EFYI Shajarkari: Indigenous Tree Database
EFYI Shajarkari: Indigenous Tree Database
EFYI Shajarkari: Indigenous Tree Database
Contributors: Aleyna Ibrahim, Amina Shahzad, Iman Monnoo, Nirvana Amjad, Zehra Wasif
Table of Contents:
I. Research Objectives
II. Mission
V. Planting Procedures
I. Research Objectives
Aim:
An all-accessible database for organizations and individuals to use as a guide to plant indiegnous trees and
encourage their afforestation.
Objectives:
● To increase consciousness towards environmental conditions through indigenous and native species,
● To promote the afforestation of indigenous species in Punjab,
● To re-instill a sense of community through plantations, increasing the accessibility of necessary data
and enhancing the condition of public spaces.
Methods of Approach:
● Selecting critical sights for experimentation and experience,
● Hoping to challenge and expand the scope for both entities,
● Value many stages of the production and appreciation of art in all forms,
● To be an instrument of social critique,
● Spread awareness for possible publics and locations for tree growth,
● Be global in aspiration,
● Ensure staying committed to the potential of the arts,
● Value public investment and consider the specificity of geographical and social contexts.
● Establish legitimacy of the project’s functions,
● Not pander to preconceived topics of the vernacular.
***
II. Mission
Though the world has seen increasing recognition of environmental problems such as climate change, a lack
of awareness of their causes, consequences and solutions within the general public still exists, particularly in
underdeveloped countries. Over the past few years, foreign agencies such as the United Nations Environment
Programme have issued key techniques to help generate acknowledgement for such issues; however their cost
and feasibility can make them ineffective in a developing country, such as Pakistan.
In developed countries and urban areas, print, broadcast, and internet media may be utilized to spread
awareness about environmental issues. By working with the media, government agencies and non-profit
organizations can help spread their message, either by holding press briefings, issuing printed press releases,
or even setting up online databases that can be used as information centers. Such information centers can be
useful tools in educating both the public and journalists about environmental concerns. Moreover, having a
central information hub that is accessible to the public can be extremely beneficial.
Since 30 % of the world's population is under the age of 18, educating children and young adults about
environmental problems is crucial to long-term success. This will help them build a sense of responsibility so
that in adulthood, they will make choices that help the environment rather than harm it. However, because
many schools do not currently teach their students about environmental issues, integrating environmental
education into the curriculum or teaching environmental science as a separate discipline is one of the best
ways to educate children and teenagers about environmental problems.
Lastly, we believe that ‘Targeted Efforts’ can be used as numerous people do not understand the pertinence
of environment-based dilemmas. Usually, these people do not understand how the problem would affect
them. One reason that hybrid cars, energy-saving appliances, and solar panels have become so popular in
recent years is because of targeted awareness and cost efficiency; for example, showing people how much
money they could save by purchasing a hybrid or installing a solar panel has helped change individuals’
actions. Implementing local outreach as well as environmental education in both the developing world and
the industrialized nations is also important; although, reaching out to the people in those countries can be
very difficult. Language barriers, illiteracy, and cultural differences can prevent people from learning about
environmental issues, particularly in rural or tribal areas.
For this reason, reaching out to tribal, religious, and community leaders can often help a government, as
community leaders can help ease communication problems and bridge the cultural divide that often stands in
the way of outreach efforts.
***
III. Indigenous Species and Biodiversity Promotion
The following list is in decreasing order:
1. Acacia Nilotica - local label: “Kikar” or “Babul”
Present in the Changa Manga forest extending to Lahore, this species is one of a kind, as its genus
Vachellia nilotica is primarily native to Africa and the Middle East - this species is the only offspring
of the branch indigenous to Pakistan, in the swarm of biodiverse ranches in the Changa Manga
region. They host the population of G. bengalensis - an endangered vulture WWF has specifically
procured a Vulture Conservation Centre in the midst of this wildlife preserve.
Further research -
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283319513_Acacia_niloticaA_Multipurpose_Tree_and_S
ource_of_Indian_Gum_Arabic
2. Dalbergia sissoo - local label: ‘shisham’
An incredible genetic variability exists in shisham in Pakistan. So far 18 distinctive shisham
assortments have been recognized and there are a lot more which are yet to be distinguished. The
susceptibility to ‘dieback’, (the cause for decline disorders of various forest trees via the pathogen
Ceratocystis fimbriata) is troubling due to the prominent genetic diversity present. In a study by the
Pakistan Botany Journal, their genetic diversity was evaluated in Dalbergia sissoo vegetations from
Lahore, Gujranwala and Sialkot locale. Leaf tests from 34 shisham trees indicating variety in
phenotypic characters, for example, shape and size of pamphlets, pod length, number of seeds per
pod, spreading design, by and large physical appearance of the trees and so on were gathered from
shisham ranches - they detected a biodiversity percentage ranging from 27.7% to 89.50%. It is
suggested that in future: safe and incredible assortments ought to be planted on very much circulated
air through sandy topsoil soil to spare this valuable tree species from being wiped out in the nation.
http://www.iucngisd.org/gisd/species.php?sc=1186 - further research
3. Quercus Dilatata - local label: “mohru”
The woody Quercus species are far reaching, long living, and wind bearing. In this manner, it can
spread into wide geographic areas that show high hereditary varieties as contrasted with other woody
plant species. Essentially this is an oak tree housing bees, wasps, moths, squirrels, blue tits (a near
endangered species in Pakistan) - the trunk and roots promote fungal activity, growth of woodlice is
abundant near this area
4. Prosopis Cineraria - local label: ‘jand’ or ‘khejri’ (the latter is primarily for Rajhastan)
This tree is known for providing ecological stability to the region, affecting soil improvement and
sand dune stabilization and is largely spread in arid areas in Pakistan. P. cineraria, may frame open dry
forests, which are significant communities inside an arid land's ecosystem. Promotes excessive fungal
activity in the roots. The leaves are an accessible, and nutritious grain, promptly eaten by numerous
creatures including camels, goats, and jackasses. The tree produces leaves during the incredibly dry
summer months when most different trees are leafless. Leaves contain 13.8% rough protein, 20%
unrefined fiber, and 18% calcium (FFN 1991). Thus making it an excellent model for biodiversity.
The pods of the tree are eaten as a vegetable in arid territories. The blossoms are significant for
nectar creation. The bark can be utilized in cowhide tanning and yields a consumable gum. In the
midst of starvation, the powdered bark has been blended in with the flour and made into cakes
(Bhandari 1978).
https://www.gbif.org/species/5358521/metrics
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10722-005-8563-5
- for further research into its biodiversity. The purpose behind its decrease in Rajasthan could be
because of a declining water table and the development of the parasite Ganoderma lucidum,
however, according to Dr. R. S. Mertia, a conclusive cause hasn't been configured so far.
5. Terminalia Chebula - local label: ‘black myrobalan’
The Black Myrobalan is a moderate-sized deciduous tree attaining a height of 25-30 meters. This tree
has a 6mm, thick, dark brown bark and belongs to the plant family Combretaceae. The leaves are
7-20 cm, long, simple, and alternating. The bisexual flowers are 4mm across stalkless, and dull-white
or yellow with an offensive smell. The fruit is a drupe, 2-4cm long, ellipsoid, or an ovoid and more or
less 5 ribbed. They are yellow-green when dry. The seed is oblong, very thick, and mildly angled thus
canceling the option of being dispersed by the wind. According to reports, the fruit improves the
appetite, and digestion tones up the intestinal tissue and strengthens the body. It is believed to slow
down the aging process, prolong life, and enhance intellectual capabilities. According to an Indian
journal, Terminalia chebula showed promising antimicrobial and anti-viral potentials and about 133
natural products have already been isolated from T. chebula.
