carrier

By-Sushil Sah 59
 Cloud Applications

•Scientific/Tech Applications
•Business Applications
•Consumer/Social Applications

Science and Technical Applications

Business Applications
Consumer/Social Applications
 ECG Analysis in the cloud

By-Sushil Sah 61
 ECG Analysis in the cloud
1. A patient is equipped with a wireless ECG sensor attached to their body and a
mobile device that is capable of communicating to the Internet;
2. The wireless ECG sensor module collects patient’s data and forwards it the
mobile device via Bluetooth without user intervention;
3. A client software in the mobile device transmits the data to the ECG analysis Web
Service, which is hosted by a Cloud computing-based software stack. This
communication can happen with a home wireless gateway or directly via the
mobile’s data connectivity (e.g. mobile 3G network);
4. The analysis software carries out numerous computations over the received data
taking the reference from the existing demographic data, and the patient’s historic
data. Computations concern comparison, classification, and systematic diagnosis of
heartbeats, which can be time-consuming when done for long time periods for large
number of users;
5. The software then appends the latest results to the patient’s historic record
maintained in private and secure Cloud-based storage, so that authenticated users
can access it anytime from anywhere. Physicians will later interpret the features
extracted from the ECG waveform and decide whether the heartbeat belongs to the
normal (healthy) sinus rhythm or to an appropriate class of arrhythmia;
6. The diagnosis results are disseminated to the patient’s mobile device and/or
monitor, their doctor and/or emergency services at predefined intervals;
7. The monitoring and computing processes are repeated according to user’s
preference,
By-Sushil Sah which may be hourly or daily over a long period of time. 62
 protein structure prediction
• Protein Structure Prediction Applications in biology often
require high computing capabilities and often operate on
large datasets that cause extensive I/O operations. Because
of these requirements, biology applications have often made
extensive use of supercomputing and cluster computing
infrastructures.
• Similar capabilities can be leveraged on demand using cloud
computing technologies in a more dynamic fashion, thus
opening new opportunities for bioinformatics applications.
• Protein structure prediction is a computationally intensive
task that is fundamental to different types of research in the
life sciences.
• Among these is the design of new drugs for the treatment of
diseases.

By-Sushil Sah 63
 protein structure prediction
• Cloud computing grants access to such capacity on a pay-
per-use basis.
• One project that investigates the use of cloud technologies
for protein structure prediction is Jeeva -an integrated Web
portal that enables scientists to offload the prediction task to
a computing cloud based on Aneka.
• The prediction task uses machine learning techniques
(support vector machines) for determining the secondary
structure of proteins.
• These techniques translate the problem into one of pattern
recognition, where a sequence has to be classified into one
of three possible classes (E, H, and C).

By-Sushil Sah 64
 protein structure prediction

By-Sushil Sah 65
 Gene expression data analysis
• Gene Expression Data Analysis For Cancer is the measurement of
the expression levels of thousands of genes at once.
• It is used to understand the biological processes that are triggered
by medical treatment at a cellular level.
• Together with protein structure prediction, this activity is a
fundamental component of drug design, since it allows scientists
to identify the effects of a specific treatment.
• Another important application of gene expression profiling is
cancer diagnosis and treatment.
• Cancer is a disease characterized by uncontrolled cell growth and
proliferation.
• The classification of gene expression data samples into distinct
classes is a challenging task.
• Cloud computing provides the appropriate infrastructure to support
such application scenarios.
By-Sushil Sah 66
 Gene expression data analysis

By-Sushil Sah 67
 satellite image processing
• GIS applications capture, store, manipulate, analyze,
manage, and present all types of geographically referenced
data.
• This type of information is now becoming increasingly
relevant to a wide variety of application domains: from
advanced farming to civil security and natural resources
management.
• As a result, a considerable amount of geo-referenced data is
ingested into computer systems for further processing and
analysis.
• Cloud computing is an attrac-tive option for executing these
demanding tasks and extracting meaningful information to
support decision makers.

By-Sushil Sah 68
 satellite image processing

By-Sushil Sah 69
 CRM and ERP
• CRM and ERP applications are market segments that are
flourishing in the cloud, with CRM applications the more
mature of the two.
• Cloud CRM applications constitute a great opportunity for
small enterprises and start-ups to have fully functional CRM
software without large up-front cost sand by paying
subscriptions.
• ERP solutions on the cloud are less mature and have to
compete with well-established in-house solutions.
• ERP systems integrate several aspects of an enterprise:
finance and accounting, human resources, manufacturing,
supply chain management, project management, and CRM.
• Because of the organizations requirement not be clear, and
the switch to cloud, ERP solutions are less popular .
By-Sushil Sah 70
 social networking
• Social networking applications have grown considerably in
the last few years to become the most active sites on the
Web.
• To sustain their traffic and serve millions of users seamlessly,
services such as Twitter and Facebook have leveraged
cloud computing technologies.
• The possibility of continuously adding capacity while systems
are running is the most attractive feature for social networks,
which constantly increase their user base.
• The possibility of continuously adding capacity while systems
are running is the most attractive feature for social networks,
which constantly increase their user base.

By-Sushil Sah 71