Further research
https://www.tsijournals.com/articles/chemical-constituents-of-terminalia-chebula-13577.html
6. Acalypha Wilkesiana - copper leaf
A much-branched monoecious shrub up to 4.5 m. Young shoots tomentose, later puberulous.
Petioles (1-) 2-5 (-9) cm long. Leaf-blade broadly ovate, 5-17 (-25) x 5-13 cm, shortly obtusely or
acutely acuminate, rounded-cuneate to cordate, crenate-serrate, 7-11-nerved from the base,. sparingly
pubescent above and beneath at first, especially along the midrib and main veins, later sub
glabrescent, often copper- or bronze-colored, sometimes white- or pink-margined (var. marginata
Mill.) or variegated.
A study was conducted where it was found out that A. fruticosa has a significant effect on plant
species abundance and diversity as well as distribution. Its removal created a favorable environment
for the growth of a variety of grasses. A. fruticosa is mechanically removed by uprooting from
grazing lands so as to increase forage availability.
http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=5&taxon_id=242300270
https://www.scirp.org/journal/paperinformation.aspx?paperid=100611
Works Cited
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/266731937_ISSR_analysis_of_genetic_diversity_in_Dalb
ergia_sissoo_in_Punjab_Pakistan
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1071/DN10023
https://www.winrock.org/factnet-a-lasting-impact/fact-sheets/prosopis-cineraria-a-multipurpose-tre
e-for-arid-areas/#:~:text=Prosopis%20cineraria%20is%20a%20versatile,%2C%20and%20ghaf%20(
Arabic).
***
II. Agricultural Requirements.
Name Soil Temperature Seasons Growth time Water
Bambusa/ Heavy clay or 38°C by day and March-June (Variable) 2.5cm of water
Bamboo loamy soil 21°C by night Different per week +
species drought
mature in 90 tolerant
days or a year
Alluvial soil. 10–40 °C Wet seasons Takes 30-60 Average annual
Dalbergia Good (no specific years to fully rainfall up to
Sissoo drainage info) mature 2,000mm+3-4
keeping the months of
soil moist drought
Bombax deep, rich, 28 - 42°C, growth sprints Fast growth Annual rainfall
Ceiba well-drained though it can in spring and when young. of 750 -
soil+tolerates tolerate 5 - 49°C during the Flowering 4,000mm
a wide range monsoon after 8-10
of conditions months years
Abies Sandy + Range from 16 - The climate is Disintegrates Prefers a mean
Pindrow Loamy + clay 24°C but can cool, moist when matures annual rainfall
soil tolerate 2-32°C monsoon with to release the in the range
abundant seed 5-7 1,300 -
precipitation, months after 2,000mm, but
much of it pollination tolerates 1,100
falling as snow - 2,500mm
Acacia Alluvial soil + It is well adapted The flowering Most types Annual rainfall
Modesta Clay soil to semi-arid and period starts are fast from
sub-humid from March to growers, but 250-1300mm
regions thus; May they usually
-5°C to 40°C live only 20
to 30 years
Acer The perfect They thrive best The seeds ripen Has a slow Water supply
oblongum soil for acers in zones 5-9 from October growth rate should be
is free however they to November which lasts plenty,
draining+rich can be from 7-10 especially in the
in organic successfully Flowering years warm and dry
matter and grown in colder period: May to seasons.
slightly acidic, climates as well June
but these trees
will thrive in
most soils
apart from the
very alkaline
or very wet
Aegle Good sandy The warm Sowing is done Seedling trees (not specified)
Marmelos loam soil humid climate is in June or July begin to crop
suitable for the when 6 - 7
cultivation of years old,
this plant. vegetatively
propagated
The mean plants bear
annual fruit after 5
temperature can years and full
range from -6 to bearing can
48°c be attained in
about 15
years
***
IV. List of Native Trees in Lahore
(Most to Least Likely to Prosper)
# Scientific Names Common Names
***
V. Planting Procedures
The procedures and requirements for planting and growing the following species of trees are detailed below.
however we encourage that you follow these steps.
Acacia Nilotica cultivation method:
Action 1 (seed type): Seeds can be extracted from pods while seeds shot out by sheep during rumination or
those from cows and goat droppings might be gathered.
Action 2 (sowing): Direct sowing in the field is the most common method of planting. Two or three
treated seeds are sown in each bag, about 1.5 cm deep during February-March
Action 3 (germination): Germination commences 1-3 weeks after sowing and is usually completed in one
month. It prospers best in a temperature range of 1-45 degrees with a precipitation level of 125-1300 mm/yr.
Action 4 (end product): The growth rate is relatively fast yielding 4 to 15 m^3/ha per year in 20 years. It
attains a height of 15-25m and girth of 2.4-3m.
Bambusa/Bamboo cultivation method:
Action 1 (seed type): It can be reproduced by vegetative means anytime of the year when there is sufficient
water supply and planting materials that are protected against desiccation and excess heat.
Action 2 (sowing): Pretreatment is recommended. Soak seeds in tepid water for 24. If the water is too hot
the high temperatures can kill the seeds. Cooler temperatures are acceptable however it may slow down
germination. Space seeds out on top of a warm compost at 1cm intervals
Action 3 (germination): Different species have different germination rates. In the event where sprouted
seedlings get tall enough to touch the plastic lid, prop the lid up as seen fit. Any leaves resting against the lid
will rot quickly and may kill the seedling.
Action 4 (end product): Bambusa grows up to 20m tall with green clums reaching a maximum diameter of
10cm. Additionally, bambusa is a self-regenerating plant. When harvested, new shoots emerge within 3-4
months.
Dalbergia Sissoo cultivation method:
Action 1 (seed type): Usually seeds are not extracted from pods, but pods are broken into 1-seeded pieces.
Seeds remain viable up to 1.5 years.
Action 2 (sowing): Dalbergia sissoo seeds should be sown into nursery beds because in terms of space and
effort, beds are more efficient than direct sowing into containers. Beds should be prepared at least one day in
advance to avoid sowing delays. The soil mixture used for sowing should be fertile with good water retention.
Action 3 (germination): Germination of fresh seeds takes 7-21 days. It is best grown in a temperature range
of 0-50 degrees with a precipitation level of 300-2000 mm/yr.
Action 4 (end product): During a 15 year period, the tree can grow up to 11m in height and 20cm in
diameter.
Bombax Ceiba cultivation method:
Action 1 (seed type): It is reproduced from both seeds and vegitative means. Small bombax ceiba seeds are
dark brown in color and usually found in woody capsules.
Action 2 (sowing): Seeds should be sown in fresh and without pre-treatment. Seeds should be sown in a
sunny position, either in situ or in nursery beds
Action 3 (germination): It has a high germination rate, reports also suggest that germination rate can be
improved by soaking the seeds 12 hours prior to sowing. It grows best in a temperature range of -5-45
degrees with a precipitation rate of 750-1700 mm/yr.
Action 4 (end product): It has a very fast growth rate with a diameter growth of 35cm/yr. It grows to an
average of 20m in height while some trees grow up to 60m in wet, tropical areas.
Abies Pindrow cultivation method:
Action 1 (seed type): It is reproduced from the seed. There are 6000-7000 seeds per kg. When stored in air
tight, cold stored containers the seed will remain viable for 2-3 years,
Action 2 (sowing): Sowing should take place early February if in a greenhouse or outdoors if in March. It is
possible to sow in an outdoor seedbed if there are a sufficient amount of seeds.
Action 3 (germination): Germination is often slow, taking about 6-8 weeks. It grows best in a temperature
range of -10-30 degrees with a precipitation rate of 1100-2500 mm/yr.
Action 4 (end product): Growth rate is slow with a reported yield rate of 4 to 6 m^3/ha/yr. The tree is
about 45-60m tall with a diameter of 1.8-2.4m.
Acacia Catechu cultivation method:
Action 1 (seed type): It can be easily reproduced both from seed and by vegetative means. Seeds can be
stored for at least 12 months when treated with insecticides and sealed in airtight drums.
Action 2 (sowing): Seeds can be sown by direct sowing or into nursery beds. Seeds should be sown in early
summer in a 0.5cm deep seed-bed and those beds should be watered thoroughly.
Action 3 (germination): Germination commences 5-7 days after sowing. It will grow in a temperature range
of -5-45 degrees with a precipitation range of 500-2700 mm/yr. It will grow on acid soils in addition to wet,
swampy sites.
Action 4 (end product): It is relatively slow growing, but has been reported to have a yield rate of 4 to 7
m^3/ha/yr. It grows up to 9-15 meters tall with a diameter of 29-31cm.
Acacia Modesta cultivation method:
Action 1 (seed type): It is easily reproduced from seed and by vegetative means. Seed remains viable for 1
year.
Action 2 (sowing): The best method is to sow seeds in nursery conditions in polythene tubes. These tubes
contain a 2:1 slit to manure mixture.
Action 3 (germination): Germination begins within 1-2 weeks but should be transported into the field after
9-12 months. A temperature range of -5-40 degrees with a precipitation range of 250-1300 mm/yr is
preferable for growth.
Action 4 (end product): It is relatively slow growing, but will yield 4 to 6 m3/ha/yr in 50 years. The trees
grow from 3-9m tall with a diameter of up to 2m. Leaves are compound and 1.2-5cm long.
Acacia Senegal cultivation method:
Action 1 (seed type): It can be reproduced both from seed and by vegetative means. It’s best reproduced
from seed or planted seedlings. Pretreatment of the seeds with an overnight soak in water will increase
germination.
Action 2 (sowing): Acacia seeds need to be treated before sowing to enable moisture to penetrate the
normally hard seed coat. Direct sport sowing is the most common method used.
Action 3 (germination): Germination usually occurs in 1-2 weeks (until the root has reached a centimeter in
length), after this the seedling can be placed into a smaller container of seed raising mix. A preferable climate
is within the temperature range of -4 - 48 degrees with a precipitation zone of 200-800 mm/yr.
Action 4 (end product): It is a relatively slow growing tree, with a lifespan of 25 to 30years and a Yield rate
of 1 to 4 m^3/ha/yr at 25 years of age. It grows up to 8m in height.
Acalypha Wilkesiana cultivation method:
Action 1 (seed type): It is easily reproduced from seed and by vegetative means. Seed remains viable for 1-5
years.
Action 2 (sowing): Direct sowing is recommended for this tree, a variation of soil moisture content is
required for proper germination.
Action 3 (germination): Germination period starts 2-5 weeks after sowing, and the plant is fully grown 1
year after sowing. A temperature range of 13-20 degrees is ideal but the tree can also survive in the
temperature range of 10-27 degrees.
Action 4 (end product): This tree grows 2-3 meters in height with a diameter of 15cm in its lifetime.
Ehretia serrata cultivation method:
1
Action 1 (seed type): Preferably extract fresh seeds by spreading branches of a grown tree out on a sheet of
canvas or in open containers to dry.
2
Action 2 (sowing): The stored seeds should be sown between February and May, in moderately fertile,
well-drained loam immediately after collection. The size of the holes should be roughly the depth of twice the
diameter of the seed.
1
Keep the seeds well ventilated. When the seeds are released; package them in dry paper bags or airtight containers. Do not store
the seeds or fruit in plastic bags as water vapour will cause the seeds to go mouldy.
2
Example mix of soil: 1 part peat, 1 part fine sand, 1 part coarse, sharp sand and 1 part isolite. For very fine seed, use finer particle
sand in the soil mix.
3
Action 3 (germination): Germination may vary from several days to several weeks, and the soil mix must
be kept moist at all times during the initial stages, with a light sprinkling in the morning and afternoon. To
ensure the tree thrives during the growing period, a temperature of between -10 and 40 degrees is required
and an annual rainfall of 750 - 1250 mm a year is recommended.
Action 4 (end product): After a “true-leaf” (sizeable leaf shoot) appears two weeks after the initial sowing,
prick the seedlings out into individual pots and grow them in a greenhouse for at least their first winter. Plant
them out into their permanent positions in between March and May - the tree will reach a height of between
10 and 12 cm when fully grown, with small, white flowers maturing in March and May, and fruit appearing
between September and November.
Erythrina suberosa cultivation method:
Action 1 (seed type): This tree can be reproduced both from fresh seeds and vegetative means - fresh seeds
and those harvested within 3-6 months of maturity can be sown immediately without preparation.
Action 2 (sowing): Seeds should be sown in partially-sterilized, well-drained, loam soils, with sand and peat
being added to ensure drainage and speed up growth.
Action 3 (germination): Seeds over 6 months old may take 12-18 months to germinate due to their hard
shells. Once the shoots have reached a height of 5-8cm, the seedlings may be potted in a similar soil mix as
that used for the sowing process, except without sterilization. The shade is essential for the first stage of
growth along with a temperature of between 2 and 40 degrees and rainfall exceeding 800mm per year.
Action 4 (end product): The tree will reach a height of between 12 and 15 m when fully grown, with deep
red flowers appearing in February and pods of length 12 to 16 cm long maturing in June and July.
Fraxinus hookeri cultivation method:
4
Action 1 (seed type): It is reproduced both from seeds and by vegetative means. The seeds are small,
winged and under natural conditions can be transported great distances. However, for harvesting, the seeds
are best-harvested green - as soon as they are fully developed but before they have fully dried on the tree.
Action 2 (sowing): The seeds can be sown into heavy clay or sandy loam soils immediately after harvesting,
in a cold frame. Stored seed requires a period of cold stratification and is best sown as soon as possible in a
cold frame.
5
Action 3 (germination): The seeds germinate between May and October, in temperatures of 12 to 35
degrees and an annual rainfall of about 600 to 1200 mm per year. After germination, prick out the seedlings
into individual pots when they are large enough to handle and grow them in a cold frame for their first winter.
Plant them out into their permanent positions or a nursery bed in late spring or early summer of the following
year. If you have sufficient seed then it is possible to sow it directly into an outdoor seedbed, preferably in the
autumn. Grow the seedlings in the seedbed for 2 years before transplanting either to their permanent
positions or to nursery beds.
3
Growing over summer provides excellent growth rate but hot weather can cause desiccation and dormancy. To avoid this problem,
it is recommended to start the plant growth in shade, and transfer to full sun after the main germination period.
4
The species is dioecious (individual flowers are either male or female, but only one sex is to be found on any one plant - so both
male and female plants must be grown if seed is required)
5
The seeds cannot tolerate shade, drought or frost, but can survive in strong winds away from maritime influence.
Action 4 (end product): The tree will flower between April and May, reaching a height of 18-30 m when
fully grown. The fruit is a winged seed, 3 to 3.5 cm long and 6 to 8 cm wide that matures in the late summer
months.
Fraxinus xanthoxyloides cultivation method:
Action 1 (seed type): It is reproduced both from seeds and by vegetative means. The seeds are small, winged
and under natural conditions can be transported great distances similar to the Fraxinus hookeri (see footnote
4). The seeds coppice easily but have no known insect or disease problems.
Action 2 (sowing): The seeds must be sown immediately after harvesting in moist, rich soils (see footnote 5),
and prefer temperatures of -20 to 35 degrees with 250 to 1000 mm of rain per year.
Action 3 (germination): Germination of the seeds occurs very slow with only 0.25 cm shoots being
recorded per year. Once the true leaves have appeared, the seeds may be pricked and grown in a cold frame
till the end of the winter months. The seeds may then be planted into a seedbed with well-drained loam soil
for 2 years before being moved to their permanent positions.
Action 4 (end-product): The tree will reach a height of 3 to 7.5 m when fully grown. Its flowers are arranged
in dense bunches. They may be unisexual or bisexual and bloom between March and April. The fruit is a
winged seed that matures between May and August.
Grewia optiva cultivation method:
Action 1 (seed type): It is reproduced from cuttings and root suckers since the seeds have very low viability.
It occurs between 30 and 33° N and 75° to 79 E in Himachal Pradesh forests with Bombax ceiba, Celtis
australis, Acacia species, Toona ciliata and Bauhinia variegata.
Action 2 (sowing): The seeds should be sown on sandy loam soil in the month of December, where the
temperature is between -10 to 40 degrees and there is 750-1200 mm of rainfall per year. The soil should have
120 % of the recommended doses of nitrogen through vermicompost and poultry manure to obtain the
optimum yield of the plant.
Action 3 (germination): There is a 45% germination rate and the seeds remain dormant December to
February. By March, the seeds are leafless and a new flush of shoots can be seen in May. The soil only
requires a light sprinkling as the seeds are adapted to long periods of drought.
Action 4 (end product): The tree grows moderately fast and reaches heights of 10 to 12 m when fully
grown. The flowers occur from April to September, while the fruit matures between July and December.
Hedera nepalensis cultivation method:
Action 1 (seed type): The seeds should be harvested fresh and their flesh removed as it inhibits germination.
The seeds should be stored in a cold frame to prevent rot.
6
Action 2 (sowing): The seeds should be sown in moist, loam or clay soil soon after harvest during the
spring in a cold frame. The seeds are tolerant of a minimum temperature of -5 to -10 degrees and require 1
inch of water weekly. When they are large enough to handle, the seedlings should be pricked out into
individual pots and in a cold frame for their first winter. Then they should be planted out into their
permanent positions in late spring or early summer, after the last expected frosts.
Action 3 (germination): The species is in leaf all year with cuttings of half-ripe wood in mid-summer and
cuttings of mature wood, 12cm long, during late autumn in a cold frame. When grown as a ground cover, this
vine will rarely need pruning except if it invades unintended areas. Ground covers may be trimmed on the
edges with a spade or shears.
Action 4 (end product): The climber will grow to around 15m when fully grown with flowers appearing
between February and October.
Juglans regia cultivation method:
Action 1 (seed type): The seeds should be hand-stripped from the plant once they ripen in the winter
months between October and November.
Action 2 (sowing): The seeds are best sown in moist, medium loam soil in a temperature of between -10 and
35 degrees, and require 750 to1500 mm per year. They should be sown as soon as they are ripe in individual
deep pots. Plant out the seedlings into their permanent positions in the early summer, and provide some
protection from the cold for their first winter or two. The seeds can also be stored in cool moist conditions
over the winter and sown in early spring, but they may then require a period of cold stratification before they
will germinate.
Action 3 (germination): One the seeds germinate, the young spring growth is rather tender and can be
damaged by late frosts. Newer cultivars begin producing nuts in 5 - 6 years; by 7 - 8 years, they produce about
2.5 tons of nuts per hectare. Any pruning should only be carried out in late summer to early autumn or when
the plant is fully dormant otherwise wounds will bleed profusely and this will severely weaken the tree.
Action 4 (end product): The tree will grow about 1 m in 60 years, reaching 20m when fully grown. It’s
flowers begin appearing between February and April.
Juniperus excelsa cultivation method:
Action 1 (seed type): It is reproduced mainly from seed. Under natural conditions layering has been
reported. The seed requires a period of cold stratification. When stored dry, the seeds remain viable for
several years.
Action 2 (sowing): The seed viability is approximately 5 per cent, and so it has to be sown immediately after
collection in a cold frame to get good germination. It should be planted in beds of fertile to rocky soils with
temperatures between -30 and 30 degrees and a 200 to 2500 mm annual rainfall.
7
Action 3 (germination): In the nursery beds, the seed keeps on germinating for 2 years, the first
germination starting within 2 months after sowing. Seedlings are pricked in poly bags when they are 4-5
6
Four weeks of cold stratification will improve germination.
7
The seed has a hard seed coat and can be very slow to germinate, requiring a cold period followed by a warm period and then
another cold spell, each of 2 - 3 months duration. Soaking the seed for 3 - 6 seconds in boiling water may speed up the germination
process.
months old in the beds. The field planting is successful in the early summer when the plants are 2 years old in
the nursery.
Action 4 (end product): Since this is a very slow-growing tree, it will grow to its full height of 9 to 15 m in
240 to 700 years. The flowers appear between May and June, while the cones mature between September and
October.
Mangifera Indica Cultivation Method:
Action 1 (seed type): The seeds are either monoembryonic or polyembryonic and monoembryonic seeds
require cross-pollination.
Action 2 (sowing): Sowing and planting take place from January to March. With a temperature of about
25°C and with a good humidity level young shoots can appear after 3 weeks.
Action 3 (germination): They germinated at temperatures between 5 and 40°C, but germination was most
rapid near the upper end of this range (25-40°C ).Mango seeds will germinate in two to four weeks. Then,
after a few months, you will notice your mango tree starting to grow.
Action 4 (end product): After 7 years the mango tree will have an average diameter of 4 metres and will be
fully grown bearing fruits.
Melia Azedarach Cultivation Method:
Action 1 (seed type): The seeds can propagate sexually and asexually as well as the seeds do not need any
specific pretreatment or any cold stratification to germinate at 25-30°C.
Action 2 (sowing): This is an intolerant tree that requires only well-drained soils for its seeds. It’s sowing and
planting months are from October to March.
Action 3 (germination): Dig a hole two to three times as wide as the root ball of your tree. Handle the root
ball carefully to keep it intact while you place it in the hole. Put your shrub to the correct height, and replace
the soil, respecting the order of the layers of possible - bottom layer to top. Tamp regularly. After planting,
pour two watering cans at the bottom, then place a good layer of mulch. The flowering months are from May
to June. Water often in the first weeks. Water potted plants at least once a week, as soon as the topsoil dries.
Ultimately, if it does not rain for a month, consider watering.
Action 4 (end product): This tree is a fast-growing species therefore after 2 years the tree will be well-rooted
and a proper Chinaberry( aka Melia Azedarach )will have been formed.
Millettia Pinnata Cultivation Method:
Action 1 (seed type): The best growth is found on deep well-drained sandy loams with assured moisture.
Action 2 (sowing): Pod production commences when seedlings are 5 - 7 years old. The pods do not open
naturally and must decay before the seeds can germinate. The seed requires no pre-treatment. It is usually
sown in situ, germinating within 1 - 5 weeks of sowing and if it’s sown in a nursery bed, the seed can be
planted at close spacing, as young plants tolerate shade well - a spacing of 7.5 x 15 cm is recommended.
Action 3 (germination): Growth of young trees is fairly slow; a growth of 1.3 metres in height and 0.4 cm in
diameter in 13 months was recorded in India. This species has a symbiotic relationship with certain soil
bacteria, these bacteria form nodules on the roots and fix atmospheric nitrogen. Some of this nitrogen is
utilized by the growing plant but some can also be used by other plants growing nearby.
Action 4 (end product): It is a slow-growing tree with a growth of 0.4 cm in diameter in 13 months. It
starts fruiting 4 to 7 years after planting and full production is achieved within 10 years.
Terminalia Chebula Cultivation Method:
Action 1 (seed type): The seed of the fruit, which has an elliptical shape, is an abrasive seed enveloped by a
fleshy and firm pulp. Terminalia Chebula is bisexual and it is animal pollinated thus it’s seeds are dispersed by
various birds and animals.
Action 2 (sowing): The fallen fruits are collected and dried thoroughly first, then they are soaked in cold
water for 36 hours for the best germination results. The seed is usually sown in a nursery bed or containers,
direct sowing is not advisable because of the risk of predation and because the seeds germinate poorly.
Action 3 (germination): The germination rate of the seed is up to 50%. Early growth is comparatively slow,
with seedlings 10 - 20cm tall by the end of the first season and 25 - 50cm tall by the end of the second season.
Yields of up to 10 kilos of fruit per tree per year can be obtained from trees growing wild.
Action 4 (end product): Since it is a slow-growing species, producing new shoots 2 - 3 metres long after 5
years.
Acer Caesium Cultivation Method:
Action 1 (seed type): It should have a good moist well-drained soil and the soil should be heavy clay for its
seeds.
Action 2 (sowing): The seed is best sown as soon as it is ripe in a cold frame, it usually germinates in the
following spring. Pre-soak stored seed for 24 hours and then stratify for 2 - 4 months at 1 - 8°C. The seed
can be harvested 'green' (when it has fully developed but before it has dried and produced any germination
inhibitors) and sown immediately.
Action 3 (germination): It can be slow to germinate. It should germinate in late winter. If the seed is
harvested too soon it will produce very weak plants or no plants at all. Cuttings of young shoots in June or
July. The rooted cuttings must show new growth during the summer before being potted up otherwise they
are unlikely to survive the winter. The flowering period starts in April.
Action 4 (end product): Acer caesium is a deciduous tree growing up to 15-25 metres tall.
Acer Oblongum Cultivation Method:
Action 1 (seed type): The seed is best sown as soon as it is ripe in a cold frame, it usually germinates in the
following spring. Pre-soak stored seed for 24 hours and then stratify for 2 - 4 months at 1 - 8°c.
Action 2 (sowing): The seed can be harvested 'green' (when it has fully developed but before it has dried
and produced any germination inhibitors) and sown immediately.
Action 3 (germination): Although the Acer Oblongum can be slow to germinate, it should germinate in the
late winter. If the seed is harvested too soon it will produce very weak plants or no plants at all. When large
enough to handle, prick the seedlings out into individual pots and grow them on until they are 20cm or taller
before planting them out in their permanent positions.
Action 4 (end product): Lastly, if seed is unavailable, the plant can be grafted onto a buergerianum. The
Acer Oblongum generally grows at a rate of 12 to 24 inches per season. Average height is 10 to 15 feet in 15
years of growth.
Aegle Marmelos Cultivation Method:
Action 1 (seed type): To receive success in the first procedure, you need to hydro prime the seeds and wrap
seeds in a leaf then plant them in soil. Within 7-14 days seeds start germinating & in 1-2 month seedlings get
ready to transplant. Seedling trees begin to crop when 6 - 7 years old.
Action 2 (sowing): Sowing is done in June or July and the development of seedlings is very slow. The bael
fruit is commonly grown from seed in nurseries and transplanted into the field.
Action 3 (germination): The fruit is harvested when yellowish-green and kept for 8 days while it loses its
green tint. Then the stem readily separates from the fruit. The fruits can be harvested in January (2 to 3
months before full maturity) and ripened artificially in 18 to 24 days by treatment with 1,000 to 1,500 ppm
ethrel (a plant growth regulator) and storage at 86º F (30º C). Care is needed in harvesting and handling to
avoid causing cracks in the rind.
Action 4 (end product): Lastly, these plants bear fruit after 5 years and full bearing can be attained in about
15 years.
Aesculus Indica Cultivation Method:
Action 1 (Seed type): The seed is best sown outdoors or in a cold frame as soon as it is ripe.
Action 2 (sowing): The seed has very limited viability and must not be allowed to dry out. Stored seed
should be soaked for 24 hours prior to sowing and even after this may still not be viable. It is best to sow the
seed with its 'scar' downwards. If sowing the seed in a cold frame, pot up the seedlings in early spring and
plant them out into their permanent positions in the summer.
Action 3 (germination): The seed germinates almost immediately and must be given protection from severe
weather. It is in the flowering period from June to July, and the seeds ripen in October
Action 4 (end product): It takes Aesculus Indica more than 50 years to reach full height
Albizia Lebbeck Cultivation Method:
Action 1 (seed type): Seedlings will not tolerate waterlogging. They require a position sheltered from strong
winds. A fast-growing species, it can reach a height of 18 metres within 10 years from seed.
Action 2 (sowing): Plants can be direct-sown, container grown, or raised in a massed seed-bed and planted
out as bare-rooted stems. The flowering period is from July-October and the fruiting period is from
October-March.
Action 3 (germination): The species is not particularly hard-seeded and requires only mild treatment (e.g. in
water at 50 °c for 3 minutes) to germinate successfully. However, we must be careful since some seeds are
quite thin-skinned and can be damaged if the water is too hot.
Action 4 (end product): Lastly, Albizia lebbeck is a deciduous tree growing to 15 m by 15 m at a fast rate. It
reaches its full maturity in 3-4 months.
Alnus Nitida Cultivation Method:
Action 1 (seed type):
Action 2 (sowing): Seeds are best sown in a cold frame as soon as it is ripe and only just covered. Spring
sown seeds should also germinate successfully so long as it is not covered. If you have sufficient quantity of
seed, it can be sown thinly in an outdoor seed bed in the spring. The seedlings can either be planted out into
their permanent positions in the autumn/winter, or they can be allowed to grow on in the seed bed for a
further season before planting them.
Action 3 (germination): The seed should germinate in the spring as the weather warms up. When large
enough to handle, prick the seedlings out into individual pots. If growth is sufficient, it is possible to plant
them out into their permanent positions in the summer, otherwise keep them in pots outdoors and plant
them out in the spring. It’s flowering season is in September.
Action 4 (end product): The end product will be a 20 metres or taller deciduous tree.
Acacia Nilotica cultivation method:
Action 1 (seed type): Seeds can be extracted from pods while seeds shot out by sheep during rumination or
those from cows and goat droppings might be gathered.
Action 2 (sowing): Direct sowing in the field is the most common method of planting. Two or three
treated seeds are sown in each bag, about 1.5 cm deep during February-March
Action 3 (germination): Germination commences 1-3 weeks after sowing and is usually completed in one
month. It prospers best in a temperature range of 1-45 degrees with a precipitation level of 125-1300 mm/yr.
Action 4 (end product): The growth rate is relatively fast yielding 4 to 15 m^3/ha per year in 20 years. It
attains a height of 15-25m and girth of 2.4-3m.
Bambusa/Bamboo cultivation method:
Action 1 (seed type): It can be reproduced by vegetative means anytime of the year when there is sufficient
water supply and planting materials that are protected against desiccation and excess heat.
Action 2 (sowing): Pretreatment is recommended. Soak seeds in tepid water for 24. If the water is too hot
the high temperatures can kill the seeds. Cooler temperatures are acceptable however it may slow down
germination. Space seeds out on top of a warm compost at 1cm intervals
Action 3 (germination): Different species have different germination rates. In the event where sprouted
seedlings get tall enough to touch the plastic lid, prop the lid up as seen fit. Any leaves resting against the lid
will rot quickly and may kill the seedling.
Action 4 (end product): Bambusa grows up to 20m tall with green clums reaching a maximum diameter of
10cm. Additionally, bambusa is a self-regenerating plant. When harvested, new shoots emerge within 3-4
months.
Dalbergia Sissoo cultivation method:
Action 1 (seed type): Usually seeds are not extracted from pods, but pods are broken into 1-seeded pieces.
Seeds remain viable up to 1.5 years.
Action 2 (sowing): Dalbergia sissoo seeds should be sown into nursery beds because in terms of space and
effort, beds are more efficient than direct sowing into containers. Beds should be prepared at least one day in
advance to avoid sowing delays. The soil mixture used for sowing should be fertile with good water retention.
Action 3 (germination): Germination of fresh seeds takes 7-21 days. It is best grown in a temperature range
of 0-50 degrees with a precipitation level of 300-2000 mm/yr.
Action 4 (end product): During a 15 year period, the tree can grow up to 11m in height and 20cm in
diameter.
Bombax Ceiba cultivation method:
Action 1 (seed type): It is reproduced from both seeds and vegitative means. Small bombax ceiba seeds are
dark brown in color and usually found in woody capsules.
Action 2 (sowing): Seeds should be sown in fresh and without pre-treatment. Seeds should be sown in a
sunny position, either in situ or in nursery beds
Action 3 (germination): It has a high germination rate, reports also suggest that germination rate can be
improved by soaking the seeds 12 hours prior to sowing. It grows best in a temperature range of -5-45
degrees with a precipitation rate of 750-1700 mm/yr.
Action 4 (end product): It has a very fast growth rate with a diameter growth of 35cm/yr. It grows to an
average of 20m in height while some trees grow up to 60m in wet, tropical areas.
Abies Pindrow cultivation method:
Action 1 (seed type): It is reproduced from the seed. There are 6000-7000 seeds per kg. When stored in air
tight, cold stored containers the seed will remain viable for 2-3 years,
Action 2 (sowing): Sowing should take place early February if in a greenhouse or outdoors if in March. It is
possible to sow in an outdoor seedbed if there are a sufficient amount of seeds.
Action 3 (germination): Germination is often slow, taking about 6-8 weeks. It grows best in a temperature
range of -10-30 degrees with a precipitation rate of 1100-2500 mm/yr.
Action 4 (end product): Growth rate is slow with a reported yield rate of 4 to 6 m^3/ha/yr. The tree is
about 45-60m tall with a diameter of 1.8-2.4m.
Acacia Catechu cultivation method:
Action 1 (seed type): It can be easily reproduced both from seed and by vegetative means. Seeds can be
stored for at least 12 months when treated with insecticides and sealed in airtight drums.
Action 2 (sowing): Seeds can be sown by direct sowing or into nursery beds. Seeds should be sown in early
summer in a 0.5cm deep seed-bed and those beds should be watered thoroughly.
Action 3 (germination): Germination commences 5-7 days after sowing. It will grow in a temperature range
of -5-45 degrees with a precipitation range of 500-2700 mm/yr. It will grow on acid soils in addition to wet,
swampy sites.
Action 4 (end product): It is relatively slow growing, but has been reported to have a yield rate of 4 to 7
m^3/ha/yr. It grows up to 9-15 meters tall with a diameter of 29-31cm.
Acacia Modesta cultivation method:
Action 1 (seed type): It is easily reproduced from seed and by vegetative means. Seed remains viable for 1
year.
Action 2 (sowing): The best method is to sow seeds in nursery conditions in polythene tubes. These tubes
contain a 2:1 slit to manure mixture.
Action 3 (germination): Germination begins within 1-2 weeks but should be transported into the field after
9-12 months. A temperature range of -5-40 degrees with a precipitation range of 250-1300 mm/yr is
preferable for growth.
Action 4 (end product): It is relatively slow growing, but will yield 4 to 6 m3/ha/yr in 50 years. The trees
grow from 3-9m tall with a diameter of up to 2m. Leaves are compound and 1.2-5cm long.
Acacia Senegal cultivation method:
Action 1 (seed type): It can be reproduced both from seed and by vegetative means. It’s best reproduced
from seed or planted seedlings. Pretreatment of the seeds with an overnight soak in water will increase
germination.
Action 2 (sowing): Acacia seeds need to be treated before sowing to enable moisture to penetrate the
normally hard seed coat. Direct sport sowing is the most common method used.
Action 3 (germination): Germination usually occurs in 1-2 weeks (until the root has reached a centimeter in
length), after this the seedling can be placed into a smaller container of seed raising mix. A preferable climate
is within the temperature range of -4 - 48 degrees with a precipitation zone of 200-800 mm/yr.
Action 4 (end product): It is a relatively slow growing tree, with a lifespan of 25 to 30years and a Yield rate
of 1 to 4 m^3/ha/yr at 25 years of age. It grows up to 8m in height.
Acalypha Wilkesiana cultivation method:
Action 1 (seed type): It is easily reproduced from seed and by vegetative means. Seed remains viable for 1-5
years.
Action 2 (sowing): Direct sowing is recommended for this tree, a variation of soil moisture content is
required for proper germination.
Action 3 (germination): Germination period starts 2-5 weeks after sowing, and the plant is fully grown 1
year after sowing. A temperature range of 13-20 degrees is ideal but the tree can also survive in the
temperature range of 10-27 degrees.
Action 4 (end product): This tree grows 2-3 meters in height with a diameter of 15cm in its lifetime.
Ehretia serrata cultivation method:
8
Action 1 (seed type): Preferably extract fresh seeds by spreading branches of a grown tree out on a sheet of
canvas or in open containers to dry.
8
Keep the seeds well ventilated. When the seeds are released; package them in dry paper bags or airtight containers. Do not store
the seeds or fruit in plastic bags as water vapour will cause the seeds to go mouldy.
9
Action 2 (sowing): The stored seeds should be sown between February and May, in moderately fertile,
well-drained loam immediately after collection. The size of the holes should be roughly the depth of twice the
diameter of the seed.
10
Action 3 (germination): Germination may vary from several days to several weeks, and the soil mix must
be kept moist at all times during the initial stages, with a light sprinkling in the morning and afternoon. To
ensure the tree thrives during the growing period, a temperature of between -10 and 40 degrees is required
and an annual rainfall of 750 - 1250 mm a year is recommended.
Action 4 (end product): After a “true-leaf” (sizeable leaf shoot) appears two weeks after the initial sowing,
prick the seedlings out into individual pots and grow them in a greenhouse for at least their first winter. Plant
them out into their permanent positions in between March and May - the tree will reach a height of between
10 and 12 cm when fully grown, with small, white flowers maturing in March and May, and fruit appearing
between September and November.
Erythrina suberosa cultivation method:
Action 1 (seed type): This tree can be reproduced both from fresh seeds and vegetative means - fresh seeds
and those harvested within 3-6 months of maturity can be sown immediately without preparation.
Action 2 (sowing): Seeds should be sown in partially-sterilized, well-drained, loam soils, with sand and peat
being added to ensure drainage and speed up growth.
Action 3 (germination): Seeds over 6 months old may take 12-18 months to germinate due to their hard
shells. Once the shoots have reached a height of 5-8cm, the seedlings may be potted in a similar soil mix as
that used for the sowing process, except without sterilization. The shade is essential for the first stage of
growth along with a temperature of between 2 and 40 degrees and rainfall exceeding 800mm per year.
Action 4 (end product): The tree will reach a height of between 12 and 15 m when fully grown, with deep
red flowers appearing in February and pods of length 12 to 16 cm long maturing in June and July.
Fraxinus hookeri cultivation method:
11
Action 1 (seed type): It is reproduced both from seeds and by vegetative means. The seeds are small,
winged and under natural conditions can be transported great distances. However, for harvesting, the seeds
are best-harvested green - as soon as they are fully developed but before they have fully dried on the tree.
Action 2 (sowing): The seeds can be sown into heavy clay or sandy loam soils immediately after harvesting,
in a cold frame. Stored seed requires a period of cold stratification and is best sown as soon as possible in a
cold frame.
12
Action 3 (germination): The seeds germinate between May and October, in temperatures of 12 to 35
degrees and an annual rainfall of about 600 to 1200 mm per year. After germination, prick out the seedlings
9
Example mix of soil: 1 part peat, 1 part fine sand, 1 part coarse, sharp sand and 1 part isolite. For very fine seed, use finer particle
sand in the soil mix.
10
Growing over summer provides excellent growth rate but hot weather can cause desiccation and dormancy. To avoid this problem,
it is recommended to start the plant growth in shade, and transfer to full sun after the main germination period.
11
The species is dioecious (individual flowers are either male or female, but only one sex is to be found on any one plant - so both
male and female plants must be grown if seed is required)
12
The seeds cannot tolerate shade, drought or frost, but can survive in strong winds away from maritime influence.
into individual pots when they are large enough to handle and grow them in a cold frame for their first winter.
Plant them out into their permanent positions or a nursery bed in late spring or early summer of the following
year. If you have sufficient seed then it is possible to sow it directly into an outdoor seedbed, preferably in the
autumn. Grow the seedlings in the seedbed for 2 years before transplanting either to their permanent
positions or to nursery beds.
Action 4 (end product): The tree will flower between April and May, reaching a height of 18-30 m when
fully grown. The fruit is a winged seed, 3 to 3.5 cm long and 6 to 8 cm wide that matures in the late summer
months.
Fraxinus xanthoxyloides cultivation method:
Action 1 (seed type): It is reproduced both from seeds and by vegetative means. The seeds are small, winged
and under natural conditions can be transported great distances similar to the Fraxinus hookeri (see footnote
4). The seeds coppice easily but have no known insect or disease problems.
Action 2 (sowing): The seeds must be sown immediately after harvesting in moist, rich soils (see footnote 5),
and prefer temperatures of -20 to 35 degrees with 250 to 1000 mm of rain per year.
Action 3 (germination): Germination of the seeds occurs very slow with only 0.25 cm shoots being
recorded per year. Once the true leaves have appeared, the seeds may be pricked and grown in a cold frame
till the end of the winter months. The seeds may then be planted into a seedbed with well-drained loam soil
for 2 years before being moved to their permanent positions.
Action 4 (end-product): The tree will reach a height of 3 to 7.5 m when fully grown. Its flowers are arranged
in dense bunches. They may be unisexual or bisexual and bloom between March and April. The fruit is a
winged seed that matures between May and August.
Grewia optiva cultivation method:
Action 1 (seed type): It is reproduced from cuttings and root suckers since the seeds have very low viability.
It occurs between 30 and 33° N and 75° to 79 E in Himachal Pradesh forests with Bombax ceiba, Celtis
australis, Acacia species, Toona ciliata and Bauhinia variegata.
Action 2 (sowing): The seeds should be sown on sandy loam soil in the month of December, where the
temperature is between -10 to 40 degrees and there is 750-1200 mm of rainfall per year. The soil should have
120 % of the recommended doses of nitrogen through vermicompost and poultry manure to obtain the
optimum yield of the plant.
Action 3 (germination): There is a 45% germination rate and the seeds remain dormant December to
February. By March, the seeds are leafless and a new flush of shoots can be seen in May. The soil only
requires a light sprinkling as the seeds are adapted to long periods of drought.
Action 4 (end product): The tree grows moderately fast and reaches heights of 10 to 12 m when fully
grown. The flowers occur from April to September, while the fruit matures between July and December.
Hedera nepalensis cultivation method:
Action 1 (seed type): The seeds should be harvested fresh and their flesh removed as it inhibits germination.
The seeds should be stored in a cold frame to prevent rot.
13
Action 2 (sowing): The seeds should be sown in moist, loam or clay soil soon after harvest during the
spring in a cold frame. The seeds are tolerant of a minimum temperature of -5 to -10 degrees and require 1
inch of water weekly. When they are large enough to handle, the seedlings should be pricked out into
individual pots and in a cold frame for their first winter. Then they should be planted out into their
permanent positions in late spring or early summer, after the last expected frosts.
Action 3 (germination): The species is in leaf all year with cuttings of half-ripe wood in mid-summer and
cuttings of mature wood, 12cm long, during late autumn in a cold frame. When grown as a ground cover, this
vine will rarely need pruning except if it invades unintended areas. Ground covers may be trimmed on the
edges with a spade or shears.
Action 4 (end product): The climber will grow to around 15m when fully grown with flowers appearing
between February and October.
Juglans regia cultivation method:
Action 1 (seed type): The seeds should be hand-stripped from the plant once they ripen in the winter
months between October and November.
Action 2 (sowing): The seeds are best sown in moist, medium loam soil in a temperature of between -10 and
35 degrees, and require 750 to1500 mm per year. They should be sown as soon as they are ripe in individual
deep pots. Plant out the seedlings into their permanent positions in the early summer, and provide some
protection from the cold for their first winter or two. The seeds can also be stored in cool moist conditions
over the winter and sown in early spring, but they may then require a period of cold stratification before they
will germinate.
Action 3 (germination): One the seeds germinate, the young spring growth is rather tender and can be
damaged by late frosts. Newer cultivars begin producing nuts in 5 - 6 years; by 7 - 8 years, they produce about
2.5 tons of nuts per hectare. Any pruning should only be carried out in late summer to early autumn or when
the plant is fully dormant otherwise wounds will bleed profusely and this will severely weaken the tree.
Action 4 (end product): The tree will grow about 1 m in 60 years, reaching 20m when fully grown. It’s
flowers begin appearing between February and April.
Juniperus excelsa cultivation method:
Action 1 (seed type): It is reproduced mainly from seed. Under natural conditions layering has been
reported. The seed requires a period of cold stratification. When stored dry, the seeds remain viable for
several years.
Action 2 (sowing): The seed viability is approximately 5 per cent, and so it has to be sown immediately after
collection in a cold frame to get good germination. It should be planted in beds of fertile to rocky soils with
temperatures between -30 and 30 degrees and a 200 to 2500 mm annual rainfall.
13
Four weeks of cold stratification will improve germination.
14
Action 3 (germination): In the nursery beds, the seed keeps on germinating for 2 years, the first
germination starting within 2 months after sowing. Seedlings are pricked in poly bags when they are 4-5
months old in the beds. The field planting is successful in the early summer when the plants are 2 years old in
the nursery.
Action 4 (end product): Since this is a very slow-growing tree, it will grow to its full height of 9 to 15 m in
240 to 700 years. The flowers appear between May and June, while the cones mature between September and
October.
Mangifera Indica Cultivation Method:
Action 1 (seed type): The seeds are either monoembryonic or polyembryonic and monoembryonic seeds
require cross-pollination.
Action 2 (sowing): Sowing and planting take place from January to March. With a temperature of about
25°C and with a good humidity level young shoots can appear after 3 weeks.
Action 3 (germination): They germinated at temperatures between 5 and 40°C, but germination was most
rapid near the upper end of this range (25-40°C ).Mango seeds will germinate in two to four weeks. Then,
after a few months, you will notice your mango tree starting to grow.
Action 4 (end product): After 7 years the mango tree will have an average diameter of 4 metres and will be
fully grown bearing fruits.
Melia Azedarach Cultivation Method:
Action 1 (seed type): The seeds can propagate sexually and asexually as well as the seeds do not need any
specific pretreatment or any cold stratification to germinate at 25-30°C.
Action 2 (sowing): This is an intolerant tree that requires only well-drained soils for its seeds. It’s sowing and
planting months are from October to March.
Action 3 (germination): Dig a hole two to three times as wide as the root ball of your tree. Handle the root
ball carefully to keep it intact while you place it in the hole. Put your shrub to the correct height, and replace
the soil, respecting the order of the layers of possible - bottom layer to top. Tamp regularly. After planting,
pour two watering cans at the bottom, then place a good layer of mulch. The flowering months are from May
to June. Water often in the first weeks. Water potted plants at least once a week, as soon as the topsoil dries.
Ultimately, if it does not rain for a month, consider watering.
Action 4 (end product): This tree is a fast-growing species therefore after 2 years the tree will be well-rooted
and a proper Chinaberry( aka Melia Azedarach )will have been formed.
Millettia Pinnata Cultivation Method:
Action 1 (seed type): The best growth is found on deep well-drained sandy loams with assured moisture.
Action 2 (sowing): Pod production commences when seedlings are 5 - 7 years old. The pods do not open
naturally and must decay before the seeds can germinate. The seed requires no pre-treatment. It is usually
14
The seed has a hard seed coat and can be very slow to germinate, requiring a cold period followed by a warm period and then
another cold spell, each of 2 - 3 months duration. Soaking the seed for 3 - 6 seconds in boiling water may speed up the germination
process.
sown in situ, germinating within 1 - 5 weeks of sowing and if it’s sown in a nursery bed, the seed can be
planted at close spacing, as young plants tolerate shade well - a spacing of 7.5 x 15 cm is recommended.
Action 3 (germination): Growth of young trees is fairly slow; a growth of 1.3 metres in height and 0.4 cm in
diameter in 13 months was recorded in India. This species has a symbiotic relationship with certain soil
bacteria, these bacteria form nodules on the roots and fix atmospheric nitrogen. Some of this nitrogen is
utilized by the growing plant but some can also be used by other plants growing nearby.
Action 4 (end product): It is a slow-growing tree with a growth of 0.4 cm in diameter in 13 months. It
starts fruiting 4 to 7 years after planting and full production is achieved within 10 years.
Terminalia Chebula Cultivation Method:
Action 1 (seed type): The seed of the fruit, which has an elliptical shape, is an abrasive seed enveloped by a
fleshy and firm pulp. Terminalia Chebula is bisexual and it is animal pollinated thus it’s seeds are dispersed by
various birds and animals.
Action 2 (sowing): The fallen fruits are collected and dried thoroughly first, then they are soaked in cold
water for 36 hours for the best germination results. The seed is usually sown in a nursery bed or containers,
direct sowing is not advisable because of the risk of predation and because the seeds germinate poorly.
Action 3 (germination): The germination rate of the seed is up to 50%. Early growth is comparatively slow,
with seedlings 10 - 20cm tall by the end of the first season and 25 - 50cm tall by the end of the second season.
Yields of up to 10 kilos of fruit per tree per year can be obtained from trees growing wild.
Action 4 (end product): Since it is a slow-growing species, producing new shoots 2 - 3 metres long after 5
years.
Acer Caesium Cultivation Method:
Action 1 (seed type): It should have a good moist well-drained soil and the soil should be heavy clay for its
seeds.
Action 2 (sowing): The seed is best sown as soon as it is ripe in a cold frame, it usually germinates in the
following spring. Pre-soak stored seed for 24 hours and then stratify for 2 - 4 months at 1 - 8°C. The seed
can be harvested 'green' (when it has fully developed but before it has dried and produced any germination
inhibitors) and sown immediately.
Action 3 (germination): It can be slow to germinate. It should germinate in late winter. If the seed is
harvested too soon it will produce very weak plants or no plants at all. Cuttings of young shoots in June or
July. The rooted cuttings must show new growth during the summer before being potted up otherwise they
are unlikely to survive the winter. The flowering period starts in April.
Action 4 (end product): Acer caesium is a deciduous tree growing up to 15-25 metres tall.
Acer Oblongum Cultivation Method:
Action 1 (seed type): The seed is best sown as soon as it is ripe in a cold frame, it usually germinates in the
following spring. Pre-soak stored seed for 24 hours and then stratify for 2 - 4 months at 1 - 8°c.
Action 2 (sowing): The seed can be harvested 'green' (when it has fully developed but before it has dried
and produced any germination inhibitors) and sown immediately.
Action 3 (germination): Although the Acer Oblongum can be slow to germinate, it should germinate in the
late winter. If the seed is harvested too soon it will produce very weak plants or no plants at all. When large
enough to handle, prick the seedlings out into individual pots and grow them on until they are 20cm or taller
before planting them out in their permanent positions.
Action 4 (end product): Lastly, if seed is unavailable, the plant can be grafted onto a buergerianum. The
Acer Oblongum generally grows at a rate of 12 to 24 inches per season. Average height is 10 to 15 feet in 15
years of growth.
Aegle Marmelos Cultivation Method:
Action 1 (seed type): To receive success in the first procedure, you need to hydro prime the seeds and wrap
seeds in a leaf then plant them in soil. Within 7-14 days seeds start germinating & in 1-2 month seedlings get
ready to transplant. Seedling trees begin to crop when 6 - 7 years old.
Action 2 (sowing): Sowing is done in June or July and the development of seedlings is very slow. The bael
fruit is commonly grown from seed in nurseries and transplanted into the field.
Action 3 (germination): The fruit is harvested when yellowish-green and kept for 8 days while it loses its
green tint. Then the stem readily separates from the fruit. The fruits can be harvested in January (2 to 3
months before full maturity) and ripened artificially in 18 to 24 days by treatment with 1,000 to 1,500 ppm
ethrel (a plant growth regulator) and storage at 86º F (30º C). Care is needed in harvesting and handling to
avoid causing cracks in the rind.
Action 4 (end product): Lastly, these plants bear fruit after 5 years and full bearing can be attained in about
15 years.
Aesculus Indica Cultivation Method:
Action 1 (Seed type): The seed is best sown outdoors or in a cold frame as soon as it is ripe.
Action 2 (sowing): The seed has very limited viability and must not be allowed to dry out. Stored seed
should be soaked for 24 hours prior to sowing and even after this may still not be viable. It is best to sow the
seed with its 'scar' downwards. If sowing the seed in a cold frame, pot up the seedlings in early spring and
plant them out into their permanent positions in the summer.
Action 3 (germination): The seed germinates almost immediately and must be given protection from severe
weather. It is in the flowering period from June to July, and the seeds ripen in October
Action 4 (end product): It takes Aesculus Indica more than 50 years to reach full height
Albizia Lebbeck Cultivation Method:
Action 1 (seed type): Seedlings will not tolerate waterlogging. They require a position sheltered from strong
winds. A fast-growing species, it can reach a height of 18 metres within 10 years from seed.
Action 2 (sowing): Plants can be direct-sown, container grown, or raised in a massed seed-bed and planted
out as bare-rooted stems. The flowering period is from July-October and the fruiting period is from
October-March.
Action 3 (germination): The species is not particularly hard-seeded and requires only mild treatment (e.g. in
water at 50 °c for 3 minutes) to germinate successfully. However, we must be careful since some seeds are
quite thin-skinned and can be damaged if the water is too hot.
Action 4 (end product): Lastly, Albizia lebbeck is a deciduous tree growing to 15 m by 15 m at a fast rate. It
reaches its full maturity in 3-4 months.
Alnus Nitida Cultivation Method:
Action 1 (seed type):
Action 2 (sowing): Seeds are best sown in a cold frame as soon as it is ripe and only just covered. Spring
sown seeds should also germinate successfully so long as it is not covered. If you have sufficient quantity of
seed, it can be sown thinly in an outdoor seed bed in the spring. The seedlings can either be planted out into
their permanent positions in the autumn/winter, or they can be allowed to grow on in the seed bed for a
further season before planting them.
Action 3 (germination): The seed should germinate in the spring as the weather warms up. When large
enough to handle, prick the seedlings out into individual pots. If growth is sufficient, it is possible to plant
them out into their permanent positions in the summer, otherwise keep them in pots outdoors and plant
them out in the spring. It’s flowering season is in September.
Action 4 (end product): The end product will be a 20 metres or taller deciduous tree.